DOCSLIB.ORG

Academia Colombiana

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Academia Colombiana ISSN 0370-3908 REVISTREVISTREVISTA DE LLA AAA ACADEMIAACADEMIA COLOMBIANACOLOMBIANA de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales LA ACADEMIA ES ÓRGANO CONSULTIVO DEL GOBIERNO NACIONAL VOLUMEN XXVII DICIEMBRE DE 2003 NÚMERO 105 DIRECTOR DE LA REVISTA: SANTIAGO DÍAZ-PIEDRAHITA CONTENIDO - CONTENTS Pág. Pág. Astronomía (Astronomy) -Comparación de la composición química y de la actividad -Entrada de asteroides en atmósferas planetarias antioxidante in vitro de los metabolitos secundarios voláti- (Entrance of asteroids in planetary atmospheres) les de plantas de la familia Verbenaceae Máximo Alejandro Roa Garzón (Comparison of the chemical composition and antioxidate & José Gregorio Portilla .......................................................... 477 activity in vitro of the volatile secundary metabolites of Botánica (Botany) plants of the family Verbenaceae) -Una nueva especie de Zamia L. (Zamiaceae) de los Andes Elena E. Stashenko, Beatriz E. Jaramillo de Colombia y clave actualizada para las especies del géne- & Jairo R. Martínez ................................................................... 579 ro en Colombia Zoología (Zoology) (A new species of Zamia [Zamiaceae] from the Andes of -Variabilidad genética del bagre rayado Pseudoplatystoma Colombia and an updated key for the Colombian species) fasciatum (Pisces: Pimelodidae) en el río Magdalena Eduardo Calderón Sáenz & Dennis Wm. Stevenson .......... 485 (Colombia) Ecología (Ecology) (Genetic variability of the striped catfish Pseudoplatystoma -Caracterización de la fauna de carábidos (Coleoptera: fasciatum [Pisces: Pimelodidae] from the Magdalena river, Carabidae) en un perfil altitudinal de la Sierra Nevada de [Colombia]) Santa Marta, Colombia. Helena Gallo & Jaime Díaz Sarmiento ................................. 599 (Characterization of the carabid fauna [Coleoptera: -Two additional new species of Eleutherodactylus (Lepto- Carabidae] in an altitudinal transect of the Sierra Nevada dactylidae) from southwestern Colombia de Santa Marta, Colombia) (Dos nuevas especies de Eleutherodactylus [Leptodacty- Edgar Camero-R. ....................................................................... 491 lidae] del sudoccidente de Colombia) -Fauna asociada a los manglares y otros humedales en el John D. Lynch & A.M. Suárez-Mayorga .............................. 607 delta-estuario del río Magdalena, Colombia (Fauna associated with manglares and other wetlands in the -Two new frogs (Eleutherodactylus) from the Serranía de estuary of the río Magdalena, Colombia) Perijá, Colombia Luz Myriam Moreno-Bejarano & Ricardo Álvarez-León .. 517 (Dos nuevas ranas [Eleutherodactylus] de la Serranía de Perijá, Colombia) -Aislamiento térmico del manto de hojas de Espeletiinae de John D. Lynch ............................................................................. 613 Colombia de bioforma caulirrosular. (Thermal isolation of the leaf mantle of Espelettinae of Notas (Notes) Colombia [bioform caulirrosular]) -Método rápido de diagnóstico de Micosphaerella musicola M.A. Murcia & Luis Eduardo Mora-Osejo ........................... 535 Leach y M. fijiensis Morelet, agentes causantes de las sigatokas amarilla y negra Historia de la Ciencia (History of Science) (A rapid diagnostic method for Micosphaerella musicola -El profesor Bernard Lewy y el Instituto de Ciencias Natu- rales, Físicas y Matemáticas del Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Leach and M. fijiensis Morelet, causal agents of sigatokas Señora del Rosario amarilla and negra) (Professor Bernard Lewy and the Institute of Natural Martha Cecilia Aguirre G., Jairo Castaño-Zapata Sciences, Physics and Mathematics of the Colegio Mayor & Luis Eduardo Zuluaga ......................................................... 619 de Nuestra Señora del Rosario) Índice general del volumen XXVII, año 2003 María Clara Guillén de Iriarte ................................................ 553 (General index of volume XXVII)......................................... 6 2 5 Química (Chemistry) Índice de autores (Author index) .......................................... 6 2 7 -Análisis próximo de arcillas para cerámica Constitución de la Academia (Members of the Academy) .. 629 (Next analysis of clays for ceramics) Inés Bernal, H. Cabrera, C. Espitia, J. Mojica Publicaciones de la Academia & J. Quiñones ............................................................................. 569 (Publications of the Academy) ................................................ 6 3 1 ACADEMIA COLOMBIANA DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS, FÍSICAS Y NATURALES APARTADO 44763 - BOGOTÁ, D.C., COLOMBIA SEDE DE LA ACADEMIA: TRANS. 27 No. 39A - 63/67 – Tel.: (571)3680365, Líneas de teléfono y FAX No. (571) 2443186, 2683290, 2682846 BIBLIOTECA: CARRERA 3 A No. 17-34 - Piso 3o. TELÉFONO: 3414805 Correo electrónico: [email protected] DIRECTOR DE PUBLICACIONES: SANTIAGO DÍAZ-PIEDRAHITA COORDINADOR EDITORIAL: POLIDORO PINTO ESCOBAR COMITÉ EDITORIAL Período 2002 - 2004 VÍCTOR SAMUEL ALBIS GONZÁLEZ DIÓGENES CAMPOS ROMERO JAIRO MOJICA CORZO JOHN D. LYNCH AUGUSTO RIVERA UMAÑA EMBLEMA DE LA ACADEMIA MATRIZ ESPAÑOLA Esta revista es reseñada en: Historia Mathematica, Math Sci (on line data base), Current Mathematical Publications, Index Kewensis, Mathematical Reviews, Zoological Record. PERIÓDICA (Índice de Revistas Latinoamericanas en Ciencias) Actualidad Iberoamericana (Índice Internacional de revistas en idioma castellano) ARTÍCULO 37 DE LOS ESTATUTOS Del Director de la Revista. Al Director de la Revista le corresponde la selección de los trabajos destinados a las diferentes publicaciones de la Academia. Estará asesorado por un comité editorial designado por la Corporación para un período de dos (2) años. La responsabilidad de las ideas emitidas en la Revista corresponde a sus autores. No se devuelve la colaboración espontánea ni se mantiene correspondencia sobre ella. República de Colombia MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN NACIONAL Libertad y Orden Esta publicación cuenta con el apoyo financiero del Ministerio de Educación Nacional Armada digital, impresión y acabados: EDITORA GUADALUPE LTDA. - Bogotá, D.C. - Colombia. Cra. 42 No. 10A-57 Tels.: 269 07 88 - 562 72 50. E-mail: [email protected] ROA M.A. & J.G. PORTILLA: ENTRADA DE ASTEROIDES EN ATMÓSFERAS PLANETARIAS 477 ASTRONOMÍA ENTRADA DE ASTEROIDES EN ATMÓSFERAS PLANETARIAS por Máximo Alejandro Roa Garzón1 & José Gregorio Portilla Barbosa2 Resumen Roa M.A. & J.G. Portilla.: Entrada de asteroides en atmósferas planetarias. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 27 (105): 477-484, 2003. ISSN: 0370-3908. Se presenta un modelo básico de entrada de asteroides en una atmósfera planetaria, basado principalmente en el trabajo desarrollado por Chyba et al. (1993). Las ecuaciones del modelo se solucionan mediante integración numérica y se usa como caso de prueba el evento Tunguska de 1908. El modelo planteado se usa para estudiar la entrada de asteroides y cometas en las atmósferas de los planetas Marte y Venus, y los resultados obtenidos son comparados con la evidencia experi- mental proveniente de la exploración de estos planetas con sondas espaciales. Palabras clave: Entrada de asteroides, Ablación, Fragmentación catastrófica, Evento Tunguska. Abstract We present a model of entry of asteroids and comets into a planetary atmosphere based on a model proposed by Chyba et al. (1993). The equations of the model are resolved by numerical integration and were applied to simulate the Tunguska event. The model is used in order to study the entry of asteroids and comets into the atmospheres of Mars and Venus and the results are compared with the observations obtained by probes sent to these planets. Key words: Entry of asteroids, Ablation, Catastrophic disruption, Tunguska event. Introducción aplicadas con éxito en la descripción de encuentros de pe- queños asteroides (o cometas) con la Tierra, como el caso El estudio de la entrada de asteroides examina los pro- de la explosión registrada en Tunguska (Rusia) en el año de cesos que tienen lugar durante el vuelo del asteroide a tra- 1908. Las ecuaciones del modelo pueden ser aplicadas vés de la atmósfera del planeta considerado, así como el mediante integración numérica en el estudio del mismo eventual impacto del cuerpo sobre la superficie. Se han fenómeno sobre las atmósferas de Marte y Venus, de forma hecho desarrollos de modelos teóricos al respecto, que han que se pueden predecir algunos aspectos del comportamien- llevado a la obtención de ecuaciones que describen dicho to de los asteroides, tales como su desaceleración, su pérdi- problema: Chyba et al. (1993), Hills & Goda (1993), Craw- da de masa y su fragmentación (en los casos en que ésta ford (1996), McInnes (1995). Estas ecuaciones han sido llegue a ocurrir). 1 Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Mecatrónica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, mroa@ciencias. unal.edu.co 2 Observatorio Astronómico Nacional, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, [email protected] 478 REV. ACAD. COLOMB. CIENC.: VOLUMEN XXVII, NÚMERO 105-DICIEMBRE DE 2003 ROA M.A. & J.G. PORTILLA: ENTRADA DE ASTEROIDES EN ATMÓSFERAS PLANETARIAS 479 480 REV. ACAD. COLOMB. CIENC.: VOLUMEN XXVII, NÚMERO 105-DICIEMBRE DE 2003 ROA M.A. & J.G. PORTILLA: ENTRADA DE ASTEROIDES EN ATMÓSFERAS PLANETARIAS 481 482 REV. ACAD. COLOMB. CIENC.: VOLUMEN XXVII, NÚMERO 105-DICIEMBRE DE 2003 ROA M.A. & J.G. PORTILLA: ENTRADA DE ASTEROIDES EN ATMÓSFERAS PLANETARIAS 483 484 REV. ACAD. COLOMB. CIENC.: VOLUMEN XXVII, NÚMERO 105-DICIEMBRE DE 2003 CALDERÓN-SÁENZ, E. & D. WM. STEVENSON: UNA NUEVA ESPECIE DE
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia
    This is an extract from: Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia Jeffrey Quilter and John W. Hoopes, Editors published by Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C. © 2003 Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University Washington, D.C. Printed in the United States of America www.doaks.org/etexts.html The Political Economy of Pre-Colombian Goldwork: Four Examples from Northern South America Carl Henrik Langebaek Universidad de los Andes Introduction: The Problem ome twenty years ago, Alicia Dussán de Reichel (1979: 41) complained that studies that “set out to place the prehistoric metallurgy of Colombia within a wider context Sof cultural development” were not very numerous. Despite a great deal of research on Pre-Columbian goldwork since, the same observation remains true today. One source of frustration comes from the fact that most archaeologists focus on the study of metallurgy as a goal in itself. Although researchers have produced detailed descriptions about the techno- logical characteristics of Pre-Columbian goldwork (Scott 1981), timelines, definitions of “styles” and “traditions,” as well as correlations among styles across Colombia, Lower Central America, and Ecuador (Bray 1981; 1992a; 1997; Plazas and Falchetti 1983), and identifica- tions of plant and animal species represented in ornaments (Legast 1987), they have rarely placed goldwork within a social context (Looper 1996) or incorporated it in models related to social change. Whatever improvement in the research on Pre-Columbian metal objects there has been, further progress will be limited if it is not aimed at understanding the way societies function and change (Lechtman 1984).
    [Show full text]
  • Acercamientos Desde El Valle Interandino Del Magdalena, Colombia
    BOLETÍN DE ARQUEOLOGÍA PUCPEN / TORNON.° 15 / 2011,A LOS 43-79 PRIMEROS / ISSN POBLAMIENTOS...1029-2004 43 En torno a los primeros poblamientos en el noroccidente de Sudamérica: acercamientos desde el valle interandino del Magdalena, Colombia Carlos E. López-Castañoa y Martha C. Cano-Echeverrib Resumen En este artículo se presentan los principales datos y refl exiones asociados al poblamiento inicial del noroccidente de Sudamérica debido a su signifi cado estratégico en el marco continental, se destacará la variabilidad cultural y se enfatizarán los cambios de paisajes en el transcurso del tiempo. En Colombia existe muy poca información relevante relacionada con las ocupaciones anterio- res a 12.000 AP; en contraste, la información es abundante en cuanto al número de contextos tempranos durante la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno. La variabilidad entre los conjuntos líticos unifaciales y bifaciales reportados en distintas regiones fi siográ- fi cas plantea propuestas de modelos alternativos sobre el poblamiento temprano a escala regional. Considerando la importancia del valle interandino del río Magdalena, se recalcan los contextos arqueológicos e información paleoambiental. Asimismo, se destacan los impactos ambientales que demuestran por qué no perduraron las evidencias del Pleniglacial, lo que podría deberse a efectos asociados no solo al cambio climático global, sino, en particular, a causa del vulcanismo. Este trabajo resalta los hallazgos y cronologías de los conjuntos líticos bifaciales del valle del Magdalena en relación con la
    [Show full text]
  • Reflexiones En Torno Al Arcaico Colombiano Revista Colombiana De Antropología, Vol
    Revista Colombiana de Antropología ISSN: 0486-6525 [email protected] Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia Colombia Loaiza Díaz, Nicolás; Aceituno Bocanegra, Francisco Javier Reflexiones en torno al Arcaico colombiano Revista Colombiana de Antropología, vol. 51, núm. 2, julio-diciembre, 2015, pp. 121-146 Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia Bogotá, Colombia Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=105046205006 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Reflexiones en torno al Arcaico colombiano Reflections about the Colombian Archaic Nicolás Loaiza Díaz Grupo Medioambiente y Sociedad, Universidad de Antioquia Department of Anthropology, Temple University [email protected] Francisco Javier Aceituno Bocanegra Grupo Medioambiente y Sociedad, Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Antioquia [email protected] Resumen Abstract En los años sesenta, Reichel-Dolmatoff apli- In the 1960s Reichel Dolmatoff applied the có el esquema evolutivo de la arqueología evolutionary model of the American archeolo- americana, con el fin de ordenar la profun- gy to order the prehispanic record in Colombia. didad temporal del mundo prehispánico en Nonetheless, the Archaic period was loosely Colombia. Sin embargo, uno de los perio- defined because of the lack of data existing dos más ambiguos en su definición fue el at the time. Fifty years after that things have Arcaico, principalmente por la falta de datos changed and we now have robust evidences para la época.
    [Show full text]
  • Colombia: Bogota, Eastern Andes and the Magdalena Valley
    COLOMBIA: BOGOTA, EASTERN ANDES AND THE MAGDALENA VALLEY FEBRUARY 25–MARCH 11, 2020 Red-rumped Bush-Tyrant. Photo: S. Hilty LEADERS: STEVE HILTY & DIEGO CUERVO LIST COMPILED BY: STEVE HILTY VICTOR EMANUEL NATURE TOURS, INC. 2525 WALLINGWOOD DRIVE, SUITE 1003 AUSTIN, TEXAS 78746 WWW.VENTBIRD.COM COLOMBIA: BOGOTA, EASTERN ANDES AND THE MAGDALENA VALLEY February 25–March 11, 2020 By Steve Hilty Sumapaz National Park, Colombia. Photo S. Hilty With all the traffic in Bogotá, a bustling city of more than eight million people, it may have seemed initially that birding in Colombia was as much about how to get in and out of the city as birding, but our days afield soon dispelled that notion. Despite the traffic and immense number of trucks and buses, Leonardo, our driver, was one of the best and most efficient I’ve ever had in negotiating Colombian roads and traffic. We began birding at Laguna Tabacal, a quiet (during weekdays) rural lake and wooded area about an hour and a half west of Bogotá and at considerably lower elevation. This is an excellent place for an introduction to commoner Colombia birds of lower montane elevations. Among these were flycatchers, wrens, and several kinds of tanagers, as well as such specialties as Moustached Puffbird and Speckle-breasted Wren, and later a blizzard of hummingbirds at the Jardín Encantado, before returning to Bogotá. We followed this opening day with visits to two high elevation sites, first Chingaza National Park and then to Sumapaz National Park. Both sites are floristically unique, landscapes all or mostly above treeline, and in many ways so otherwordly as to be beyond description.
    [Show full text]
  • Colombia Curriculum Guide 090916.Pmd
    National Geographic describes Colombia as South America’s sleeping giant, awakening to its vast potential. “The Door of the Americas” offers guests a cornucopia of natural wonders alongside sleepy, authentic villages and vibrant, progressive cities. The diverse, tropical country of Colombia is a place where tourism is now booming, and the turmoil and unrest of guerrilla conflict are yesterday’s news. Today tourists find themselves in what seems to be the best of all destinations... panoramic beaches, jungle hiking trails, breathtaking volcanoes and waterfalls, deserts, adventure sports, unmatched flora and fauna, centuries old indigenous cultures, and an almost daily celebration of food, fashion and festivals. The warm temperatures of the lowlands contrast with the cool of the highlands and the freezing nights of the upper Andes. Colombia is as rich in both nature and natural resources as any place in the world. It passionately protects its unmatched wildlife, while warmly sharing its coffee, its emeralds, and its happiness with the world. It boasts as many animal species as any country on Earth, hosting more than 1,889 species of birds, 763 species of amphibians, 479 species of mammals, 571 species of reptiles, 3,533 species of fish, and a mind-blowing 30,436 species of plants. Yet Colombia is so much more than jaguars, sombreros and the legend of El Dorado. A TIME magazine cover story properly noted “The Colombian Comeback” by explaining its rise “from nearly failed state to emerging global player in less than a decade.” It is respected as “The Fashion Capital of Latin America,” “The Salsa Capital of the World,” the host of the world’s largest theater festival and the home of the world’s second largest carnival.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Passion Afloat
    This is an Open Access document downloaded from ORCA, Cardiff University's institutional repository: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/100380/ This is the author’s version of a work that was submitted to / accepted for publication. Citation for final published version: Barrios, Marta Milena and Miller, Toby 2018. Green passion afloat. Journalism Studies 19 (5) , pp. 674-689. 10.1080/1461670X.2016.1198241 file Publishers page: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1198241 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1198241> Please note: Changes made as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing, formatting and page numbers may not be reflected in this version. For the definitive version of this publication, please refer to the published source. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite this paper. This version is being made available in accordance with publisher policies. See http://orca.cf.ac.uk/policies.html for usage policies. Copyright and moral rights for publications made available in ORCA are retained by the copyright holders. GREEN PASSION AFLOAT The discourse on Colombia’s Magdalena River in letters to the editor Colombia’s long-awaited emergence from armed conflict seems to be under way, at the same time as a passionate green movement is emerging. We trace the use of emotion in newspaper letters to the editor that address environmental matters concerning the Magdalena River in relation to ecology, the conflict, and cultural identity. KEYWORDS armed conflict; Colombia; emotions; environment; letters to the editor; Magdalena River Introduction Five decades of armed conflict dominate Colombia’s recent history, self-image, and international standing.
    [Show full text]
  • Protected Areas Assessment for the Conservation of Threatened Amphibians in the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia
    Herpetology Notes, volume 10: 685-696 (2017) (published online on 28 November 2017) Protected areas assessment for the conservation of threatened amphibians in the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia Mónica M. Albornoz-Espinel1, Carlos H. Cáceres-Martínez1,2 and Aldemar A. Acevedo-Rincón1,3,* Abstract. The global decline of amphibians is one of the greatest challenges in Conservation Biology. In this study we assessed the level of protection in Protected Areas (PAs) in the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia for 52 species of threatened amphibians. We also determined the changes in vegetation coverage, both inside and outside the PAs. Our data collection was made between February 2015 and June 2017, when we gathered information from databases, biological collections, and the literature. Geographical records were georeferenced and overlaid on the layers of 190 PAs and on the layers of land coverage of the Cordillera Oriental. Our results confirm the limited level of protection for amphibians provided by PAs, whereby only 33 species represented in 160 out of 509 geographical records showed a report within PAs. At the same time, drastic changes were evident in vegetation coverage, which for most localities where records of vegetation were made 10–30 years ago was reduced to mosaics of fragmented forests, crops, and grasslands. This study demonstrates the need to establish priority actions and efficiently generate geographical areas of protection, in terms of coverage of the distribution of threatened amphibians in the Eastern region of Colombia. Keywords: Amphibians, Andean region, conservation, protected areas, threats Introduction (10%), Dendrobatidae (10%), and Centrolenidae (9%), and the country is classified second in South South America harbours more than 2300 of the more American species richness after Brazil (Rivera-Correa, than 6500 known amphibian species (IUCN, 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • Colombian Sedimentary Basins: Nomenclature, Boundaries and Petroleum Geology, a New Proposal
    ANH AGENCIA NACIONAL DE HIDROCARBUROS By: Darío Barrero1 Andrés Pardo2, 3 Carlos A. Vargas2, 4 Juan F. Martínez1 1B & M Exploration Ltda, Bogotá 2Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH) 3Universidad de Caldas, Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, Manizales 4Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Departamento de Geociencias, Bogotá Colombian Sedimentary Basins: Nomenclature, Boundaries and Petroleum Geology, a New Proposal 2 President of the Republic of Colombia ÁLVARO URIBE VÉLEZ Minister of Mines and Energy HERNÁN MARTÍNEZ TORRES General Director ANH JOSÉ ARMANDO ZAMORA REYES Technical Sub-director ROGELIO TORO LONDOÑO Chief of Geologists CARLOS A. VARGAS JIMÉNEZ For information, please contact: AGENCIA NACIONAL DE HIDROCARBUROS – A.N.H.- Calle 99 No. 9 A - 54 (piso 14) - Bogotá, Colombia Teléfono: (571) 593 17 17 - Fax: (571) 593 17 18 www.anh.gov.co [email protected] Línea Gratuita Nacional 018000 953 000 3 ISBN: 978-958-98237-0-5 Edited and compiled by: ANH and B&M Exploration Ltda. Copyright © 2007 Printed in Bogotá-Colombia • 2.007 The editor makes no representation, Express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this document and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Table of Contents Table of Contents THE NATIONAL HIDROCARBONS AGENCY - A.N.H. - MISSION 8 VISION 8 FUNCTIONS 9 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT COLOMBIA 11 Geographic Location 11 Climate 11 Population and Language 11 Type of Government 11 2006 Economic Indicators 11 Main Imports 11 Main Exports 11 1. SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF COLOMBIA: 5 GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 14 2. REVIEW OF NOMENCLATURE AND BOUNDARIES OF COLOMBIAN BASINS 22 2.1 Brief Historical Overview 25 2.2 Colombian Basin Nomenclature and Boundaries 27 2.3 Proposed Modifi cations to the Sedimentary Basin Map of Colombia 29 2.4 Proposed Boundaries 29 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Prehistoric Archaeology of Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador
    The Cambridge Prehistory Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela Roberto Lleras 1. The geographic setting Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela together cover all of north-western South America; a region broadly comprising over two million, three hundred thousand square kilometres. The whole territory is located in the torrid tropical zone, most of it north of the Equator. The ample morphological and ecological diversity determines the existence of many different natural regions, being the main ones: 1) The Pacific coast, a dry, hilly stretch of lowland in south and central Ecuador and, further north, a mountainous humid tropical forest along Colombia up to the Panama isthmus. 2) The Andes, a complex region formed by several cordilleras cut by longitudinal and traverse river valleys that form climatic micro-niches. The Andes, roughly running in the south–north direction, divide in Colombia into three different cordilleras, one of which extends into Venezuela forming the Sierra de Merida. 3) The Caribbean coast; starting from the west, a dense tropical forest that gradually turns into savannah up to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada maritime massif, and then a long stretch of dry plains forming several peninsulas and encircling the Maracaibo lake. Further east into Venezuela there is the Central Cordillera that gradually dies to give way to the large delta of the Orinoco River. 4) The Llanos, a large system of lowland savannahs intersected by large rivers running into the Orinoco basin. 1 5) The Amazon and Guyana tropical forests, occupying eastern Ecuador, southeast Colombia and south Venezuela. Within each of these main regions there are several different zones; canyons, plateaux, deltas, marshlands, deserts and valleys, each with its specific type of vegetation and fauna.
    [Show full text]
  • New Record of Crab-Eating Fox in Southwestern Colombia, with Comments on Its Distribution in Colombia and Ecuador
    Ramírez-Chaves and Pérez Crab-eating fox in Colombia Copyright © 2015 by the IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. ISSN 1478-2677 Distribution update New record of crab-eating fox in southwestern Colombia, with comments on its distribution in Colombia and Ecuador Héctor E. Ramírez-Chaves1* and Weimar A. Pérez2 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Goddard Building 8, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia. Email: [email protected] 2 Postgrado en Ecología Tropical, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Ecológicas ICAE, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela. * Correspondence author Keywords: Andes, Cerdocyon thous, distribution, Pan-American Highway, road-killed. Abstract We present the southernmost Andean record of the crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous from the Patía river basin in the Department of Nariño, Colombia. The specimen was found road-killed on the Pan-American Highway. The locality is near the border with Ecuador, where the species has been recorded on a few oc- casions; however, those records had been considered dubious. We suggest the likely presence of C. thous in Ecuador based on historical mentions in the literature. We discuss crab-eating fox records from different regions of Colombia that had previously been ignored. Introduction Bogotá” (Allen 1923), and C. apollinaris (synonym of C. t. aquilus accord- ing to Berta 1982, and Wozencraft 2005) which type locality is “Cho- achí, eastern slope of cordillera, Bogotá” (Thomas 1918). For the Bio- The crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous is considered a common species geographic Chocó, a few records are known in the localities of the Micay along its distribution (Berta 1982, Wozencraft 2005) and is listed as River in Department of Cauca (Eisenberg 1989), Buenaventura in De- Least Concern (Courtenay and Maffei 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Colombia As South America’S Sleeping Giant, Awakening to Its Vast Potential
    National Geographic describes Colombia as South America’s sleeping giant, awakening to its vast potential. “The Door of the Americas” offers guests a cornucopia of natural wonders alongside sleepy, authentic villages and vibrant, progressive cities. The diverse, tropical country of Colombia is a place where tourism is now booming, and the turmoil and unrest of guerrilla conflict are yesterday’s news. Today tourists find themselves in what seems to be the best of all destinations... panoramic beaches, jungle hiking trails, breathtaking volcanoes and waterfalls, deserts, adventure sports, unmatched flora and fauna, centuries old indigenous cultures, and an almost daily celebration of food, fashion and festivals. The warm temperatures of the lowlands contrast with the cool of the highlands and the freezing nights of the upper Andes. Colombia is as rich in both nature and natural resources as any place in the world. It passionately protects its unmatched wildlife, while warmly sharing its coffee, its emeralds, and its happiness with the world. It boasts as many animal species as any country on Earth, hosting more than 1,889 species of birds, 763 species of amphibians, 479 species of mammals, 571 species of reptiles, 3,533 species of fish, and a mind-blowing 30,436 species of plants. Yet Colombia is so much more than jaguars, sombreros and the legend of El Dorado. A TIME magazine cover story properly noted “The Colombian Comeback” by explaining its rise “from nearly failed state to emerging global player in less than a decade.” It is respected as “The Fashion Capital of Latin America,” “The Salsa Capital of the World,” the host of the world’s largest theater festival and the home of the world’s second largest carnival.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Skeletal Remains from Sabana De Bogotá, Colombia
    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 133:1080–1098 (2007) Human Skeletal Remains From Sabana de Bogota´, Colombia: A Case of Paleoamerican Morphology Late Survival in South America? Walter A. Neves,1* Mark Hubbe,2 and Gonzalo Correal3 1Laborato´rio de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos, Departamento de Gene´tica e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biocieˆncias, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, C.P. 11461, 05422.970 Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil 2Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueolo´gicas Y Museo, Universidad Catolica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile 3Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de Coloˆmbia, Bogota´, Coloˆmbia KEY WORDS paleoindians; cranial morphology; morphometric analyses; multivariate analyses ABSTRACT Human skeletal remains of the first nial variation by different multivariate techniques: Prin- Americans are scarce, especially in North America. In cipal Components Analysis, Multidimensional Scaling, South America the situation is less dramatic. Two impor- and Cluster of Mahalanobis distance matrices. The tant archaeological regions have generated important col- Colombian skeletal remains were divided in two chrono- lections that allow the analysis of the cranial morphologi- logical subgroups: Paleocolombians (11.0–6.0 kyr) and Ar- cal variation of the Early Americans: Lagoa Santa, Bra- chaic Colombians (5.0–3.0 kyr). Both quantitative tech- zil, and Sabana de Bogota´, Colombia. Human crania from niques generated convergent results: the Paleocolombians the former region have been studied by one of us (WAN) show remarkable similarities with Lagoa Santa and with and collaborators, showing that the cranial morphology modern Australo-Melanesians. Archaic Colombians of the first South Americans was very different from that exhibited the same morphological patterns and associa- prevailing today in East Asia and among Native Ameri- tions.
    [Show full text]