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This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Public Commemorations of the Scottish Wars of Independence, 1800-1939 Laura S. Harrison A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Scottish History University of Edinburgh 2018 Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis has been composed by me, that the work is my own, and that it has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Laura S Harrison November 2018 Abstract Marinell Ash famously referred to the latter half of the nineteenth century as experiencing a ‘strange death’ in interest in the Scottish historical past, but increasing evidence suggests this was not an entirely fair assessment. Rather than ‘dying’, interest in the past was expressed in ways beyond the club books, texts, and other antiquarian pursuits that were the focus of Ash’s work, and instead were taken up by more public displays of commemoration. This thesis examines the public commemorations of the medieval Scottish Wars of Independence, one of the more popular historical periods during the time Ash was referring to. By considering the types of commemorations dedicated to this conflict that were created during the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, and how they changed over time, this thesis shows how identity was performed in Scotland during this period at local and national levels, as well as how events and figures from the Middle Ages could be sculpted to fit a variety of ambitions. The main empirical section of this thesis is divided into three chapters, which are dictated by the ways in which commemorations are interacted with by the public. The first chapter examines immovable commemorations: permanent, fixed features of the built environment. The commemorations in this chapter include monuments, murals, stained-glass windows, and other features on buildings, all of which have a (theoretical) permanence because they are in fixed locations. The second chapter is focused on intangible commemorations: the ceremonial aspects of commemoration, particularly anniversaries and the opening of monuments, which are the most performative types of commemoration. The final chapter is concerned with the movable paraphernalia of commemoration: those objects that could be passed between people or locations. This chapter examines texts (including club books, novels, song books, poetry, and chapbooks), paintings, and relics. This thesis sets the commemoration of the Wars of Independence against the changing political, religious, and cultural landscape of Scotland from 1800 to i 1939. Placing the public at the centre of the study of these commemorative acts allows new insights into the importance of local history in the performance of identity, and the ways in which different sections of society engaged with commemorations. It also provides a framework that illustrates the benefits of undertaking an exhaustive study of the commemorations for one historical period. In this way, this thesis joins a growing field that recognises the value in how commemorations reveal contemporary attitudes. Significance does not require historical accuracy when it comes to acts of commemoration. During a period of widespread commemorative efforts for historical conflicts, as well as an increasing use of the medieval past from the full span of the political spectrum, this thesis is therefore well placed to demonstrate the potential effects of commemorating the medieval past in the present. ii Lay Summary This thesis examines the public commemorations of the medieval Scottish Wars of Independence from 1800 to 1939. By considering the types of commemorations dedicated to this conflict, and how they changed over time, this thesis shows how identity was performed in Scotland during this period at local and national levels, as well as how events and figures from the Middle Ages could be sculpted to fit a variety of ambitions. This thesis is divided into three chapters, which are dictated by the ways in which commemorations are interacted with by the public. The first chapter examines immovable commemorations: permanent, fixed features of the built environment. The second chapter is focused on intangible commemorations: the ceremonial aspects of commemoration. The final chapter is concerned with the movable paraphernalia of commemoration: those objects that could be passed between people or locations. Placing the public at the centre of the study of these commemorative acts allows new insights into the importance of local history in the performance of identity, and the ways in which different sections of society engaged with commemorations. It also provides a framework that illustrates the benefits of undertaking an exhaustive study of the commemorations for one historical period. During a period of widespread commemorative efforts for historical conflicts, as well as an increasing use of the medieval past from the full span of the political spectrum, this thesis is therefore well placed to demonstrate the potential effects of commemorating the medieval past in the present. iii Acknowledgements There are a number of people without whom this thesis would never have reached completion. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors, Ewen Cameron and Steve Boardman, for their guidance through both my masters dissertation and this thesis. Their knowledge, support, and direction greatly enhanced not only the research but also my PhD experience. I would also like to thank Andrew MacDonald from Brock University, who I entirely blame for my interest in Scottish history. I am also grateful to the School of History, Classics and Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh for awarding me a McMillan Award to assist with funding the third year of my PhD. I have benefitted from the knowledge of the staff at the National Library of Scotland, National Records of Scotland, the Centre for Research Collections at the University of Edinburgh, and the Stirling Archives. In particular, thank you to the rare books team at the NLS for giving me image permissions for this thesis. I have met many wonderfully supportive people at the University of Edinburgh and within the wider field. I couldn’t possible thank all of these people properly, but please know I appreciate each one of you. To Lucie Whitmore, Rachel Davis, Rian Sutton and Catherine Bateson – thank you for being my history sisters. This thesis could not have been completed without the love and support of Alastair Heggie. Thank you for being there through all of it. Finally, this thesis is dedicated to my family: Signe, Stuart, Jessica, Steve, and Evan. Thank you for the phone calls, plane tickets, and for your attempts to understand what this thesis is actually about. v Table of Contents Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. i Lay Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………… iii Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………………………… v Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………………………….. vii List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………………………... ix Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………………………………... xi Chapter One: Introduction – The Role of Commemoration ………………………. 1 1.1: Memory and the nation ……………………………………………………………….. 6 1.2: Methodology …………………………………………………………………………….. 24 1.3: Themes and structure ……………………………………………………………….. 28 1.4: Conclusion .. ……………………………………………………………………………... 30 Chapter Two: Setting the Scene – Commemorative Context ….………………... 33 2.1: The Historical Context ……….……………………………………………………… 33 2.2: The Commemorative Context ……………………………………………………. 40 2.3: The Scholarly Context ……………………………………………………………...... 44 2.4: Conclusion ……….………………………………………………………………………. 55 Chapter Three: Unmovable Commemorations – Durability of Memory …. 57 3.1: Building adornment ………………………………………………………………….. 57 3.2: Monuments ………………………………………………………………………………. 99 3.3: Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………… 145 Chapter Four: Immaterial Commemorations – Ceremony of Memory …. 149 4.1: Anniversaries …………………………………………………………………………. 149 4.2: Monument unveilings ……………………………………………………………... 179 4.3: Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………… 186 Chapter Five: Moveable Commemorations – Materiality of Memory ……. 189 5.1: Texts ………………………………………………………………………………........... 190 5.2: Paintings ………………………………………………………………………………... 232 5.3: Relics ……………………………………………………………………………….......... 249 5.4: Conclusion ...…………………………………………………………………………… 268 Chapter Six: Conclusion – Accuracy and Significance ……………………………. 271 6.1: Contributions ……..…………………………………………………………………... 272 6.2: Wallace and Bruce ………………………………………………………….............. 273 6.3: Themes …………………..…………………………………………………………........ 276 vii 6.4: Conclusion ………………………………………………………................................. 284 Bibliography ………………………………………………………….............................................
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