William Philip Allen, executed at Michael Larkin, father of four children, the only Michael O'Brien, formerly a lieutenant in the following the death of Sergeant Brett in the married man among the three who were exe- U.S. army anda captain in the military raid on the van. cuted. organisation, executed at Manchester. Mourning the Martyrs A study of a demonstration in City, 8.12.1867

imerick's Fenian story in 1867 was one of high hopes at le BreandLEn Mac Giolla Choille the opening of the year; of bitter disap- Morale was lowered by the failure of and sentenced to periods of imprison- pointment in Feb- the actions in the county and in the ment varying from 14 days to 2 months ruarv and still more country generally, and by further with hard labour. For these civilian so in March; of unde;ground survival arrests in the months after the out- attacks there were reprisals by the sol- in the months that followed; and of a break. Then in June and July came the diers and in one of these on 21 Sep- most spectacular demonstration early trials at special commission in Limerick tember Thomas Childerhouse6 of Ellen in December. In this paper an attempt City of the men alleged to have been Street was severely wounded. Indeed, is made to examine closely and in strict implicated in the events of 5-6 March in things had come to such a pass thatthe chronological sequence how that the county, notably at Ardagh and Kil- resident magistrate became con- December demonstration was planned mallock3; and also the trial at Clare vinced8 that the peace of the city could in the short space of four days and car- summer assizes of Thomas Fennell for not be preserved if the 74th regiment ried through on 8 December to a his part in the Kilbaha affair. were permitted to remain. He won his remarkable point of success. The Despite the tidings of defeat and point. Between 6 a.m. and 7 a.m. on 26 examination has been undertaken in relentless pursuit by law and authority, September the regiment quitted order to show, with all clarity possible there is evidence of continuing Fenian Limerickg and were replaced by the at this remove of time, the ideas and activity. Early in July itwas reported4to 52nd. attitudes current among all those who Dublin Castle that Nicholas Corbett of The men of the new regiment were were concerned in it - the people of Newtown Mahon and James Murphy scarcely settled in when they became Limerick City and the surrounding of William Speet, Limerick, a leather- the victims of a bizarre Fenian ruse.1° countryside; the local members of the cutter, were soliciting money in aid of The sentry on duty at the Castle Bar- Irish Republican Brotherhood; the the Fenian movement and were looked racks saw two women present them- police and the resident magistrate; upon as leaders. There was also bad selves at the entrance gate seeking per- their loyal supporters in the task of pre- feeling, wrote the resident magistrate,= mission to come in and see the place. serving law and order; and the officials between the lower classes 'who are Things were dull that day and they in Dublin Castle whose views can be deeply tinged with Feniani~m'~and the were admitted. It was later discovered seen in their actions and reactions to soldiers of the 74th, a Scots regiment and reported that it was a man dressed the current situation. quartered in the Castle Barracks, as a woman, accompanied by a real Limerick. The soldiers had been woman, who had sought and obtained assaulted at night and, though no pro- the requisite permission, had gone vocation on their part could be proved, through the barracks and the tower and it was asserted that they had called had made a rather minute examination n February the Kerry bungle caused most insulting names such as 'Bloody both inside and outside and then gone Igreat disappointment in Limerick and Papists' and 'Damned '. In Sep- away. In November there were clearer ha,rd on its heels came news of arrests1 -. tember a number of collisions between signs of Fenian activity. Two or three In the city. On the date set forthe rising, soldiers and civilians took place and Fenian emissaries had come to Daniel Lyddy and Owen Donegan were seven Limerick men7 were convicted Limerick in the middle of the month; arrested2 in a hou* in Ellen Street. on charges- arisina out of the assaults one of them was commissioned to

TWENTY NINE desire the Fenians to hold themselves the dangers of participation: but there were also in the attendance in readiness for an immediate order "If such an organization should be respectable artisans, shopkeepers, which they might receive at any ~nstitutedby the actually disloyal, we shop or drapers' assistants and clerks. moment. It was understood that the trust that from motives of curiosity or The proceedings were of the most emissary was coldly receivedll and thoughtlessness the tradesmen of the orderly character from beginning to was told that the local men were not in city will not be found to join in it. end and were mainly remarkable for a position to make any movement as Already too many families have been their unanimity and the manifestation they had no arms. All of this went to rendered desolate through the folly of of bitterness which followed refer- corroborate the remarks of the resident some of their members, and it should ences to England and her layor for magistratelZmade on 30 October about be remembered that indirect sym- the applause which greeted p?tciotic a great anxiety in the city for the last pathy with the Manchester malefac- sentiments. fi two months to renew the Fenian excite- tors will necessarily bring unfortunate On being voted to the chair, Mr. John ment. But as far as the authorities were men under the surveillance of the Maher said he felt honoured at being aware, no overt acts were committed police. If our suggestions are acted called upon to preside at any meeting by toe Fenian party and the tranquility upon, this wretched burlesque will be held in the hall of the Congregated was not disturbed until feeling was contemptable (sic) in its insignifi- Trades of Limerick but particularly at aroused by the reports of the execution cance". such a respectable and patriotic one. of Allen, Larkin and O'Brien in Man- The Limerick Reporter16 also carried He hoped that the patriotic trades and chester on 23 November. an item about a possible demonstra- people of Limerickwould not be behind tion and added that there were rela- hand in the great movement taking tives of the young man Allen living in place throughout Ireland and they cal- 2: Ullmhu Limerick, as well as persons who led on their fellow citizens of every rank remembered him well, as he had to support them. He was ready to hear ike members of the organisation worked for a time about two years pre- anyone who had a resolution to prop- Lelsewhere, the Limerick I.R.B. fol- viously in the employment of a well- ose or who would cooperate with them lowed in the national and local press known builder in the city. These in making the demonstration they con- the unfolding story of the arrests of rumours reached the ears of the resi- templated a worthy one. As, no doubt, Irishmen in Manchester, of the trial and dent magistrate and on 5 December he had been arranged the night before, conviction of five of them, and of the wrotet7 to Dublin Castle that a 'Fenian John UptonZ4promptlyproposed and hanging of the three men. Three days Funeral' was arranged to take place in Bernard Cusack seconded the resolu- after the executions the Limerick the city on Sunday. So far as he could tion: Reporter and Vindicator13 judge, there was no reason to "that steps be at once taken by this informed its readers of the dismal apprehend any disturbance of the large meeting to show the deep and details and carried an editorial which peace; nevertheless, he would take heartfelt regret felt by all for the cruel was prophetic in its vein: some extra precautions. His letter was deaths of Allen, Larkin and O'Brien, :!We fear it is but the beginning of the passed to the chief secretary18 who as noble martyrs in the cause of poor end. We tremble to think that the noted its contents but did not comment suffering Ireland: and that the better challenge which has been given by on them. to carry this into effectthe Trades and Lord Derby's Government will be The proposal to organize a funeral people of Limerick march in Solemn accepted by the entire of the Fenian procession seems to have originated in Funeral Procession on Sunday next". brotherhood wherever they exist; Limerick - as in Cork the week before - The chairman thought that the resolu- and we are likely to hear of bloody among the members of the various tion was not going too far, or perhaps reprisals. Already we perceive by the trades in the city. After some private or far enough, but under the present cir- Irish Times that a rumour has gone informal talks, probably on Wednesday cumstances of the country they could abroad that assassination Clubs have 4 December, a meeting attended by go no farther. They wanted to carry on been formed by the Fenians. To this representatives of the trades in the city the procession legally and within the we do not give the slightest credence. was called for Thursday night and it law, and no one who had a sign of drink A great storm is, no doubt, gathering; was there determined to call a larger or who was in the least disorderly and England may wrap herself up in meeting in the Mechanics' Institute, should take part in it. Thesewordswere the notion that she can brave every Bank Place, the following night to con- followed by cheers and the resolution danger that comes - but those who sider how best they could show their then passed. sow reap. We leave the application of regret for the noble men who had been The second resolution was proposed the truism to the unerring progress of executed at Manchester.lgThe meeting by John CarmodyZ5(who was to play a events". determined upon was announced pub- major role in subsequent proceedings) The first open manifestations of public licly byjlacards and handbills posted and seconded by John 0'Keeffe.26 It indignation at the executions were the and distrrbuted through the city.20 resolved: mock funeral processions held on Sun- By all accountsz1 the meeting con- "that the women of Limerick - these day, 1 December 1867, in Manchester, vened in the Mechanics' Institute at 7 women whose fame and patriotism Cork City and Bandon. Press reports of o'clock on Friday night was a large and are as historic as the ancient city itself these processions were read in successful one. Long before the - be called on to show that the spirit Limerick and by mid-week14 the idea appointed hour groups began to collect of their noble-minded ancestresses was springing up of staging in the city about the entrances. At the hour the yet lives in them, by cooperating with on the following Sunday a similar pub- room was nearly full, at a quarter past us in our movement on Sunday lic expression of indignation at the it was thronged - passage, staircase next". legalised murders in Manchester on 23 and hall were crowded, and numbers In the course of his harangue, which November. The intention was suffi- extended and congregated in a large was of a most violent chara~ter,~'Car- ciently well known to catch the ear of crowd In the open space in frontz2All mody said that if the men of Limerick the editor of the Limerick Chronicle15 the thoroughfares leading to the Insti- could meet their enemies again2Qn who in the issue of 5 December gave tute were packed by many anxious equal vantage ground he would pledge space to 'a kind of mysterious rumour' groups who had not been able to himself every man would be ready to about a Fenian demonstration after the obtain admittance to the meeting, all try conclusions and be aid'ed by the manner of Cork and Manchester. discussing the one great subject.23 women (cheers). He trusted they would Scornful of tb&proposed wretched bur- Within the walls those present were convey the substance of that resolution lesque, he warned his readers about chiefly members of the workrng classes to their homes and that the result

THIRTY The attack on the police van under the railway arch, Hyde Road, Manchester, to rescue the Fenian leaders, Colonel Kelly andcaptain Deasy. The location was ever afterwards remembered as 'Fenian Arch'and the original brick archway was taken down only in recent years, would b? worthy of the people of Ire- draw up a programme for the proces- any disturbance of the peace. Later In land (cheers). The chairman then sion and once the route was fixed to the day he wrote and despatched a explained the procession arrange- arrange for the printing before morn- report35confirming the message tele- ments, described the emblems to be ing of placards and notices. graphed and outlining the precautions worn and announced that a subscrip- Although the personnel of the he had taken so as 'not to be unpre- tion list to defray expenses was open. organizing committee is not known, it pared for any possible disturbance'. He On a proposal by John O'Keeffe, sec- can be safely assumed that among its had requested Col. Vesey who was in onded by a Mr. C~leman,~~Carmody members were some of those who command of the troops in Limerick to took the chair and was loudly cheered. were prominent at the meeting in the have all conflned to barracks and ready His address to the meeting, which Mechanics' Institute. If the constabul- to turn out at a moment's notice. The sounded most patriotic to his audience ary had been required to say who they county inspector of constabulary had and violently nationalistic to the were, one of the first names they would ordered in some additional men of his police,30 was punctuated by cheering. have mentioned would have been force from the country. Finally, instruc- When he counselled having but 'the Jonathan Allen of B~herbuoy.~~He had tions had been given to flnd out 'the one fixed idea,31 either to emancipate been 'arrested for fenianism in its early most prominent persons in getting up themselves or be destroyed' there was stages in tampering with soldiers and, this Fenian demonstration'. vehement cheering. Although they in default of bail, was imprisoned'. As a The organizing committee spent the sympathized with the dead, Carmody result he had forfeited a limited pen- whole day attending to the prepara- continued, although the record of their sion gained for service in the army. ti~ns.~Virstof all they had to collectthe murder was living in their hearts, they Despite this loss and also despite the printed notices which announced: the had not died in vain, the green, the fact that for a long time he had not been funeral procession to the memory of immortal green must survive the strug- employed at his profession -teaching Allen, Larkln and O'Brlen commencing gle with England's power, it would go -it was noticed that he appeared to live at 1 p.m. on Sunday from the down with their last breath or triumph well. In the handbills broadcast in the Mechanics' Institute; the emblems to in their liberty (tremendous cheering, city he was described as the secretary be worn - green rosettes wth a small the parties in the streetstaking it up and and as such was active in convening black knot In the centre and crape hat responding likewise). Before conclud- the meeting of 6 December and he bands, and the particular request for ing he advised them that they should made himself conspicuous in the pro- the strictest order. Arrangements had meet on Sunday with extraordinary cession itself. to be made right away for distributing reserve and they should show by their Saturday, 7 December, was a busy the notices37 as wldely as possible in conduct that the memory of the sac- day for all concerned; it was particu- the short time left; forthe appointment rifice in Manchester was deep in their larly so forthe organisers ofthe proces- of marshals and stewards; for inform- bosoms and that, if England slaughter- sion and for the resident magistrate. ing all appointees of the duties ed three thousand men instead of Early in the day he had sent a message entrusted to them. three,; she would not terrify them.32 by telegraph34 informing the under- Several committee members were Afier a vote of thanks to John Maher secretary in Dublin Castle of the large detailed to approach local band leaders the meetkng ended. A committee then meeting at the Mechanics' Institute, and request them to have their musi- met (sometime latertbah 10.30 p.m.)to adding again that he did not apprehend cians play at the procession. -. ..-

THIRTY ONE It was soon clear that the programme Michael's parish church the congrega- The procession extended for about one had been widely distributed and tions at the 8 o'clock and 12 o'clock mile: the hearse was at Colooney enthusiastically received. Large num- Masses were told that the intended Street (Military Road end) before the bers of sympathetic people began to procession was lawful and that the processionists had passed Denmark crowd the shops and buy up rosettes, clergy saw no reason to discounte- Street. The Limerick Chronicle, whose ribbon and crape. The monster houses nance it. After Mass little knots of estimates may be too large as the in the city were open all day long on people gathered to talk about the news paper was apparently trying to goad Saturday serving eager customers; of the day and make plans for taking the lethargic officials in Dublin Castle one shopkeeper in William Street said part in the procession and greet friends into action, reported 11,000 marching he netted £57.10.0 in the course of the arriving from outside the city. From an and 20,000 spectators. The c6unty day on the sale of rosettes and ribbons. early hour the principal approach roads inspector of constabulary who wpwTd When ribbon began to run short and to the city were thronged with country be under strict obligation to make an could not otherwise be supplied, the people making their way on foot and accurate estimate thought44there were pieces remaining were cut into three thronged they remained until the pro- about 1100 boys and females, and 3000 strips tand purchased with avidity cession began. It was claimed40 that, males, 5 or 6 deep, accompanied by wherever they could be had. Some mil- besides those who had come from dis- about 8000 people irregularly at each liners were obliged to remain open all tant parts of the country the day before, side, moving from the point of assem- Saturday night and to an advanced there was no village within walking dis- bly in Bank Place to the Catholiccemet- hour on Sunday morning in order to tance of Limerick which had not its rep- ery of St. Lawrence, via the principal satisfy the increasing demand. The resentative present on Sunday. Indeed street.45 Limerick Reporter pointed out that it the vast proportion of thp gathering From William Street the procession could not be said that those who came from the counties of Limerickand was led by a priest, Fr. Patrick Quaid, sought for ribbons, rosettes, fethers, Clare. P.P., OfCallaghan's Mills, Co. Clare, crape, etc. were all of the poorer or Shortly after 1 p.m. the procession who addressed the people assembled more ignorant classes - 'no such thing began to move off from the Mechanics' in the cemetery. The police had kept up - the execution of Allen, Larkin and Institute. At its head was the hearse, a constant patrol during the day and O'Brien has widened the circle, if not of covered with a black pall with white 'except when a rather too inquisitwe Fenianism, certainly of Fenian sym- edging, on each side of which the look was given at a hat', said the pathizers and of those in particularwho names of Allen, Larkin and O'Brien Limerick Reporter (too innocently), abhor legalised iniquity, no matter appeared in large white letters4' It was 'their conduct was marked by extreme what shape it may assume'. drawn by six horses. The two centre propriety'. What the police were actu- It is both interesting and amusing to horses bore plumes of black; the others ally doing was taking down 'the names see how the Limerick Chroni~le~~view- plumes of white, signifying - it was of several persons who took part in the ed from the opposing political held by some-that Larkin was married proce~sion'.~~The gates of the Castle standpoint the same events of Satur- whereas the other two were not. Barracks were closed but inside the day:'The paper reported the intention Immediately following the hearse were troops were under arms all the night of the Fenian sympathizers of Allen, women (about 700), schoolboys (bet- before and all Sunday - needlessly, as Larkin and O'Brien to make a display of ween 300 and 400)and members of the it turned out. their numbers on Sunday in a sort of Young Men's Society of Limerick The demeanour of those taking part funeral procession and to march (about Next came the Boher- in the day's events was all that the through the thoroughfares of the city buoy Brass Band who, according to the police, magistrates, clergy and - not for the amusement of the public. Drap- Limerick Chronicle, were 'rasping the the least important - the organizers of ery establishments in the city were Dead March in Saul in strains that the procession could have desired. In a cleared out of all the old green ribbon would pierce the nerves of a purple patch, the Limerick Reporter and crape they contained which lay rhinocerus'. Then came the congre- were certain that 'never before, stored away for years. Foolish men and gated trades, probably in the following whether as regards numbers, respecta- women had thrown away their money order and strength. bility or intensity of feeling, did such a (hard-earned in the cold weather) and coopers 20043 well-dressed and well-conducted the drapers selling the stuff considera- masons - assemblage of brave men and beauti- bly beyond its value had made a nice tobacconists or tobacco spinners - ful women parade the streets of the penny. There were difficulties in regard tailors 250 City of theviolated Treaty to attest what to music. The instruments of the local painters about 180 they call their deathless hatred of alien band were in pledge in a pawn office in bootmakers about 200 misgovernment ...' The rival local the Irish-town and could not be carpenters 200 paper, while admitting that the women released; consequently the local plasterers l80 had turned out in their strength, J Fenians were driven to getting a little sawyers 100 noticed among them factory girls and temperance band from the village of prlnters - street amazons conspicuous for their Newmarket-on-Fergus, Co. Clare, to bakers 200 masculine forms but not the daughters play the Dead March in Saul. The pro- cabinet makers 200 of Limerick traders who 'refrained from cessionists would, as a wind up, drown smiths - mixing in Sunday's gathering'. their grief pottle deep and thus put a corkcutters 200 Likew~sethe president and secretary of complete finish to the wasteful expen- fishermen - the Congregated Trades refused to diture of the week's wages. butterbuyers - have anything to do with it and it was Englishtown Fife and Drum Band due to a species of terror operated by drapers assistants, the guilds which compelled 'the atten- shopkeepers, dance of a large number of tradesmen grocers-assistants, 1000 who otherwise would not have joined t Mass on Sunday morning, 8 and clerks in the affair'. The Tipperary contingent A December, pr~estsasked their con- saddlers - did not come as there were no railway . gregations to pray for the repose of the butchers - trains coming from Waterford on Sun- ~oulsof Allen, Larkin and O'Brien and victuallers - days and to that fact they were inde- the request wes met with strong and provision dealers - bted for the absence of the roughs loud respon&.39 Masses were offered labourers and residing along the route of the Water- for their eternal repose and at St. country people about 1000 ford-Limerick line. The country contin-

THIRTY-TWO gent numbered by far the larger por- up a prayer for the repose of their Fenian and anti-Fenians are fully tion of the processionists: 'we should souls. You have come here without agreed with the most red-hot of add that the city remained perfectly violating any law to fulfil the law of Fenians that Allen, Larkin and tranquil during the day and evening'. God (cheers). Return to your homes O'Brien, names which are destined to The best tributesto organisers and par- in sobriety and order. Go home live long in the memories of the Irish ticipants were not publicly known as peaceably, break not the laws of God people - at home and abroad - had they were given in reports written by or man, your enemies are watching not a fair trial, that they were sent to the resident magistrate and the county you and there are some of them here death for a crime of which they inspector. They were all well and today. Kneel down now and offer up declared their innocence and that respectably dressed, wrote Oliver Mor- a fervent prayer to heaven for the they did not meditate the wilful mup iart~,~'and 'appeared to me to belong repose ofthe soulsofthe three men". der of any man ...". ''i The classificatioo of the participant's as anti-Fenians, non-Fenians and red-hot Fenians - all united in their protest against the martyrdom at Manchester- can be accepted as an accurate one. There must, of course, have been many who were simply curious enough to come to see what was happening on that Sunday afternoon but they were 'the minimumI53and were easily distin- guished from the others by notwearing emblems of mourning. How many Fenians, 'red-hot' or otherwise, took part in the procession? Of those identified by the constabulary thirty54- roughly 1 in 14 -were known to be Fenians. A further four can be clearly identified as Fenians and, if the standard of required certainty were lowered to admit seven cases not proved beyond all doubt, the total would be forty-one - or say, I in every II identified by the police. (It is possible that the police officers were mistaken in some of their identifications. For example, who is recorded as having been present with Edward Daly -his brother-may not have been in the Courts, November, 1867. country at the time.55)Among the iden- tified Fenians there were men who, months before the procession, had to a better class than I was prepared to All then knelt down and to the priest's been imprisoned on suspicion of being see taking part in such a procession'. prayer that the souls of the three men connected with the organisation -men Reporting within a few hours of the ter- might rest in peace there was a fervent like Francis Donnellan who had been in mination of Sunday's proceedings, the 'Amen".5o There was some cheering custody for six months in 1866 or county inspector wrote48 that 'the for Fr. Quaid and, according to one Daniel Synan who had been arrested majority did not belong to the city, they report, for the Fenians and for Allen, after the attrack on Stepaside police were very respectable in demeanour Larkin and O'Brien, ending with "God barracks and had been released under and dress, there was a complete Save Ireland". Immediately afterwards rule of There are also in the absence of the Roughs ... all passed off 'the immense assemblage broke up return persons whose similarity of sur- peaceably, a drunken or disorderly per- and dispersed quietly to their homes'.51 name suggests that they may be son was not seen during the time the The question arises - can this funeral related to arrested Fenians: two exam- procession was in movement'. He also procession be called with accuracy a ples are (i) John Upton (No. 418) and noted that almost all wore green and Fenian demonstration? The question William Upton, who took part in the ris- black rosettes. can be put in another way: did the ing at Ardagh and (ii)thetwofishermen The astute manner in which the Limerick thousands come out on 8 named Leddy, and Daniel Lyddy, organisers managed to stage a huge December 1867 to honour the three butcher, who had been arrested on 5 procession right through the centre of Fenians who were hanged in Manches- Maxh 1867. the city without mishap or mis- ter or did they turn out to record their About 95% of the persons identified demeanour and particularly without protest atthe flagrant injustice suffered by the police lived in the city. They rep- infringing the law was consummated by three Irishmen on an English gib- resented about 14% of the estimated in the way the day was brought to a bet? The contemporary newspapers total number of processionists. Among close. When the procession reached St. must be pressed into service to indicate them were, according to the police, ten Lawrence's Cemetery, Fr. Quaid took the contemporary views. On 10 procession leaders; as the idea of hold- his place at a large cross to the left of the December the Limerick Reporter had ing a procession originated (publicly, at mortuary chapel and members of the the following relevant comment: any rate) in the city and, as the prepara- organising committee called for "Whatever variety of feeling there tions had to be completed between Fri- silence. Fr. Quaid then addressed the may prevail about Fenianism and day night late and Sunday morning, the people briefly, in words like these49: Fenians and on these subjects we ten may well be a large proportion of "I aftended here today at the wish of have never attempted to conceal our the total complement of active leaders The people to do honour to Allen, Lar- opinions,52the manifestation of Sun- and marshals. The ten identified as kin and O'Brien, who deserve this day could only have been the result leaders were: honour (cheers). I cajbn you to offer of a supervening cause in which non- Jonathan Allen, schoolmaster

THIRTY-THREE Thomas Burke, tobacco-spinner inspecftor general to the under-secret- the attorney general64 who wrote the John Carmody, butterbuyer ary; he passed it on to Lord Mayo with- opinion: Thomas Childerhouse, corkcutter out delay. The same day the resident "I wish for a special report as to the Myles Egan, hatter magistrate despatched a two-page men before whose names I have Thomas Hogan, baker report on the procession. In the course placed an X: did they wear green James Murphy, leathercutter of a report dated 10 December the sashes or rosettes? Is anything Martin Murphy, sawyer county inspector observed that the known of their antecedents in con- James McDonnell, porter principal speaker at the meeting in the nection with Fenianism? Is there any John O'Brien, baker Mechanics' Institute, John Carmody, authentic report of Mr. Quaid's wprds Elght of these men were Fenians and butterbuyer, was a violent nationalist and can they be proved? Is Alled still two may have been Fenians i.e. Chll- 'strongly suspected to be deep in the a schoolmaster? An early reply,btdl ,// derhouse and Hogan. Childerho~se~~ Fenian Conspiracy, he took part in the oblige". had been attacked by the soldiers in procession here on Sunday last.'62 A Government minute was sent to that September and received a head wound; his movements from then up to the the of the procession were not recorded by the police and con- sequently ~tis a matter for conjecture whetherthe blow made him a Fenian or confirmed him as one. One thing is, however, certaln: on 8 December he was in fine Fentan company. The police reported Thomas Hogan as havlng marshalled the proce~sion,~~as having been very active but not ipso nomine a Fenian. This Thomas Hogan, baker, who lived in Henry Street, has yet to be fully Identified. In the meanttme it may be noted that one of Allen's s~sterswas married to a Mr. Hogan, a respectable clerk and book-keeper in Limerick, and that she was among the women who followed closely after the hearse.59 It would appear, therefore, that though the proposal for the demonst- ration+arose among the trades it was the Fenian element in their ranks who more than likely mooted the idea first and through active workers like Allen and popular figures like Carmody were able to take over the management of the proces~ion.~~In the sense that members of the I.R.B. probably supplied the most of the organisers, leaders and marshals it may be described as a demonstration which was led by Fenians and supported by Fenians, inter alios, of course. (It is abundantly clear from the reports quoted on other pages that the resident magistrate and the hostile Limerick Chronicle referred to and thought of it as a Fenian affair). The executions ofAllen, Larkin and O'Brien at the New Bailey, .

On ~uesdi;~,11 December, the chief effect and the county inspector was hortly after the crowd had dispers- secretary had before him all these pap- asked to report. Sed on Sunday evening, the county ers. He approved of the police action in In the meantime the Limerick Chroni- inspector despatched a telegram to the taking down 'the names of several per- cle65continued to inquire into the after- inspector general informing him that sons who took part in the procession' math of the procession and with evi- the funeral procession had terminated and advised calling for a list of them. dent glee issued a warning to the local and that all had passed off quietly. A The under-secretary wrote accordingly Fenians that their Christmas might be copy of this telegram was sent to the to the inspector general who communi- spent in prison: under-secretary at 6.50 p.m." As the cated with the county inspector in "We believe it not unlikely that the resident magistrate had telegraphed a Limerick on 18 December. A list of per- leaders of the Fenian mock funeral message direct to the same official sons identified was prepared and for- procession ... who are known to the independently, the Castle officials warded on 20 December; published police authorities here, will find could, as far as Limerick was con- with this paper it is entitled63 'City of themselves partaking of their Christ- cerned, settle down to enjoy the Limerick, Return of the Names of per- mas dinner in other quarters than In remaining hours of Sunday. sons who took part in the Funeral Pro- the midst of their family circles, the 'Early on Monday morning, 9 cession here on the 8th Instant to the Executive being perfectly acquainted December, the county inspector's memory of Allen, Larkin and O'Brien, with their antecedents and those who report, written th~wveningbefore, was Identified by the Constabulary of this originated and carried out the received and forwarded by the District'. Next day it was submitted to arrangements of the procession".

THIRTY-FOUR BANK PLACE,

Letterhead of the Mechanics'lnstitute, Bank Place.

The same issue carried a report about a Lord Mayo decided to consult Moriarty the county gaol. On his person was deputation of four who waited upon Dr. and awaited his reply before taking a found a document written in his own Butler, Roman Catholic Bishop, at his decision. In a private letteri3 to the chief hand in order to gain financial assis- residence, Corbally, to ask him to give secretary, the resident magistrate said tance for the families ofthe Manchester an order to his clergy to have an Office he had no doubt that a warrant should Martyrs. Addressed to the working or Holy Mass celebrated in St. John's issue against Carmody but not against men of Limerick, it asked: Cathedral for the three men; his the other two. "Are the suffering, sorrowful, help- lordship declined to comply with their "Limerick is just now rather quiet less families of the brave, generous, request. The editor of the paper was owing to the want of leading Fenians noble-hearted, high-minded lrish wrong in his predictions about arrests: - and in my opinion the best way to patriots to perish from the cold? the leaders of the procession dined at keep it so is to arrest and imprison Allen, Larkin and O'Brien and hun- home and things rested so until after from time to time such men as Car- dreds of others ... are suffering the the holidays.66 mody who I have no doubt is tortures of the damned in British dun- On December 27 Wllliam Kelly, 1st engaged in treasonable practices. geons. John Martin has applied to sub-inspector, reported on the persons With regard to McDonnell and the lrish Nation for a collection for marked X" by the attorney general and Synan, I would say they should not these lrish families. Is the appeal to observed that+ all the parties except be arrested ... I consider they are at remain unanswered in Limerick? ... wore green rosettes and crape present unworthy of notice. McDon- The congregated trades of Limerick tied with green ribbon. The report nell is a young porter in a shop - no are respectfully requested to con- reached the under-secretary on 29 doubt a Fenian messenger but can vene a public meeting at the December. have little weight or influence. Synan Mechanics' Institute to discuss the The problem for the Executive In is a young scamp, but it is doubtful best method of raising a City sub- regard to the Llmerick process~on~~was whether he is doing anything to scription. A beginning is everything. whether to take action or Ignore the advance Fenianism. There are others Jonathan Allen". whole thing. Two coursesof action were in Limerick who are much more A police report on the arrest was sub- open -to prosecute for the part taken in dangerous and should I see at a mitted to the attorney general who the procession or to arrest the sus- further period any necessity, I will thought it was a case to justify a war- pected persons under the provisions of report specially as to their conduct". rant. The chief secretary received his the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act. The Lord Mayo accepted Moriarty's views opinion on 29 January but before com- resident magistrate ventured the hum- rather than those of his attorney gen- ing to a decision wrotei5 to Moriarty ble opinion70 that prosecutions would eral and confined his immediate atten- asking whether or not Allen was not be prudent and from the observa- tion to only one of the three, namely engaged in promoting Fenianism tions he had heard made by the most John Carmody, who was arrested on beyond seeking money for the families respectable and loyal of all creeds and 18 January, 1868, and lodged in the of the Manchester convicts. The resi- politics itwould, he knew, be universally county gaol where there was a military dent magistrate's reply on 1 February condemned and should end dlsastr- guard of forty men gn duty. When it was reminiscent of the reply given to ously. He reminded the Castle became known in the city that Carmody Pontius Pilate: if he were not an active authorities that he had suggested the had been arrested, wrote the Limerick and dangerous member, we would not issue of a warrant for the arrest of John correspondent of the Freeman, it have asked for a warrant76. Lord Mayo Carmody because of what he knew of created a great deal of talk and 'as the accepted the local view and caused a his antecedents, of the part he took In rumour goes, others who made them- warrant to issue on 5 February. Allen the Fenian funeral and of the sed~tious selves conspicuous in organising the remained in Limerick custody until 13 observations he made use of. When this procession have fled, dreading a simi- April when he was moved to Mountjoy opinion and other relevant papers were lar course of judicial proceeding Prison. submitted, the attorney general did not against them, as it is abroad that others In the meantime John Carmody had consider7' that it would be expedient to will be made amenable for whose found a powerful advocate in James prosecute for the Limerick funeral; he arrest warrants are in the hands of the Spaight, a justice of the peace who was did advise, however, the issue of war- constabulary'. The correspondent was a timber merchant in Limerick. Spaight rants for the arrest of John Carmody badly mis-informed about the warrants wrote77 privately to Charles F. Bourke, (no. 29 in the Return), James McDonnell but he was partially correct about the private secretary to the chief secretary, (no. 228), apd Daniel Synan (no. 397). He arrests for within a week one other not- regretting that the wishes and feelings furtherlobserved that it would not be able processionist was taken into cus- of local magistrates be set aside by the necessary to detain them long in cus- tody. Jonathan Allen was seized in a government and those of total stran- tody, provided they left th~.~o~ntry.~~city street,74 handcuffed and brought to I gers, comparatively ignorant of the .-

THIRTY FIVE antecedents and characters of persons with whom they are brought into con- tact, be adopted. He maintained that Carmody was not connected with the Fenian organization 'beyond his drun- ken buckrum, speech at a crowded meeting where he ta.jked a lot of rub- bish under the excitement of drink ad popular applause". The attorney gen- eral advised the'reply78 that Carmody was not arrested for his drunken buc- krum speech, though it did confirm the information on which government had acted. Three days later the medical officer in Mountjoy Prison79 reported that Carmody was under his care, since his reception, for asthma, debility and loss of appetite and that he considered continued confinement must seriously injure his health and endanger his life. Bourke wrote 80 to Spaight on 28 Feb- ruary informing him that his friend J. Carmody was to be released at once. The report of the expected release was soon common knowledge in Limerick and among the Fenian party there was 'general joy and satisfac- tionf.8I The police were not overjoyed. They thought that Spaight, in consequ- ence of his successful interference on Carmody's behalf, would be an espe- cial favourite with the Fenian class in the city and they regretted Carmody's return as Fenianism was still rife. When Carmody was released from custody on 12 March the resident magistrate and the local police officers were incen'ked at the action of the govern- ment. In a strong letter82to Dublin Cas- tle, Moriarty complained that Spaight had betrayed the confidence which was naturally reposed in him, that he had exerted his best influence with the government to get Carmody released without communicating with the police authorities in Limerick or with himself, that he had impeached the reports respecting Carmody's complicity with Fenianism as unworthy of credit and that he had sent paragraphs to the local A portrait of Sir James Spaight. press on the subject. 'This is a course of proceeding, continued Moriarty, 'which I cannot help characterising as by the I.R.B. and their sympathizers on Fenians and by Fenian sympathizers in very reprehensible and which tends the liberation of the two men made to Limerick (as has been shown, it is strongly to bring my position in bear the consequence of hoped, in this paper) and in other Limerick and that of the Police into dis- "the most remarkable demonstra- places to gain the utmost advantage repute'. Having read this letter, Lord tion of public opinion ever witnessed possible from the widespread and Mayo thought thatthe best reply was to by the living generation, even in a city deeep-felt indignation at the treble regret that any misunderstanding which has been the scene of some of hanging in Manchester and bring should have arisen on Carmody's case the most striking manifestations of home to the masses the ideas and ide- and point out that the release was national feeling that have ever taken als - the Fenian ideas and ideals - for decided on grounds of health only, Mr. place in which these men were held to have Spaight being informed merely as a died. Though not immediately and matter of courtesy. directly productive of practical political It is not surprising, therefore, to find 5: Ceangal results, they nevertheless set a suc- that correct protocol was strictly fol- cessful precedent for peaceful lowed in the case of Jonathan Allen, 867 was a bleak year for the demonstration and for annual com- the resident magistrate being con- 1Fenians at home and every success memorations which, by uniting the sulted step by step in regard to his that came their way was more than highly evocative memory of three pat- release on 22 June.83This was in some welcome. The organisation of the fun- riotic Irishmen who met cruel death in .measure compensation for the feeling eral processions in honour of the Man- Manchester with the clear Fenian prin- 'of frustration the police and resident chester Martyrs on the first two Sun- ciples of separation and freedom, ma,gistrate had suffered on the release days of December were everywhere proved to be of powerful inspirational of Carmody; but $was as nothing com- attended with outstanding success. force by times right down to the rising pared with the fd'y and satisfaction felt The funeral processions were used by of 1916.

THIRTY-SIX letter A and 24 entries are marked X; The county in (a) has been added to these prefixed letters are not shown in the address in the place of residence RETURN OF PERSONS IN the return here published but are given column; the leaders in (b) are indicated PROCESSION, 8.12.1867, ir: the appropriate entries in Identifica- by an asterisk in the names column. tion Notes, pp. 41-43. In the original The letter N placed after the number in AS IDENTIFIED BY THE return there is a fifth column captioned the first column indicates that further 'POLICE Remarks in which are found: information about the person is given (a) the name of the county in 19 in ldentification Notes. These chgnges or an explanation of the compilation entries where the place of resi- apart, the return here publishq'd is a Fof the return published in thefollow- dence is outside Limerick City (Co. copy of the document in thk State ing pages, see pp. 40-41. Afew changes Limerick in 16, Clare 2, and Tipper- Paper Office file Fenian Papers p,'5030 made to facilitate the reproduction of ary 1), (Police and Crime Records). , the original return are explained in this or introductory note. (b) the words leader in the procession * = leader in the procession In the original return 12 entries in the in 10 entries (nos. 2,5, 29,35, 115, N = see this number in ldentification numbers- column are prefixed by the 161,225,227,228 and 313). Notes CITY OF LIMERICK Return of the Names of persons who took part in the Funeral Procession here on the 28th lnstantto the Memory of Allen, Larkin and O'Brien, Identified by the Constabulary of this District.

No. Names Occupation Place of Residence Names Occupation Place of Residence - No. 1 N Revd. Mr. Quaid Parish Pr~est ~'~allaghans~ills, 51 Michael Coffey Broker Back Clare Street 52 JohnConnell Hawker John Street 2N Jonathan Allen* Schoolmaster Boherboy 53 EdwardConnell Grocers Assistant Georges Street 3 James Airy Porter Hoggs Lane 54 John Crowe FlourMerchant Treaty Terrace 4 William Ahern Mason Ballally Lane 55N John F. Creagh Bookkeeper OsmingtonTerrace 5N ThomasBurkeX Tobacco spinner Mary Street 56 PatrickCarmody Tailor PatrickStreet 6 Edward Barrett Shoemaker Mary Street 57 Patrickcolernan Clerk Rutland Street 7N PatrickBrazill Clerk Sexton Street 58 Michael Cusack Painter Cecil Street 8N John Bourke Clerk Athlunkard Street 59 Joseph Cassidy Pawn Brokers Asst. Cashel, County Tipperary 9 James Blackwell Butcher Thomas Street 60 John Connell Baker Duggan's Row 10 George Barry Publican &c WilliamStreet 61 William Cronin Clerk WilliamStreet 11 John G. Bowler Pawnbroker Nicholas Street 62 John Cross Shop Assistant John Street 12 Henry Barton Shoemaker Sir Harry'sMall 63 Timothy Coughey Clerk Rutland Street 13 Joseph Barton Shoemaker Sir Harry'sMall 64 John Carr Tobacconist Rutland Street 14 PatrickBoland Moulder Westland Street 65 John Carney Biscuit Maker CharlottsQuay 15 PatrickBurns Carter of Bread Mount Kennett Mills 66 JohnCarter Smith Queen Street 16 Stephen Bourke Shoemaker Mary Street 67 ThomasConnors Pigbuyer Athlunkard Street 17N Mathew Brennan Publican &c PatrickStreet 68 JohnCronin Clerk William Street 18 David Butler Harness Maker Chapel Street 69 P.J. Carrig Upholsterer Wickham Street 19 Thomas Blake Cooper Denmarkstreet 70N William Carroll Farmer Lodge, County Limerick 20 William Burke Butcher Denmarkstreet 71 CarneliusCasey Broker Cornwalles Street 2 1 David Begley Grocers Assistant William Street 72 Michael Casey Broker Cornwalles Street 22N Patrick Bourke Clerk Athlunkard Street 73 Robert Cummins Shoemaker Robert Street 23N Nicholas Bennett Clerk Wickham Street 74 John Carthy Railway Porter Gouldavoher, 24 Edmond Blackwell Butcher Bedford Row County Limerick 25 JamesBourke Engine Fitter Mary Street 75N Maurice Casey Broker Cornwalles Street 26 ThomasBridgeman Laborer Foynes, Co. Limerick 76 John Costello Cooper KellysRange 27 James Brien Clerk Boherboy 77 MichaelCoughlan Clerk Summer Street 28 John Baggott Farmer Baunacloha,Co. Limerick 78 MichaelClanchy Musician The Island 29N John Carmody* Butterbuyer Anne Street 79 James Daly Butcher Mary Street 30 James Coffey Broker BackClare Street 80 John Doherty Mason Athlunkard Street 31 JamesColeman Pigbuyer The Abbey 81 N Thomas Dooley Mason John Street 32 PatrickClancy Fisherman TheAbbey , 82 John Doherty Mason The Abbey 33 MichaelClancy Fisherman The Abbey 83 John Donohoe Clerk Mungret Street 34 David Cronin Cabinet Maker Charlotts Quay 84N Edward Daly Lathsplitter Pennywell 35N ThomasChilderhouse* Corkcutter Ellen Street 85 JohnDaly Lathsplitter Pennywell 36 PatrickCavanagh Tobaccospinner Creagh Lane 86 Patrick Donovan Corkcutter BackClare Street 37 John Cruise Pr~nter BackClare Street 87 Michael Davis Smith Carr Street 38 James Collins Cooper Georges Street 88 John Dinneen Laborer Mary Street 39 JohnCasey Shoemaker Windmillstreet 89 Daniel Dunworth Baker Catherine Street 40 Joseph Cusack Moulder Henry Street 90 Jarnes Daly Laborer Mary Street 41 PatrickCahill Clerk Careys Road 91 John Dunne Packer Edward Street 42 Timothy Cooney Gasfitter BackQueen Street 92 Michael Dwyer Shoemaker CharlottsQuay 43 JohnConnell Laborer Halls Lane 93 John Dwyer Shoemaker Charlotts Quay 44 William Clohessy Stonecutter Myles Lane 94N Frank Donnellan Publican Killealy 45 DenisConnolly Stonecutter Carey's Road 95 Edward Dowd Shoemaker Mary Street 46 PatrickCarey Shoemaker Edward Street 96 Michael Daly Painter Boherboy 47 ; Davd Cronin Mason CharlottsQuay 97 CorneliusDonohoe Clerk Vises Fields

^ 48 PatrickCronin Mason CharlottsQuay 98N Michael Donohoe Porter Island Road 49 Patrickcoleman Pigbuyer 4thlunkard Street 99 Michael Dalton Shoemaker William Street 50N John Clancy ,t Fisherman 4thlunkardStreet 100 Timothy Dalton Shoemaker William Street

THIRTY-SEVEN Occuoation No. Names Occupation Place of Residence No. Names- Place of Residence 'homas Donovan railor EunninghamsLane vlichael Hayes Tailor :ornwalles Street lornelius Daily Ierk ThomasStreet Ienis Hayes Tailor :ornwallesStreet idward Daily 3roker Clarestreet dartin Hughes None .ittleWilliam Street idward Dunne lraper JVilliam Street IatrickHennessy Clerk latherine Street Jlichael Donnellan 2erk arunswickstreet lohn Hogan Clerk :hapel Street IatrickDaily 'ainter Careys Road Iornelius Hogan Broker jexton Street James Davis Mason- Ellen Street vlichael Heffernan Clerk ilackboy NilliamDaily .' iawker Quins Lane Nilliam Hanrahan Pigbuyer delson Street ' ! IohnDavis ' Mason Nicholas Street John Hennessy Clerk, )ominickStreet Wichael Donnelly Pawnbrokers Asst. NicholasStreet ;eorge Hughes Drapers Asst. WilliamStreet / Wichael Dwyer Cooper Kellys Range IatrickHassett Butcher JlarketAlly ,/..,'. dichael Doody 3erk Summer Street Wichael Hayes Shoemaker Iare Street ,"' IamesDooley arush Maker lrishtown 'atrickHartigan Fisherman ithlunkard Street 'atrickDowney Baker Broadstreet John Hennessy Shoemaker lohn Street WylesEgan* Hatter Mary Street Nilliam Hayes Shopkeeper Nilliam Street ldhn Earls Baker Broad Street Nilliam Hannan Publican Jpper William Street l'imothy Egan Musician Dixons Lane John Hayes Carpenter dulgrave Street IohnEbrill inloolbuyer ThomasStreet Michael Hayes Engine Driver :longlong I'homasEgan Musician Dixons Lane James Ives Tailor qelson Street JohnEgan Clerk Military Walk JamesJackson Baker idward Street lohn Egan Cardriver DenmarkStreet John Kelly Butcher [hornasstreet 3obert Edwards Slater Cabbage Market Edward Kelly Butcher 3edford Row rhomas Egan Shoemaker Mary Street John Kennedy Pigbuyer dungret Street MickFrawley Publican AthlunkardStreet James Kearney Pawnbroker \licholasStreet John Fennessy Shoemaker John Street lohn Kelly Shoemaker ;arryowen James Farrell Tailor Careys Road DatrickKeys Pilot Nelesley Bridge John Fitzgerald Tailor Athlunkard Street Morty King Smith NhitewineLane Michael Fitzgibbon Clerk Mount Kennett Michael Kavanagh Painter 3ridcje Street 'atrickFitzgerald Tailor Athlunkard Street John Kelly Shoemaker jarveys Lane Francis Fleming Umbrella Maker Anne Street PatrickKelly Shoemaker jarveys Lane Joseph Fleming Umbrella Maker Anne Street DatrickKelly Publican rhomond Row PatrickFarrell Store Man Mulgrave Street Joseph Kelly Publican'sSon rhomond Row PatrickFeathers Cardriver Broad Street John Kelly Butcher Eharlotts Quay Austin Fitzgerald Clerk Boherbuoy Michael Kelly Sec. toTeetotal Societ CunninghamsLane JamesFarrell DrapersAssistant George Street Edward Kirby Printer & Stationer 'atrickstreet John Frost Shoemaker High Street CharlesKirby Printer patrickstreet James Fitzgibbon Tailor Colloney Street PatrickKelly Butcher ThomasStreet PatrickFleming UmbrellaMaker Anne Street James Killen Gasfitter Roches Street JohnFarrell Laborer Mulgrave Street Patrick Kennedy Carpenter Elare Street Joseph Gallagher Clerk Mary Street Timothy Leacy Pigbuyer [he Abbey Joseph Godsill Baker Careys Road George Leddy Fisherman The Abbey PatrickGleeson Pigbuyer Nicholas Street James Leddy Fisherman The Abbey WilliamGleeson None Thomas Street Edward Long Sailor Qindmill Street Michael Gleeson Smith CornwallesStreet William Lysaght Shoemaker BackClare Street John Gully Mason Gully Lane Cornelius Lyons Tailor Coloney Street Michael Gilligan Pigbuyer AthlunkardStreet ThomasLunney Tailor Summer Street JohnGilligan Pigbuyer Island Road Francis Lally BilliardMarker CatherineStreet John Goggin Draper Thomond Gate James Leary Porter lrishtown JamesGavin Painter High Road William Lane Butcher Roches Street Maurice Galvin Draper William Street John Looney Tailor Summer Street Michael Gleeson Pigbuyer Nicholas Street James Leonard Corkcutter TheGreen John Gready DrapersAssistant George Street James Murphy* Leather Cutter William Street PatrickGreen Draper William Street Michael Morrison Draper &c Wllliam Street Daniel Gleeson Cooper Chapel Street Martin Murphy* Sawyer Mungret Street Andrew Griffin Bacon Cutter The Green James McDonnellX Porter Bridge Street Michael Griffin Clerk DenmarkStreet John Meade Clerk Upper William Street Cornelius Hogan Pigbuyer NicholasStreet John Malley Carpenter Catherine Street Peter Hartney Pigbuyer The Abbey Patrick Mack Fisherman The Abbey Martin Hartigan Fisherman The Abbey Patrick Meehan Fisherman The Abbey James Hayes Baker ~hi~bbey Patrick McMahon Sr. Mason NicholasStreet Thomas Hogan* Baker Henry Street Patrick McMahon Jr. Mason NicholasStreet Michael Hehir Shoemaker Nicholas Street PatrickMcKerins Shoemaker Thomond Gate JohnHinchy Porter Watergate Patrick McNamara Builder Thomond Gate Michael Hanifin Carpenter Newcastle,Co. Limerick Michael McAdams Cooper Summer Street Milliam Hill Tailor Edward Street 'eter Meehan Cabinet Maker lreagh Lane Vlichael Hanrahan Broker Sexton Street Vlaurice McCarthy MarineStr. Keeper dungret Street rhomas Hayes Carman Dixons Lane John Meade Mason ;arryowen Jlichael Hilliard Carman Curry Lane John Mclnerney Sawyer Iare Street Ianiel Hourigan Photographer Limerick John Meany Shopkeeper 3road Street Vlichael Hayes Slater Flag Lane John Murphy PawnbrokersClerk ;eorgesQuay Jeremiah Heffernan Clerk Blackboy VicholasMeehan PawnbrokersClerk ;eorges Quay. 3obert Hanly Clerk NicholasStreet lohn Maley Carpenter lises Fields lohn Hill Tailor Edward Street 3arles Maguire Carman ldward Street

THIRTY-EIGHT Names Occupat~on Place of Residence PatrickMulcahy Carpenter RoxboroRoad Berd McSweeny Shoemaker Nelson Street PatrickMullins Cardr~ver Careys Road Edward Mullins Clerk Dixons Lane John McDonagh Publ~can CatherineStreet Richard Morrson Carver Rutland Street Michael Murphy Sawyer Broad Street PatrickMannix B~ll~ardMaker Market Ally / Richard McMahon Farmer Mountpelier, Co. Limerick Thomas Molowney Hostler BrunswickStreet .'/ J.F. Molony Telegraph Clerk Mary Street PatrickMcCarthy Tallor Boherbuoy Michael Moriarty Laborer Wickham Street ThadeusMolony Telegraph Clerk Mary Street John Maher Carpenter Limerick John McCarthy Ropemaker The Green William McCoy Farmer Loughill, Co. Limerick John Mulcaire Farmer Shanagolden, Co. Limerick Jeremiah Mulcaire Farmer Shanagolden, Co. Limerick John Nestor Cutler George Street William Newman Talor Thomas Street Thomas Newman Tallor Roden Street William Neylan Pa~nter Ballally Lane JohnNash Lettercamer Edward Street Joseph Nestor Cutler Georges St. Mathew Nevil Shoemaker New Road Michael Nash Carpenter lrishtown FrederickNewman Tallor Military Walk John Nash Carpenter Henry Street Thomas Noonan F~tter CatherineStreet JohnO'BrienX Baker Mary Street The Manchester Martyrs'memoral at Mount St. Laurence Cemetery. Thomas O'Brien Flour Dealer Mary Street John O'Brien Cloth~er Mary Street No. Names Placeof Residence Edward O'Doud Shoemaker Mary Street Bryan McDonagh Shopboy Clare Street ThomasOINeill Grocer Chapel Street John McMahon Mason NicholasStreet John O'Brien P~gbuyer The Abbey ThomasMoloney Broker CornwallesStreet John Organ Clerk Anne Street Martin McNamara Tailor Edward Street Thomas O'Connor P~gbuyer Sandmall Mathew McNamara Tailor Ballally Lane CharlesO'Connor P~gbuyer Sandmall Anthony McDonagh None Clare Street Thomas O'Connor Publ~can Athlunkard Street ThomasMcCormack Butcher Roches Street Michael O'Brien Laborer Newcastle,Co. Limerick Michael Moloney Pigbuyer Nelson Street John O'Donnell Presser Edward Street Patrick McDonnell Laborer Bridge Street Michael O'Donnell Mason Coloney Street John McDonnell Shopkeeper Mungret Street Jeremiah OtDonnell Clerk Ellen Street PatrickMoroney Carpenter Island Road John O'Brien P~gbuyer Cornwalles Street ThomasMcCormack Laborer Mary Street Andrew O'Meara Bacon Merchant Roches Street CorneliusMadden Painter Kilkee,County Clare John O'Brien Clerk Cunninghams Lane Patrick McDonnell Porter Bridge Street John O'Brien Drapers Ass~stant New Road John Mulchair Medical Student Henry Street MichaelO'Brien P~gbuyer The Abbey James McNamara Corkcutter Thomond Gate John O'Brien Butter Buyer Cornwalles Street Denis McCormack Cooper High Street NicholasO'Donohue 3erk Queen Street Michael McMahon Engineer Thomond Row James O'Brien Clerk Dixons Lane Duke McNamara Shoemaker High Road OwenO'Malley Shoemaker Clare Street Michael McNamara Printer New Road James O'Brien T~mberMerchant Robert Street Michael McMahon Mason Nicholas Street John O'Keeffe Shopkeeper Francis Stret FrancisMcMahon Provision Merchant Nicholas Street John O'Sullivan Clerk William Street William McMahon Clerk Ellen Street JamesO'Connor Shopkeeper William Street William Morrison Draper William Street ThomasO'Keeffe Mason Gouldavoher, PatrickMcMahon Mason High Road Co. Limerick JamesManning Tailor Edward Street MathewO1Brien ra~lor Ballyneety,Co. Limerick Henry Mathews Tailor Mungret Street Denis O'Leary Flag Lane Timothy Murnane Laborer Cahirconlish, John Pender DawnbrokersClerk Bridgestreet County Limerick Richard Punch '~gbuyer The Abbey Edward Mullins T~mberMerchant Carr Street Edward Power %herman MarketAlly William Murphy Tobacco Spinner Boherbuoy Edward Pender Saker Mungret Street George Mannix Billiard Marker MarketAlly Michael Punch 'ubl~can New Street William McCoy Grocers Clerk William Street Thomas Parker Uewsvender Limerick Jaqes Murphy Clerk GeorgesQuay William Purtill 3gbuyer Island Road Owen McCarthy Marine Str. Keeper Mungret Street Austin Purcell ?arpenter Boherbuoy James Mara Bacon Merchant RochesStreet James Power 2erk MulgraveStreet William Murphy Clerk The Mall William Power :lerk inlilliam Street

THIRTY-NINE - -p--

-No. Names Occupation Placeof Residence 407 George Seymour Nailor Nelson Street 408 Daniel Scanlan Draper WllliamStreet 409 William Slattery Pigbuyer Mulgrave Street 41 0 MichaelToohy Draper Georges Street 41 1 EdwardTobin Shop Assistant W~lliamStreet 41 2 JohnTorpy Waiter Georges Street 413 JohnTompkins Shoemaker Patrickstreet, 414 WilliamTaylor Tailor Boherboy ' 41 5 RichardTaylor Tailor Lady Lane 1 416 John Thorpy Porter MylesLane /,' 41 7 JamesTerry Painter Anne Street 418 John Upton Painter Clare Street 419 Patrickwhite Carpenter Broad Street 420 John Warren Carpenter Broad Street 421 Michael Walsh Grocers Assistant Broad Street 422 John Warren Sivemaker Mungret Street Rosettes worn during the procession. 423 Michael Walsh Shoemaker W~ndmillLane 424 John Wall None Ncholas Street No. Names Occupation Place of Residence - 425 John White Tailor Wh~tesLane Patrick Punch Pigbuyer Athlunkard Street 426 John White Carpenter Broad Street Thomas Power Clerk Denmark Street 427 Martin White Smith Boherbuoy Lawrence Patterson Clerk Wickham Street 428 CorneliusO'Brien Cooper H~ghStreet Thomas Perce Shoemaker Arthurs Quay 429 PatrickKissane Shoemaker Clare Street Patrick Phelan Laborer lrishtown 430 James Bourke Carpenter Reeves Path William Power Cooper KellysRange 431 PatrickReordan Shopkeeper Willlam Street Maurice Power Cooper KellysRange 432 JamesKeane Tailor Freder~ckStreet PatrickQuilty Signal Man Clonlong 433 Joseph Banks Mason New Road WilliamQuigley Clerk Bank Place 434 Daird (?David)Birkley Grocers Assistant Willlam Street John Quilty Railway Porter Sexton Street 435 JamesO'Donnell Grocers Assistant Patrrck Street Edward Quinn Cooper & Publican New Road 436 Michael Donohue Clerk Playhouse Lane EdwardQuinlevan Draper GeorgesStreet 437 ThomasQuinlivan Smith Mountpelier, Co. Limerick DenisQuinlan Publican Playhouse Lane W. KELLY ThomasRyan Publican Broadstreet 1 Sub-Inspector John Ryan Tobacco Spinner Creagh Lane Limerick20 December 1867 JohnRyan Bill Poster Creagh Lane EDWARD HILL, Esq JohnRyan Clothier Charlotts Quay Co. Inspr. James Redden Carpenter Careys Road .,. l ~mothyRourke Carman Rosbrien, Co. Limerick ANALYSIS Michael Ryan Sawyer Nelson Street James Ryan Bookbinder New Street S the number of processionists identified by the police was EdwardRedmond Clerk Ellen Street A comparatively small (representing about 14,6% of the Michael Ryan Clothier CharlottsQuay approximate total of 3000 or possibly about %of thecity contin- Denis Ryan Draper Chapel Street gent) it would not be wise to attach too much importance to any MichaelRyan Clothier WilliamStreet analysis made of the information in the return. With that cautio- Edward Ryan Printer DenmarkStreet nary proviso accepted, an analysis was made of: Michael Roberts None RochesStreet l)the number of Fenians among the persons identified; Thomas Ryan ail1 Poster Francisstreet 2) the occupations of persons identified; and JamesRyan %inter DenmarkStreet 3) the geographical distribution or addresses of persons William Ryan Publican Upper William Street identified. John Rourke Butcher DenmarkStreet The results are given below and also some tentative conclu- James Redden Zarpenter Boherbuoy sions drawn. John Rourke Cardriver Rosbrien,Co. Limerick NUMBER OF FENIANS ThomasRyan Cooper Denmark Street JohnSheehy Publican John Street Total number of processionists identi- Stephen Scanlan Butcher ~icholasftreet fied by police John Sheehan Pigbuyer NicholasStreet Numberthe police thoughtwere'of John Sheehan Basket Maker GeorgesQuay worst Fenian character'" Jeremiah Sullivan Glazier Windmill Lane Numberthe policethoughtwere of Michael Sullivan Plumber Windmill Lane strong Fenian sympathies 18 JohnSlattery Laborer Mungret Street Others now identifiable as Fenians 5 WilliamSullivan Laborer Halls Lane Total 35 (8%) JohnSheehan Butcher Nelson Street Total of all personswith Fenian conn William Sheehan Pigbuyer Saint Mary'sPlace ection as shown in Identification Daniel Synan Medical Student Georges Street Notes (see pp. 41-43) BarthwStackpool Clerkat Chapel North Strand Total number of procession leaders JamesShaughnessy Sailor North Strand identified by police JohnShaughnessy Sailor North Strand Total number of these Fenians Michael Sheahan Pigbuyer Nelson Street numbered Michael Sugrue Draper William Street Total numberof persons 'of worst Timothy Sugrue Draper William Street Fenian character'only 1 wasa leader 1 Michael Sheehy Grocer Athlunkard Street Tentative conclusion: though probably a minority in the total John ~a@nt Taylor Ellen Street number of processionists, the Fenians had a large share (if not Denis Sullivan Shoemaker Cornwalles Street a controlling share) in leading the demonstration in Limerick.

FORTY *For explanation see Identification Notes, entry no. 81. OCCUPATIONS IDENTIFICATION MOTES GENERAL PURPOSE: The most numerous occupations IDENTIFICATION OF among those identified by the police FENIANS were:. clerks 46 shoemakers 33 he 437 names in the police return tailors 28 Twere examined in order to dety- mine the extent to which Fenians par- pigbuyers 25 I ticipated in the procession in honour of masons 18 carpenters 17 the Manchester Martyrs in ~imerigk drapers or City on 8 December 1867. Using the state papers and to a drapers' assistants 16 limited extent printed sources, some publicans 14 identification details were found for 57 butchers 14 persons in the return and with little or coopers, 12 no doubt 34 of them may be taken to be labourers 13 Fenians. For the purposes of this article fishermen 10 it was not deemed necessary to bakers 10 attempt an exhaustive search into the remaining 380 names. Such a search Occupations of procession leaders would more properly fall within the bakers province of the local historian whose a butterbuyer, a corkcutter, a hatter, a knowledge of families and addresses in leathercutter, a porter, a sawyer, a 1867 Limerick could be used to great schoolmaster, and a tobacco-spin- ner. advantage. The Fenian, John Daly. One problem for the 'stranger' which the local historian might solve with less Occupations of persons 'of worst Nos. by streets (most numerous) difficulty may be stated. In the return, Fenian character' William Street 29 persons with addresses in Limerick baker 3 Mary Street 16 City (and some outside it) have the tailors 3 Nicholas Street 16 same surnames as persons in the a clerk, a draper, an engineer, a letter- The Abbey 15 county who were either suspected gen- carrier, a mason and a porter. Athlunkard Street 14 erally of Fenianism or more particularly Clare Street 12 of participation in the events of 5-6 March 1867. A few examples may be Occupations of identified persons liv- Mungret Street 11 given to illustrate the point: ing outside the City Edward Street 10 Thomas Bridgeman, Foynes, No. 26 farmers 6 Boherbuoy 10 in the return - a 'small Bridgeman' labourers 3 Cornwallis Street 10 was thought to have taken part in the carman or cardriver 2 attack on Ardagh police barrack. a carpenter, a mason, a painter, a Comment: Of the procession leaders 3 John Upton, No. 418 - William pawnbroker's assistant, a parish lived in Mary Street and one in Anne Upton, concerned in the sameattack. priest, a railway porter, a smith and a Street, Ridge Street, Boherbuoy, Thomas Quinlivan, No. 437 Daniel tailor. Ellen Street, Henry Street, Mungret - Street and William Street. Of the 12 Quinlivan, Ashgrove, blacksmith, persons 'of worst Fenian character' was committed to Limerick county Tentative conclusions: The vast major- only 2 lived in the same street (Ed- goal on 15 March 1867. ity of the identified persons were ward Street) but 1 is found in each of WiIIiam Purtill, No. 349- Edward Pur- clerks, shop people and men in a the following streets in which pro- till, Castleconnell, returned from wide variety of trades and callings. cession leaders lived: Mary, Mun- Liverpool 'quite a stranger, no With the exception of the tailors and gret and William Streets and Boher- money'. to a lesser extent the bakers, the buoy. The problem is to determine the leaders of the procession did not relationship, if any, in these cases of represent the most numerous Tentative conclusions: The majority of similarity in the surname. In cases trades or occupations and were the processionists came from where the relationship was beyond probably more representative of places outsid-he city and the local doubt the details are included in the Fenian circles than of the trades con- police were able to recognise very notes below. cerned. Those from the country few of them - 19 in all. Of the city It is hoped that the details given in were mostly farmers or labourers streets and places, William Street, these notes may be of assistance to his- but in their case presence at the pro- Mary Street and Boherbuoy seem to torians of Fenianism in Limerick City cession was due solely to political have contributed most in men and and County and that further studies outlook. leaders. into the unidentified names may be undertaken.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

Persons identified who lived outside Limerickcity Persons identified who lived in Limerick County Persons identified who lived in Co. Clare Persons identified who lived in Co. Tipperary Persons identified who lived in Limerick City An armband worn during the procession.

FORTY-ONE engaged in making ball cartridges etc., and was in some ... persons and broke some windowst- CS0 ABBREVIATIONS gaol under Lord Lieutenant's warrant1-F.P. 1966 R. registered paper 1867118054. Among those injured Head of the Fenians there (Limerick), gone to Dub- by the soldiers was Thomas Childerhouse, who A A person 'of the worst Fenian character.' (See note 81 lin to be book-keeper to Mr. James Murray (of received a severe cut on the head. (The names of for fuller explanation). Limerick) at 137 Thomas St., Oct. 1871 ... is in boot the others injured may be of interest; they were X Persons in the return about whom the attorney-gen- department Todd Burns & Co.'s, Oct. 1871 -Index, William Lahiff,a barber,John Merneror? Werner,a era1 requested% report. (Fuller explanation given on p. 40. HCSA, i, p. 67 has Matt Brazill, Kilfinnane, carman, Richard Johnston, a bailiff, and Edward p. 32). land surveyor, an active member of the Fenian Soc- Keating, a labourer). The military authorities in CS0 registered papers, he correspondence and papers iety in 1866 who was seen driving about the coun- Limerick contended that the collision 'arpse with received day by jay i the Chief Secretary's Office, try with other suspected Fenians at night and with the people themselves, and not with thysoldiers' Dublin Castle, were entered into the register for the Capt. Dunne and other reputed Fenians about Kil- and in the spring 1867 the officer commandingthe year (or portion of the year) and were given the mallock. JD says he worked in Kilmallock but 74th Highlanders at Limerick pointed ou~hit'the numbers allotted to them in the register- hence the moved tothecity when thearrests(probab1y under lower orders of the town who are dee'ply tinged name and method of citation (yearlnumber). In this, HCSA) began, lived with his brother Patrick (then a with Fenianism werevery much indisposed against the largest record group in the State Paper Office, manager in O'Callaghan's Tannery), helped in the the 74th Highlanders becausethey arechiefly com- there are registers, indexes to the registers, and arsenal committee in Limerickcirca 1865-66,fled to posed of Scotchmen,ofwhose hostility totheir evil registered papers for the years 1818-1924. America after the rising but returned after the designs they felt assured: The outcome ofthe inci- F.P. F P$pers, 1866-74, State Paper Office, volume = 14 amnesty. JD also saysthat Patrick B, played a large dent was the removal of the regiment from cartons or about 9 cubic feet. These papers are part part in the Fenian reorganisation in Limerick, 1869. Limerick to Dublin, 26 Sept. 1867. Childerhouse of Fenian Papers 1857-83; for details see the State Marked X in return. marked X in return. MM. Paper Office inventory to Policeand CrimeRecords, 8. 'Information was had against him for collecting 50. This man may be the John Clanchy, Limerick, 1848-1920. money for Fenian purposes-we haveevery reason labourer, arrested and lodged in the county gaol, 16 HCSAAbstracts of cases underr Habeascorpus Suspen- to believe he is actively engaged in theconspiracy' Mar. 1867 and released on 23 March -Index, p. 115. sion Act, 3 MS vols., (pages numbered 1-577 in vol. - F.P. 1566 R. 'Supposed active agent, B, 30 Nov. 55. 'Marched with the procession but wore no i; 1-653 in vol. ii; 1-67 invol. iii). Arrangedalphabet- 1866' Index, p. 32. Surname and occupation given emblemsr-F.P. 1566 R. Marked X in return. ically underthe namesofthepersonsarrestedorfor as Burke, a market clerk, in F.P. 1566R. Marked X in 70. Index, p. 97 has a William Carroll, Kilmallock, who whom warrants undertheactwereissued; eachvol- return. became a crown witness in 1867. ume has its own index to these names. See also the 17. Arrested in Limerickand lodged in Limerickcounty 75. A man of this name described as a whitesmith or final sentence under the abbreviation Index. gaol on 20 Feb. 1866; released on 9 April on sub- locksmith from Rathkeale was arrested on 27 Feb. lndex A MS volume in the State Paper Office entitled stantial bail. Reporting hisarrestthecounty inspec- 1866, lodged in Limerick gaol and released on 20 Fenianism, Index of names, circa 1865-71 in which tor said that he was the centre for Annacotty June. The sub-inspector at Rathkeale reported: 'he the names of persons arrested or suspected of (Castleconnell district) and that several well-known is a prominent Fenian and a very handy smith etc.; Fenianism aregiven insemi-dictionary order; itcon- Fenians were wont to meet at his house. He is he is 20 years of age, of a smooth face and no whis- tains 910 pages and about 5,000 names. described as a publican- Account based on HCSA, kers.'- Account based on HCSA, i, p. 147. This volume and the 3 HCSA vols. are part of lrish i, p. 72, Prominent Fenians who met in his house 81. He was a person 'of the worst Fenian character and 1848- Crimes Records 1920, details of which are to were 'Luby, James O'Connor (Irish People), David actively engaged in promoting the conspiracy' - be found in the State Paper Office inventory to Murphy (head centre for Limerick) and othersr- F. sub-inspector William Kelly to county inspector E. Po!ce and Crime Records, 1848-1920. 349 on F.P. 1615 R. JD mentions Matt Brennan, Pat- Hill, Limerick, 27 Dec. 1867. Persons to whom Kelly JD Recollections of John Daly (see note 85), published in rick St., grocer, as a Fenian in 1869, a splendid fel- thought this description applied are marked A in lrish Freedom, commencing in February 1912. low, arrested 1865166. For a memorial signed by the return; they are nos. 81,98,116,134,192,208 Taim buioch d'tamonn de h6ir, Coimisiun na Brennan and, amongst others, by the mayor, sev- (recte 218), 226, 264, 272,306, 313, and 346 - F.P. Logainmneacha, a chuir arfail dom as a chuid notai eral J.P.'s, town commissioners and two parish 1566 R. fein na tagairti i dtaobh mhuintir Ui Dha'aigh agus priests, see CS0 registered paper 1866115835. 84. Index, p. 199 has Edward Daly, Hammond (sic) Gate, daoineeilei Luimneach a bhfuil an nod JDaggabha 22. 'Brother of John Burke, man of like character and lathsplitter, committed to Limerick county gaol on 12 1 leo. Fenian habits, recently returned from America' - Mar. and discharged on 23 Mar. 1867. Apparently no. 84 MM Reference is made to the person in Mourning the F.P. 1566 R. 'Keeps company of active members' - -(i)thefatherofEdwardDalywhowasexecutedin 1916 Martyrs, pp. 29-36. Index, p. 33. Marked X in return. and (ii) the brother of John Daly (no. 85 q.v.1- nota le 23. 'Was not till recently supposed to be a Fenian' - htamonn de h6ir. MM. NOTES F.P. 1566 R. Marked X in return. 85. Index, p. 194 has 'James and John Daly, lathsplitters, 29. Warrant, issued 15 Jan. 1868, addressed to sub- Limerick, leaders in putting downTenant Right meeting 1. 'Marched at the head of the procession and spoke inspector Kelly and governor, Limerick county in Limerick, 1 Nov. 1869.' JD, uncle of Edward Daly ... at the cemetery, he made himself specially con- gaol. Arrested 18 Jan. Transferred to Mountjoy 1916, was a lathsplitter and lived in Pennywell. His spicuous, his actscan be fully proved'-F.P. 1566R. prison on 5 Feb. and released on 13 Mar. Kelly account is summarised here- with a party of 30 or 40 MM. reported that he was a known dangerous Fenian from Limerickset outtotake part in the rising at Kilmal- 2. Arrested in Limerick on 25 January 1868 and travelling about buying butter and promoting lock, began walking there when the cars to take them lodged in Limerick county gaol. Transferred to Fenianism and had been disaffected for the last failed toturn up, were lateforthefighting,spentseveral Mountjoy prison on 13 April and to Kilmainham twenty yeay;. County inspector Hill reported that days on the Limerick-Tipperary border, JD returned to gaol on 4 June. Released on his own recognizance, Carmody was the principal speaker at a meeting the city and went into hiding, escaped in a ship bound 22 June 1868. Reporting his arrest the sub-inspec- held forthe purpose of arranging aboutthe funeral for Liverpool and from London sailed to America where tor, R.I.C., at Limerick said: that he had an appeal procession of Allen, Larkin and O'Brien and spoke he arrived in June 1867, remained there until after the written by himself to the trades of Limerick for 'violently -Account based on HCSA, iii, p. 8. Marked amnesty in 1869. (Subsequently JD was in prison, 1884- money forthefamiliesof Allen, Larkin and O'Brien; X in return. MM. 96, was on supreme council of I.R.B., elected M.P. for that he had been imprisoned for six months for 35. 'Took a leading part in the procession tho' not pre- Limerickwhilein prisonand later mayor of Limerick. He tampering with soldiers; that 'he is a schoolmaster viously suspected to be of Fenian propensities' - died in 1916). and has no employment for some time'; that he F.P. 1566 R. Sub-inspector William Kelly may have If JD's account is correct, he was in America at the had taken 'a prominent position in the late funeral forgotten or may have failed toseetherelevanceof timeofthe procession. His dating might beduetofaulty procession and is an active agent'- Account based the report of an outrage submitted to the resident memory or his inclusion in the return may be due to on HCSA, iii, p. 5 and F.P. 1566 R. Marked X in magistrate at Limerickon 22 Sept. 1867. The previ- mistaken identity on the part of the police. Cf. James return. MM. ous night, he reported, 'a party of the 74th Regi- Daly, no. 90. (See also note 225 for Nicholas Corbett 5. 'Continually incompany with reputed Fenians; has ment, stationed at the Castle Barracks, attacked who admitted JD into the organisation, lrish Freedom, been closely watched by the constabulary but has some civilians who were sauntering about the cor- Feb. 1912, p. 5) MM. ; escaped detection' - F.P. 1566 R. Marked X in ners in Bridge St., who fled in every direction pur- 94. Arrested 20 Feb. 1866, lodged in Limerick county gaol, return. MM. sued by the soldiers ... the party of the 74th con- transferred to Mountjoy prison and discharged on bail 7. 'Has been long looked upon as a Fenian; he was sisted of about 20 men ... the soldiers rushed into 24 Aug. 1866. The county inspector reported that he arrested upon anriMormation of having been some of the public houses where they assaulted was a publican and mechanic in the employment of

FORTY-TWO Messrs. Russell, was acentre in the Confederacy, sev- 18 Jan. 1867. The sub-inspector at Limerick reported on meeting, Limerick, 6 Dec. 1867, to arrange for the fun- era1 meetings were held in his house which were 30 Nov. 1866that he wasemployed in an extensivecon- eral procession on the following Sunday. MM. attended by Colonel Byron, and harboured Capt. cern and had 'a good many men under him and is an 306. Marked A in return -see note on no. 81. Dunne, Col. Byron and Cleary.Whilein Limerickgaol he active agent in the conspiracy. All the men employed 313. Marked A in return - see note on no. 81. Arrested and had on the night of 25 Mar, a conversation with John along with Murphy are under hiscontroland has plenty lodged in Limerickcounty gaol on l1Dec. 1866, he was Lysaghtwho was in an adjoining cell. The conversation of money at his disposal He was seen in the company dischargedon bailon 18Jan. 1867.Thesub-inspector at was overheard by the governor and one of his officers with reputed Fenians. While in prison the Trades of Limerick reported that he was actively engaged in. and thecounty inspectorwaisatisfied itwentfartocon- Limerick submitted a memorial praying for his release organising the conspiracy and was arrested for tearing firm that Donnellan 'was at tbe time of hisarresta most which wasforwarded by the lord mayor, 17 Jan. 1867- down a proclamation -Account based on HCSA, ii, p. active member of the Fenian Confederacy'. The county Account based on HCSA, ii, p. 2148. At a meeting prior 3446. MM. i inspector recalled that his public house, which is to the procession he was its chairman - F.P. 1566 R. 319. 'brother [? religious], conspicuous leader in putting; situated in the suburbs of the city, was the great MarkedX in return. MM. down Tenant Right meeting, Limerick, 1 Nov. 1869; - rendezvous of Col. Byron and the 228. 'Is a very active agent, busily engaged at present, he is Index, p. 735. when they wereno longer ableto meet in thecity unob- a specially dangerous character, he was suspected to 328. 'not known asa Fenian, though he marched in the pro- served. Both Donnellan and his brother-in-law Michael have been one of those who attacked the Constabulary cession, keeps a large bacon shop and yard'- F.P. 1566 Hasset, also in prison, were most dangerous men - barrack at Emly, he is believed to be a Fenian mes- R. MM. /This man was not a relative of James O'Mara, Account based on HCSA, U, p. 300; CS0 registered senger'. - F.P. 1566 R. JD (Irish Freedom, (Feb. 1912) no. 281 - ED.). paper 1866115835; andF.P. 1566Rand 1615R. Marked X says he was the 'nephew of a very popular old British 343. Arrested and lodged in Limerick county gaol on 11 Dec. in return. MM. magistrate who was father of the present William 1866, discharged 8 Feb. 1867. The sub-inspector at 98. Marked A in return - see note on no, 81. McDonnell, the Conservative margarine manufacturer Limerick reported that he was a very active agent and 102. This may be Cornelius Daily, shopman, who was in the city of Limerick'. Marked X in return. MM. supposed to be head centre (sic) of a circle - Account arrested on 20 Feb. 1866, lodged in Limerick county 238. A Peter Meehan was convicted for an assault on two based on HCSA, ii, p. 4380. gaol anddischargedon bail on28July 1866,Thecounty soldiers of the 74th Regiment at Mathew Bridge on 20 346. Marked A in return -see note on no. 81. inspector at Limerick reported that he was a clerk in a Sept, l867 andwassentenced to l4daysat hard labour, 348. 'not suspected as a Fenian and may have been in the hardware shop, wasa centre and avery active member On Meehan's conviction both soldiers were hooted by procession to gain popularity' and 'wore crape and of the Confederacy who attended all the important the crowd outside the court - CS0 registered paper green ribbon'-F.P. 1566 R. Marked X in return. meetings in the city and was present in O'Brien's where 1867118054. 351. Arrested and lodged in Limerick county gaol on 20 Feb. cartridge making was taught-Account basedon HCSA, 249. This may beThomas Moloney, shipschandler and iron- 1866and discharged on 7 July 1866.The county inspec- i, p. 259. In thelndex, p. 193, he isdescribed asa 'B'and monger's assistant, Dublin, arrested and lodged in tor reported that he attended all Fenian meetings of a book-keeper. In F.P. 1615R he is given as Cornelius Mountjoy prison on30 Nov. 1866(forwhom a memorial importance held in the City and lectures at O'Brien's Daly, William St., clerk in a hardware shop. signed by a number of R.C. clergymen and others of public house where cartridge making was taught - 115. 'Is a reputed Fenian and supposed to be very busy in Limerick was sent to Lord Naas by Wm. Monsell, M.P., Account based on HCSA, ii, p. 441. the propagation of Fenianism: he does not work at any Limerick Co., on 14 April 18671, discharged on bail 15 380. JD mentions him as a Fenian in Limerick after the ris- trade and iscontinually in Fenian company1- F.P. 1566R May. He was probably the Thos. Moloney, late of mg. (surname given as Eagan). Marked X in return. MM. Limerick, who had beenaclerkina pawnbroker'sestab- 396. JD mentions William Sheehan, a large cattle dealer, 116. Marked Ain return-see note on no. 81. lishmelnt there and was described as a well-known whoservedon acommittee in 1870tocollect money for 124. 'Marched in procession but not a reputed Fenian'-F.P. Fenian staying in Dublin with the son of Haltigan (? = relatives of political prisoners. 1566R. Marked X in return. the printer of the Irish People) - Account based on 397. 'Was arrested at Tallaght on 6 March last. There is no 134. Marked A in return - see note on no. 81, JD refers to a HCSA, ii, pp. 175 and 177. doubtbut he is promoting Fenianism, he is almost con- Gus Fitzgerald who was employed in Todd's Counting 260. This may be Patrick McDonnell, Limerick, porter, who stantly out at nightthrough thecity'-F.P. 1566R.Atthe House and wasvery active after the rising. 'has attended meetings, supposed head centre, com- Dublin special commission in April 1867 Constable 143. 'Is son of the city coroner, is a dissipated young man, mitted to Co. Limerick gaol 23 March and discharged 4 John Mclllwaine's sworn informations were produced addicted to drink and keeps Fenian company, he wore April 1867'-Index, p. 609. in which he attested that Daniel J. Synam (sicin one but crape and green ribbon in the procession'- F.P. 1566R. 261. 'recently returned from America, is a reputed Fenian Synon in another information) was one of the party Marked X in return. continually seen in company with them'; he 'wore which attacked the Stepaside police barrack on the 149. Index, p. 315, has a Michael Gavan, Limerick, house green ribbononly in procession'. F.P. 1566R. Marked X morning of the sixth of March and that he marched painter, arrested for Fenianism. In return. along with the insurgents. Marked X in return. MM. 161. 'Marshal'd the procession and was specially active in 264. Marked A in return - see note on no. 81. Arrested and 401. and 406 3n 17 Sept. 1867 Michael Skeahan and Denis promoting it1- F.P. 1566R. Marked X in return. MM. lodged in Limerickcounty gaol in 15 Feb. 1867and dis- Sullivan were convicted of an assault on soldiers of the 170. 174, 185, 191 F.P., F. 2470, refers to Michael Hayes, charged 15 May 1867. In his house were found some 74th Regiment and sentencedc to two months at hard Limerick, bakerleyl?) trade, as 'one of most prominent newspapers of extreme views and a book containing labour (CS0 registered paper 1867118054); these may Fenians in City'. photographs of the Fenian leaders. Hewassaid to be a be the persons in the return. 192. Marked A in return -see note on no. 81. maker of the Greek fire. His wife was 'receiving a 207. 'Not known as a reputed Fenian'- F.P. 1566 R. Marked weekly allowance out of the funds raised among them X in return. forthesupport of Fenian prisoners'-Account based on FOOTNOTES 208. (recte 218) Cornelius Lyons. Marked A in return -see HCSA, ii, p. 296. note on no. 81. 272. Marked A in return - seMote on no. 81. 1. Among these were: on 15th Feb. Michael and 225. 'Is an active Fenian and used every means here and in 277. In F.P. 1615R there is a George Mannix, Military Walk, Thomas McMahon, John J. Healy, Henry St., cigar- Cork some time ago to collect money for the Brother- Limerick, publican and attorney's clerk, who was sus- maker, Joseph H. Lawlor and Michael Murphy (the hood1- F.P. 1566 R. Index, p. 572, has 'boastsof being a pected of treasonable practicesand arrested on 20 Feb. last three having come from America); on 4 March Fenian, query, same was employed at Fenian Head- 1866; he wasreported as having drilled Fenians behind Michael Hayes and James McDonnell (not person quarters in New York'. Mentioned by JD as a leather his house and having been in the Pope's Brigade (i.e. in mentioned on p.38). According to J.W. Channer, merchant, very active in the Fenians before the rising Italy, 1860). Though the details of address and occupa- sub-inspector of constabulary who died 20 April and prominent after it. tion are different, the identity in name and surname 1867, the six most prominent Fenians in the city on Nicholas Corbett, Newtown Mahon, and Murphy promptthe question is this one and thesame person. 19 Feb. were: Denis Grimes (son to a tobacconist in were reported on2 July l867 to be'continually together 281. Grandfather of James O'Mara, 1873-1948, Sinn Fein William St.), James McDonnell (clerk to the Market traversing this City and itssuburbssoliciting partiesfor director of elections in 1918, whose family had a bacon Trustees), John Murray (shoemaker, Thomas St.), money in aid of the Fenian movement and for the sup- factory in Roche's Street. JD mentions James O'Mara, Thomas Fitzgerald (clerk to Market Trustees), port of Fenian families. From their general movements provision merchant, who served on a committeeto col- Timothy Donnellan (carder at Russell's factory) and they are looked upon by the Constabulary as being lect money for relatives of political prisonerscirca 1870. Michael Hayes (bakerley? trade). leaders of Fenianism'-F.P. 1615R. Marked X in return. 296. 'was continually in company with known Fenians 2. Lyddy is described as formerly a reputed centre for MM. before being employed in the telegraph office in Cork' Limerick, returned from America, who on release 226. fvlar~tediinreturn-see note on no. 81. and 'wore crape and green ribbon' in the procession. sailedfor America, 13 March 1868-HCSA, ii, p. 1160 227. A foreman sawyer, arrested and lodged in Limerick Marked X in return. (for explanation of HCSA see abbreviations on p. 297. A John Maherwaschairmanof theMechanics'lnstitute 00). Donegan is described as driver of the Kilmallock

FORTY-THREE Goer of that olace He was ' , 29 In the Return three persons are so surnam~d- nos I Donnellan, see CS0 registered paper 1866115835. 57. See ante p. 174 and ldentification Notes, entry no. the houses in the town were decorated with everg- 30. F.P. 1566~(F 4897), county inspector Edward Hill to 35. reens and an arch of green boughs erected across the inspector general, Col. J. Stewart Wood (ap- 58. F.P. 1566R (F 5118, Wm. Kelly, sub-inspector, to E. the street at the 0l.d Castle - HCSA, i, p. 2988. The pointed 8 May 1865), 10 Dec. 1867. For Hill's career Hill, county inspector, 27 Dec. 1867). connection between the city Fenians and the rising see footnote 48. 59. LR. in Kilmallock is obvious. *' 31. LC, 7 Dec. 1867. Adifferent version appeared in the 60. That there may have been a 'take-over' is supported 3. For the names of the people arrested and charged in Munster News (same date): 'And if the opportunity to a limited extent by the numbers given in the connection with these events see elsewhere in this arose, let them have fixity of purpose, one resolve, Analysis, pp. 40-41, where it can be seen that'the article (pp. 31-33). one idea, and let them emancipate entirely ortotally procession leaders did not come, with two po,kible 4. F.P. 1615R (for exolanation of F.P, seeabbreviations destroy (continued cheering).' exceptions, from the trades most prominent among on p. 37). ~orbetthad been eight months in prison in 32. MunsterNews, 7 Dec. In LC, 7 Dec., his words were the identified persons. ,' 1866 and for some months before his second arrest, reported as follows: 'They would show by their 61. F.P. F5030 is the general source for documendked on 11 July 1867, he had 'been acting somewhat in demeanour the sacredness of the cause in which in writing this paragraph, except the quotation (see the capacity of.centre for Limerick'. He was released they were assembled and by their conduct show footnote 62). on 19flarch 1868. For Murphy, see ldentification their determination that instead of three there were 62. F.P. 1566R (F. 4897, report to inspector general). Notes /pp. 41-43) entry no. 225. three thousand men to follow in their footsteps'. 63. F.P. F 5030. Manuscript, 9 pp., foolscap size. 5. CS0 registered paper 1867118054 (for explanation 33. F.P. 2903R. William Kelly, sub-inspector, to E. Hill, 64. Report R. Warren. of CS0 see abbreviations on p. 37). The resident county inspector, 25 Jan. 1868 (735R). For their 65. 17 Dec. 1867. magistrate was Oliver Moriarty (brother of the careers see footnote 48. 66. LR, 24 Dec. 1867, reported a month's mind Mass at famed anti-Fenian bishop, said John Daly), 34. F.P. F 5030 (CS0 registered paper 1867121360). Sub- Newcastle West at which Very Rev. Dr. Synan, P.P., appointed 14 Oct. 1857, mitted to chief secretary on Dec. 8 (note- he worked V.F., presided (cf. Daniel Synan, Return, no. 397) and 6. See ldentification Notes, entry no. 35. on Sunday). also a long and interesting Declaration of the Roman 7. Source as in footnote 5. The names are: Joseph 35. Ibid. (CS0 registered paper 18671214448). Catholic Clergy (3 cols.). Flahavan, Michael Conway, Denis Frealey? Michael 36. LR. 67. In the return they are nos. 1,2,5,7-8,22-23,29,35, Skeahan, Thomas Burns?, Denis Sullivan and Peter 37. F.P. F 5030 - a printed placard is annexed to the 55,94,115,124,143,161,207,225,227-228,261,296, Meehan. John and James lrwin were convicted for report. 328,348, &397. Kelly's report is F.P. 1566R (F5118). an assault on a soldier on 2 June 1867. 38. LC, 7 Dec. 1867. 68. Ibid., nos. 55,261,296 & 348 (q.v. for details). 8. 22Sept. -CS0 registered paper 1867118054 (16661). 39. LR. 69. This had to be discussed as part of a larger matter, 9. They fared little better after their transfer: by Oct. 2 40. Ibid. there having been other processions on 1 Dec. and 8 they were complaining that they had already suf- 41. F.P. F 5030 (F 4874, report of county inspector) and Dec. (John Martin was prosecuted after the Dublin fered a systematicseriesof insults and even assaults LR. procession), and others were planned for later in the by the peopleofDublin-CSOregisteredpaper 18671 42. Nos. from report mentioned in footnote41. month which were not successful due to govern- 21655. 43. Nos. from LR & LC. Total = 3,910 (see also footnote ment action and possibly to the dampening effect of 10. CS0 registered paper 1867121910. 44). Of the saddlers, butchers, victuallers and provi- the Clerkenwell explosion. 11. There may have been a number of reasons for this. sion dealers, LR says'another body oftradeswho do 70. F.P. 1566R (CS0 registered paper 18681252, dated 8 The members of the IRB in Limerick, as elsewhere, not belong to the Mechanics' Institute.' Jan.). were divided in their allegiance to the rival leaders 44. Nos. from report mentioned in footnote41. Total = 71. Ibid., l0Jan. (Col.Thomas Kelly and ; Presidents 4,100, which agrees generally with total in footnote 72. This was standard official practice for treating per- Roberts and Savage of the Fenian Brotherhood in 43. sons suspected of Fenianism and arrested underthe the USA). If the emissary had come to win the local 45, According to LR the route (variations from notice in provisions of the Habeas Corpus Suspension (Ire- men over to a re-acceptance of David Murphy as F.P., F, 5030 are given in parenthesis) was: Bank land) Act, i.e. get them to go to England or America, head centre, he would have met considerable Place, Rutland St., Patrick St., George St., Military particularly in ca.% where the person had been opposition. Rd. (Crescent), Colooney St., Boherbuoy, Wickham there. 12. F.P. 1615R. St., High St., Mungret St., Broad St., The 73. Written on the correspondence paper of The 13. 26 Nov. 1867. In this paper the shorter title Limerick Englishtown (Mary St.), over Thomond Bridge (by Limerick Club, registered in CS0 on l5Jan. Reporter and in the footnotes the abbreviation LR the Treaty Stone), N. Strand, Wellesley Bridge, Wil- 74. F.P. 2903R, Kelly to Hill, 25 Jan. 1868. (denoting the issue of 10 Dec. 1867, if no other date liam St., and St. Lawrence's Cemetery (New Cemet- 75. 31 Jan. 1868. is given) are used. ery). 76. F.P. 2903R. (905R.). 14. Probably on Wednesday, 4 Dec. 46. Report of county inspector mentioned in footnote 77. F.P. 15664 received in CS0 30 Jan. Moriarty had 15. Abbreviation LC is used in the footnotes (denoting 41. Lord Mayo wroterightopposite thisobservation. been only a short tine in Limerick City and would be the issue of 10 Dec., if no other date is given). For names see return, pp, 37-40, a 'stranger' in Spaight's book. Note that there is a 16. LR, 6 Dec. 1867. 47. F.P. 5030 (report 11 Dec.,CSO registered paper 18671 modern business firm, Francis Spaight & Sons Ltd., 17. F.P. F 5030 (CS0 registered paper 1867122213). 21495). timber and hardware merchants, at Henry St. and 18. Lord Naas, created Earl of Mayo, 1867, appointed 48. Report mentioned in footnote 41. Edward Hill Bedford Row, Limerick. (for 3rd time in post) chief secretary 10 July 1866 - entered the constabulary service in 1835 and was 78. 22 Feb. 1868. J.L.J. Hughes, "The Chief Secretaries in Ireland",lr, promote$'sub-inspector (1st) in 1848) and county 79. F.P. 1566R. J. Young, medical officer at Mountjoy Hist. Studies, viii, no. 29 (March 1952).He read Mor- inspector (1st) 1 April 1865. William Kelly was prisons, The file was passed through Samuel Lee iarty's letter on 7 Dec. appointed sub-inspector (1st) in 1824. Anderson to the under-secretary,26 Feb. 19. Munster News, 7 Dec. 1867. Martin Murphy (see p. 49. Three reports of his words (LR, LC and county 80. Munster News, 29 Feb. 1868. 121, entry no. 227) may have been chairman of inspector's report already quoted) were examined. 81. F.P. 1566R (Kelly to Moriarty, 1 Mar. 1868). meeting on 5 Dec. This 'speech'was reconstructed from the words and 82. Ibid., 2 March. 20. 1% 7Dec. 1867, Theattitude ofthepaper can be seen ideas common to them. 83. F.P. 2903R. clearly in the reporting, e.g. fordistibutedthe paper 50. LR. 84. LR. has hawked. 51. Report mentioned in footnote 41. 21. Four accounts - in Munster News, LR, LC, and in a 52. In same issue the editorial pointed out: 'We are not letter, Moriarty to under-secretary, Dublin Castle, 7 Fenians, nor anything like it, but we feel and think (Reprintedfrom theNorth MunsterAntiquarian Journal, Vol. Dec. 1867 F.P. 5030 (CS0 registered paper 18671 like others who have witnessed these new move- X, No. 2,1967). 21448). ments.' 23. LR. 53. LR. - ;~24. See Return (pp. 37-40), entry no. 418. 54. For these figures and others quoted here see 25. Ibid., entry no. 29. Analysis, pp. 40-41 and IdentificationNotes, pp. 26. Ibid., possibly = entry no. 337. 41-43. 27. LC, 7 Dec. 18671..k 55. See ldentification Notes, entries nos. 84-85. 28. Probably a reference to the rising of 5-6 March. 56. Jonathan Allen (p. 200) was another. For case of F.

FORTY-FOUR