„Cannabisspezifische Angebote Für Jugendliche“

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„Cannabisspezifische Angebote Für Jugendliche“ „Cannabisspezifische Angebote für Jugendliche“ Sozialpädagogische Möglichkeiten im Umgang mit jungen KifferInnen Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Diplom Sozialarbeiter/Sozialpädagoge Vorgelegt für die Diplomprüfung an der Hochschule Merseburg (FH) Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Gundula Barsch Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Alfred Frei Vorgelegt von: Daniel Graubaum & Mirko Göhler Leipzig, den 31. Dezember 2007 ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS 4 0 EINLEITUNG 6 1 CANNABIS ALS PSYCHOAKTIVE SUBSTANZ 10 1.1 WAS IST CANNABIS? 10 1.2 WIRKUNGSSCHEMA VON CANNABIS IM KÖRPEREIGENEN CANNABINOIDSYSTEM 13 1.3 QUALITÄT VON CANNABIS 20 2 CANNABIS UND GESELLSCHAFT 26 2.1 DAS GESELLSCHAFTLICHE BILD VON CANNABIS UND DESSEN ENTWICKLUNG 26 2.2 PRÄVALENZ DES KONSUMS VON CANNABIS 32 3 GESUNDHEIT IM JUGENDALTER 36 3.1 GESUNDHEIT IM JUGENDALTER – EINE ZUGRUNDE LIEGENDE DEFINITION 36 3.2 INDIKATOREN FÜR DEN ALLGEMEINEN GESUNDHEITSZUSTAND 38 3.3 SALUTOGENESE ALS ANSATZ UND HANDLUNGSGRUNDLAGE 45 4 JUGENDPHASE ALS LEBENSABSCHNITT 48 4.1 BESONDERHEITEN DER JUGENDPHASE 48 4.2 ENTWICKLUNGSBEREICHE UND NORMATIVE ENTWICKLUNGSAUFGABEN 51 4.3 FAZIT – UMGANG MIT JUGENDSPEZIFISCHEM VERHALTEN SOWIE DROGENKONSUM 60 5 KONSUM PSYCHOAKTIVER SUBSTANZEN IM JUGENDALTER 66 5.1 KONSUM PSYCHOAKTIVER SUBSTANZEN – RISKANTES VERHALTEN IM JUGENDALTER 66 5.2 KONSUM PSYCHOAKTIVER SUBSTANZEN ALS ENTWICKLUNGSAUFGABE 73 5.3 NOTWENDIGKEIT VON DROGENMÜNDIGKEIT IN DER HEUTIGEN GESELLSCHAFT 81 5.4 MÖGLICHKEITEN – KONTROLLIERTER KONSUM PSYCHOAKTIVER SUBSTANZEN 91 5.5 FAZIT FÜR DIE PRÄVENTION RISKANTEN VERHALTENS 96 2 6 CANNABISKONSUM IM JUGENDALTER 101 6.1 SELBSTVERSTÄNDNIS VON CANNABISGEBRAUCHERINNEN 101 6.2 CANNABISKONSUM – FUNKTIONEN UND MOTIVE 107 6.3 KONSUMMUSTER 108 6.4 ABHÄNGIGKEIT UND CANNABIS 115 6.5 SAFER USE VON CANNABIS – BOTSCHAFTEN AN CANNABISGEBRAUCHERINNEN 121 6.6 RELEVANZ VON GESUNDHEITSFÖRDERUNG FÜR CANNABISKONSUMENTINNEN 123 6.7 CANNABIS, FAHRTAUGLICHKEIT UND FÜHRERSCHEIN 125 6.8 FAZIT – CANNABISKONSUMENTINNEN ALS ZIELGRUPPE 130 7 DROGENHILFE AKTUELL 132 7.1 PRÄVENTION UNTER TEILHABE VON JUGENDLICHEN 132 7.2 EMPOWERMENT UND DIE PHILOSOPHIE DER MENSCHENSTÄRKEN 141 7.3 STRUKTUREN DER CANNABISSPEZIFISCHEN DROGENHILFE 151 7.4 CANNABISSPEZIFISCHE DROGENHILFE – ANSÄTZE UND METHODEN 164 7.4.1 RISFLECTION – ENTWICKLUNG VON RISIKOMANAGEMENT 166 7.4.2 KURSANGEBOTE ZU CANNABISKONSUM AN JUGENDLICHE 174 7.4.3 SCIP – BIBLIOTHERAPEUTISCHES PROGRAMM FÜR CANNABISKONSUMENTINNEN 178 7.4.4 MULTIDIMENSIONALE FAMILIENTHERAPIE 191 7.4.5 DAS PROJEKT FRED 199 8 UMGANG MIT CANNABIS UND JUGEND: DIE EINRICHTUNG 206 8.1 AUSGANGSSITUATION 206 8.2 SOZIALPÄDAGOGISCHE ARBEIT – DIE ANGEBOTE 215 8.2.1 ADMINISTRATIVE AUFGABEN 217 8.2.2 WISSEN VERMITTELNDE UND AUFKLÄRERISCHE AUFGABEN 221 8.2.3 BERATUNG 225 8.2.4 ALTERNATIVEN – MÖGLICHKEITEN ZUR BEDÜRFNISBEFRIEDIGUNG 228 8.3 SELBSTVERSTÄNDNIS, LEITLINIEN UND STRUKTUR DER EINRICHTUNG 230 8.4 AUSBLICK 233 9 LITERATUR 235 11 ANHANG 246 3 Abkürzungsverzeichnis AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome APA - American Psychiatric Association BKA - Bundeskriminalamt BMG - Bundesministerium für Gesundheit BRD - Bundesrepublik Deutschland BtMG - Betäubungsmittelgesetz BZgA - Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung ca. - circa cm - Zentimeter Dr. - Doktor DSM IV - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV ebd. - eben da EKDF - Eidgenössische Kommission für Drogenfragen ELDD - European Legal Database on Drugs EMCDDA - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction ESPAD - European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs Engl. - Englisch ergo - zusammenfassend, in der Summe etc. - et cetera EU - Europäische Union evtl. - eventuell GG - Grundgesetz ggf. - gegebenenfalls HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus IACM - International Association for Cannabis as Medicine ICD 10 - International Classification of Diseases 10 i.d.R. - in der Regel inkl. - inklusive JGG - Jugendgerichtsgesetz KJHG - Kinder- und Jugendhilfegesetz lat. - lateinisch max. - maximal 4 MDFT - Multidimensionale Familientherapie min. - mindestens Prof. - Professor SCIP - Self Control Information Program o.ä. - oder ähnlich u.a.m. - und anderes mehr u.ä. - und ähnlich u.ä.m. - und ähnliches mehr UNODC - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime usw. - und so weiter u.U. - unter Umständen u.v.m. - und viele/s mehr z.T. - zum Teil 5 0 Einleitung Motivation Die Motivation der Autoren zur Bearbeitung dieses Themas entstand im Rahmen eines Praktikums bei dem Leipziger Drogenaufklärungsprojekt Drug Scouts1 und des Studiums an der Hochschule Merseburg (FH), wobei Letzteres vor allem durch die Lehrtätigkeit von Prof. Dr. Gundula Barsch sowie Prof. Dr. Johannes Herwig-Lempp geprägt war. Innerhalb der praktischen Tätigkeit bei den Drug Scouts wurde der im Studium angeeignete theoretische Rahmen erweitert und die grundlegenden gesellschaftlichen, politischen und juristischen Dilemmas im Umgang mit KonsumentInnen psychoaktiver Substanzen deutlich. Die Bedürfnisse von Usern2 und, damit einhergehend, die Bestrebungen der Drug Scouts diesen Unterstützungsbedarf abzudecken, geraten dabei nicht selten in Konflikt mit rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen oder Werten anderer Menschen. Die Substanz Cannabis nimmt aufgrund ihrer Beliebtheit gerade unter Jugendlichen eine Sonderstellung ein. Da die Substanz illegalisiert ist, sind hier – neben den möglichen gesundheitlichen und sozialen Problemen als Folge von Cannabiskonsum – noch viele weitere Problemfelderauszumachen. Dies zeigte sich insbesondere in den von uns durchgeführten Beratungsgesprächen, in denen die Brisanz dieser Problematik spürbar wurde. Diese Situation junger Menschen mit deren Unterstützung zu verändern, ist die Intention der Autoren. Ablauf und Zielstellung In vorliegender Arbeit wollen wir uns mit dem Thema „Cannabisspezifische Angebote für Jugendliche“ auseinandersetzen. Schon im Rahmen unseres Praktikums fiel auf, dass der Konsum von Cannabis ein stark mit Emotionen beladenes und widersprüchlich diskutiertes Thema ist, weshalb sich eine Annäherung schwierig gestaltet. Verschiedene politische und gesellschaftliche Strömungen und Entscheidungen haben Einfluss auf den wissenschaftlichen Diskurs. Auch behindert die Vermischung von Fakten und Mythen eine den Tatsachen entsprechende Abhandlung des Themas. So ist es u.a. ein wichtiges Anliegen dieser Arbeit, eine möglichst objektive und neutrale Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema zu schaffen und 1 Die Drug Scouts haben den Anspruch, realistisch und sachlich über psychoaktive Substanzen, deren Risiken, Kurzzeit-, Langzeit- und Nebenwirkungen u.ä.m. zu informieren, Aufklärung zu leisten und KonsumentInnen praktische Unterstützung anzubieten. Für weitere und ausführlichere Informationen: www.drugscouts.de. 2 Englisch für BenutzerIn. Im Englischen wird „User“ als Synonym für KonsumentInnen psychoaktiver Substanzen gebraucht. Diese Begrifflichkeit hat sich teilweise in den allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch und den von Drogenarbeit im deutschsprachigen Raum übertragen. 6 wissenschaftlich anerkannte Erkenntnisse über die Substanz, deren Konsum sowie mögliche Folgen und deren sozialpädagogische Konsequenzen zu sammeln. Anhand dieser Bedingungen wollen wir die These untersuchen, dass die sozialpädagogische und therapeutische Arbeit mit Cannabis-Usern andere Methoden benötigt als die der traditionellen Suchthilfe entstammenden Behandlungsweisen mit AlkoholikerInnen oder OpiatkonsumentInnen. Dazu wollen wir in den folgenden Kapiteln die Situation von jugendlichen CannabiskonsumentInnen, sich daraus ergebende Bedürfnisse und den aus diesen ableitbaren Unterstützungsbedarf behandeln. Dabei werden vorerst die rein substanzspezifischen Eigenschaften von Cannabis betrachtet, um anhand von Kenntnissen der Hirnchemie sowie von Stoffwechselprozessen ein tieferes Verständnis für die Wirkungsmechanismen zu erzeugen. Weiter werden wir untersuchen, ob Cannabiskonsum für sozialpädagogische Unterstützungsleistungen überhaupt relevant ist, wobei die Prävalenz3 in der bundesrepublikanischen Gesellschaft sowie die gesellschaftliche Entwicklung des Umgangs mit Cannabis bestimmende Indikatoren bilden. Über eine Annäherung an einen Gesundheitsbegriff und die Festlegung unsererseits auf eine handlungsanleitende Definition desselben, wollen wir uns der speziellen Lebensphase Jugendalter nähern. Folgend werden wichtige Daten zu Unterstützungs- und Hilfsmöglichkeiten von Gesundheit im Jugendalter sondiert und gesammelt dargestellt. Danach können mit der Betrachtung unterschiedlicher Erklärungsmodelle für den Konsum psychoaktiver Substanzen und insbesondere Cannabis sowie der Untersuchung verbesserter Ansätze und Methoden im Umgang mit Cannabis-Usern, die These bestätigende Faktoren konzeptionell übernommen werden. So kann ein speziell auf CannabiskonsumentInnen zugeschnittenes Angebot, vorerst allein theoretisch, umgesetzt werden. Produkt dieser Untersuchungen ist ein Konzeptionsvorschlag für ein cannabisspezifisches Angebot. Dieses soll sozialpädagogischer Natur sein, praktikable Methoden im Umgang mit Cannabiskonsum nutzen, für Jugendliche eintreten, konkret an junge Menschen adressiert sein und diese partizipieren lassen bzw. in das Angebot integrieren. Dabei wird aufgrund der variantenreichen Komplexität von Fördermöglichkeiten und des begrenzten Umfangs dieser Arbeit der Fokus auf das sozialpädagogische und methodische Vorgehen gelegt. Finanzielle Aspekte werden weitgehend außen vor gelassen. 3 Bezeichnet „Häufigkeit“. Bezieht sich auf das Auftreten eines Phänomens innerhalb einer bestimmten Gruppe. 7 Innerhalb der
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