Instrumentalism in Science: Comments and Criticisms

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Instrumentalism in Science: Comments and Criticisms 1 GLOBAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES VOL 8, NO. 1&2, 2009: 1-9 COPYRIGHT© BACHUDO SCIENCE CO. LTD PRINTED IN NIGERIA. ISSN 1596-6232 www.globaljournalseries.com ; [email protected] INSTRUMENTALISM IN SCIENCE: COMMENTS AND CRITICISMS ELIJAH OKON JOHN (Received 8, April 2010; Revision Accepted 17, May 2010) ABSTRACT The affinity between our perception of ultimate reality and our judgement of what we find in the world with respect to the method of science cannot be contravened. That means, if science must be result- oriented, then there must be a definite method for achieving that aim. But it must be said here that the method of science may not be codified. Thus, we shall define scientific method as the decision rules that guide the scientist in making his decisions or a perceived system of procedural rules. Against this backdrop, this paper attempts to defend the thesis that instrumentalism can and should, in fact, be accepted as a method of scientific investigation. KEYWORD: science, system, instrumentalism, method. INTRODUCTION theories), have been accused of being relativists According to Morris and Pai (143), the (people who believe that things like truth and philosophical colossus of our age, by all morality depend on the individuals or cultures) measure, is the scientific philosophy of even though many instrumentalists such as Karl instrumentalism sometimes called Popper are believers in sturdy objective realism. experimentalism and/or erroneously labeled pragmatism. This is because instrumentalism is BACKGROUND INFORMATION only one of the tenets of pragmatism. Morton Customarily, Galileo is considered the father of White (13) classifies instrumentalism as one of the scientific tradition. Although it is difficult to the most popular philosophies in the world. As a locate the origin of so nebulous a thing as an philosophy, instrumentalism is relatively young, intellectual movement, but there seems to have stretching back to less than a hundred years. It been an epoch in time when human minds took a is, however, the systematic expression of a new turn. This epoch, the later part of the movement that began much earlier. But as an sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, serves outgrowth of pragmatism, instrumentalism shares in retrospect somehow as a “Great Divide” or some ideas, terms, concepts and even intellectual watershed in the historic course of exponents with pragmatism. That does not in any human thought. On one side is the reliance on way suggest that the two terms are one and the logical, self-evident and a priori truth; while on the same thing as some authors like Titus and Smith other side is the reliance on experience and overt (462, 542) suggest. phenomena. Through the words of a brilliant As earlier observed, instrumentalism commentator on the history of science, Herbert relates closely to pragmatism. And this Dingle, one can assess the magnitude of this methodological viewpoint often contrasts with Shift in intellectual orientation. According to scientific realism, which defines theories as Dingle, the shift began with: specially being more or less true. However, instrumentalism is more of a pragmatic approach The natural assumption that the to science, information and theories than an earth was the centre of the universe ontological statement. Often times a fundamental characteristic of instrumentalists (people who hold that scientific Greek thought, which is at variance theory is only an instrument for yielding correct with the scientific outlook (224). predictions), just like pragmatists (people who Based on Dingle’s view, it would be recalled that emphasize results and solutions more than in the sixteenth century, Copernicus had ELIJAH OKO JOH, Department of Philosophy Uniuyo Uyo Akwa Ibom State Nigeria . 2 ELIJAH OKO JOH ventured to change the status quo by transferring predictions, which follow constitute the meaning the centre of the universe from the earth to the of the idea. In other words, what is known is that sun. By the time of Galileo, some three quarters which works for the prediction of the future of century later, it had become clear that there satisfactorily. Epistemologically, truth is known as was no need for any spheres at all (Dingle, 255- what is useful to believe or what leads to a 230). successful prediction. Based on the above, The above fact show that the Aristotelian instrumentalism is a philosophy that has epistemology was actually at work: starting with experience, consequence, verification, and presupposed and “self-evident” principles and workability as its crucial tenets. then attempting to make the observations of natural phenomena conform to them. In contrast SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY VIA to this procedure was the method of science INSTRUMENTALISM tagged the Galilean-Newtonian philosophy, which Before we move on to proffering a way out of the emphasized the application of force for problematic nature of scientific methodology via acceleration and velocity. instrumentalism, a brief procedural note is This attempt brought knowledge in necessary at this point. Works of science were apparently boundless measure. But this was not intended to be a theorizing or an analytic logically outrageous from the standpoint of affair. This, probably, is the reason that emphasis Aristotelian method. As observed above, the in our own time has shifted from realism and Aristotelian general principles were conceived a other kindred philosophies, which maintain the priori , independently of phenomena and possibility of defining, locating and applying phenomena were distorted at liberty so as to values that science contain irrespective of the exemplify them. The problem at hand was how to wishes or purpose of human beings, to “save the phenomena”. The basic principles instrumentalism. This explains why John themselves could not be threatened; rather it was (2000:118), holds that “The modern focus rests the phenomena that stood in need of salvation greatly on experimentalism which traces the (John, 2006: 157). justification of our perception of reality to It should also be noted that consequences”. The conception of truth, in the instrumentalism, though an American philosophy, realist view is somewhat dynamic but strongly is an outgrowth of British empiricism. It arose as final, perfect and ‘eternal’. In religious a reaction against the Hegelian philosophy terminology, it may be identified with God’s prevailing in America in the late nineteenth and thoughts, and with those thoughts, which, as early twentieth centuries. Instrumentalists at that rational begins we share with God. period felt that such philosophy was not result- But contrary to the scientific realism, oriented, and had deviated from solving man’s instrumentalist reality is the moving, changing, problems which should be the duty of philosophy. and “process-influx” event spoken of as To rectify the problems, instrumentalists came up experience. In this sense, instrument or with a philosophy of action to meet the needs of experience is the ultimate grounds for human man and that of the society. existence. It is both the originator and the It must be mentioned that beliefs found in Supreme Court of whatever we do or say. today’s instrumentalism first occurred in the Perhaps, it is with this understanding that teachings of Heraclitus and the Sophists. And in Ndubuisi (82) classifies instrumentalism as “a the later time some of those beliefs were found in more developed perspective when compared the teachings of Francis Bacon and Auguste with realism and relativism”. Comte. These beliefs were modified and adopted by modern instrumentalists. Thus, WHAT IS INSTRUMENTALISM? instrumentalists try to provide the foundation of A contemporary British philosopher, Bertrand science (or knowledge in general) by making Russell (564), defines instrumentalism as an sure that whatever is believed or accepted is in attempt in the recent times to escape from agreement with practical consequences. This subjectivism. Ozumba (6) agrees with W. F. means, the value of any idea is determined by Bynum in defining instrumentalism as: the consequences produced when the idea is The view that a scientific theory is translated into action for prediction. nothing more than a device or The prediction thesis holds that in order instrument for yielding correct to determine the meaning of an idea, it must be predictions about the course of put into test: the consequences, simply put, nature, and that theories must INSTRUMENTALISM IN SCIENCE: COMMENTS AND CRITICISMS 3 therefore be assessed not as true or attempt to explicate the meaning of false, but only as effective or instrumentalism, one cannot but agree with John ineffective in prediction(209). Dewey when he asserts that instrumentalism is: According to Alozie, an attempt to construct a precise logical theory of concepts, Instrumentalism is the philosophical judgement and inference in their tenet which states that scientific various functions by considering theories or theories of any type are primarily how thought functions in not strictly speaking true or false, the experimental determinations of but are to be regarded as tools for future consequences (463). making predictions (156). From the above definitions, it is clear that In the philosophy of science, instrumentalism is instrumentalism is a philosophy of action. Like the view that concepts and theories are merely pragmatism, it shares in the working definition of useful instrument whose worth is measured not what that works or on the instrument that
Recommended publications
  • VU Research Portal
    VU Research Portal Realism, Instrumentalism, and Scientific Symbiosis: Psychological Theory as a search for truth and the discovery of solutions Cacioppo, J.T.; Semin, G.R.; Berntson, G.G. published in American Psychologist 2004 DOI (link to publisher) 10.1037/0003-066X.59.4.214 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Cacioppo, J. T., Semin, G. R., & Berntson, G. G. (2004). Realism, Instrumentalism, and Scientific Symbiosis: Psychological Theory as a search for truth and the discovery of solutions. American Psychologist, 59, 214-233. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.4.214 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 03. Oct. 2021 Realism, Instrumentalism, and Scientific Symbiosis Psychological Theory as a Search for Truth and the Discovery of Solutions John T.
    [Show full text]
  • Realism and Instrumentalism in Philosophical Explanation
    Simchen, O. 2019. Realism and Instrumentalism in Philosophical Explanation. Metaphysics, 2(1), pp. 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/met.20 RESEARCH Realism and Instrumentalism in Philosophical Explanation Ori Simchen University of British Columbia, CA [email protected] There is a salient contrast in how theoretical representations are regarded. Some are regarded as revealing the nature of what they represent, as in familiar cases of theoretical identification in physical chemistry where water is represented as hydrogen hydroxide and gold is represented as the element with atomic number 79. Other theoretical representations are regarded as serving other explanatory aims without being taken individually to reveal the nature of what they represent, as in the representation of gold as a standard for pre-20th century monetary systems in economics or the representation of the meaning of an English sentence as a function from possible worlds to truth values in truth-conditional semantics. Call the first attitude towards a theoretical representation realist and the second attitude instrumentalist. Philosophical explanation purports to reveal the nature of whatever falls within its purview, so it would appear that a realist attitude towards its representations is a natural default. I offer reasons for skepticism about such default realism that emerge from attending to several case studies of philosophical explanation and drawing a general metaphilosophical moral from the foregoing discussion. Keywords: realism; instrumentalism; philosophical explanation; philosophical methodology 1 Introduction Any theoretical endeavour employs representations and philosophy is no exception. A representation for present purposes is a theoretical apparatus that stands for some subject matter within a purported explana- tion.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Taylor and George Grant on the Problem of Instrumentalism: Expressivism and Justice As Alternative Ontologies
    CHARLES TAYLOR AND GEORGE GRANT ON THE PROBLEM OF INSTRUMENTALISM: EXPRESSIVISM AND JUSTICE AS ALTERNATIVE ONTOLOGIES Carlos Colorado Bachelor of Arts, Simon Fraser University, 2001 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS Under Special Arrangements in the Faculty of Arts O Carlos Colorado 2004 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY August 2004 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Carlos Colorado Degree: Master of Arts Charles Taylor and George Grant on the Problem of Title of Thesis: Instrumentalism: Expressivism and Justice as Alternative Ontologies Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Jonathan C. Driver Dean of Graduate Studies Dr. Ian Angus Senior Supervisor Professor Department of Humanities Dr. David Laycock Supervisor Professor Department of Political Science Dr. Samuel LaSelva External Examiner Professor Department of Political Science University of British Columbia Date Approved: &b! 208~ Partial Copyright Licence The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Hume's Problem of Induction and the Universalization Of
    In Defense of Newtonian Induction: Hume's Problem of Induction and the Universalization of Primary Qualities Ori Belkind November 1, 2018 Abstract This paper aims to advance two claims. First, it aims to show that Hume's argument against the rationality of induction is sound. However, I claim that the conclusion does not follow merely from the self-defeating attempts to justify the rule of induction, unlike traditional readings of the argument. Rather, the skeptical conclusion must also take into account Hume's argument that the secret powers that are present in bodies and give rise to sensible qualities are unknowable. The paper's second aim is to show that Newtonian induction escapes Hume's secret powers argument, given that it includes a transductive inference, from observable phenomena to the powers present in the ultimate parts of matter. Consequently Hume's argument against the rationality of induction does not demonstrate the non-rational nature of Newtonian induction. 1 Introduction This paper articulates a certain reading of Hume's argument against the rationality of induction. Unlike traditional interpretations of Hume's argument, mine takes his argument to involve two distinct sub-arguments; the first is that inductive inferences lack rational support. I term this sub-argument the No Rational Support Argument (NRSA) (Section 2). I also argue that Hume uses a second sub- argument, one I term the Secret Powers Argument, or SPA, to undermine our belief in the rationality of induction. According to the SPA (examined in Section 3), we do not have access to the secret powers of bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unity of Science in Early-Modern Philosophy: Subalternation, Metaphysics and the Geometrical Manner in Scholasticism, Galileo and Descartes
    The Unity of Science in Early-Modern Philosophy: Subalternation, Metaphysics and the Geometrical Manner in Scholasticism, Galileo and Descartes by Zvi Biener M.A. in Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh, 2004 B.A. in Physics, Rutgers University, 1995 B.A. in Philosophy, Rutgers University, 1995 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2008 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Zvi Biener It was defended on April 3, 2008 and approved by Peter Machamer J.E. McGuire Daniel Garber James G. Lennox Paolo Palmieri Dissertation Advisors: Peter Machamer, J.E. McGuire ii Copyright c by Zvi Biener 2008 iii The Unity of Science in Early-Modern Philosophy: Subalternation, Metaphysics and the Geometrical Manner in Scholasticism, Galileo and Descartes Zvi Biener, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2008 The project of constructing a complete system of knowledge—a system capable of integrating all that is and could possibly be known—was common to many early-modern philosophers and was championed with particular alacrity by Ren´eDescartes. The inspiration for this project often came from mathematics in general and from geometry in particular: Just as propositions were ordered in a geometrical demonstration, the argument went, so should propositions be ordered in an overall system of knowledge. Science, it was thought, had to proceed more geometrico. I offer a new interpretation of ‘science more geometrico’ based on an analysis of the explanatory forms used in certain branches of geometry. These branches were optics, as- tronomy, and mechanics; the so-called subalternate, subordinate, or mixed-mathematical sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • PHYSICS, PHILOSOPHY and PSYCHOANALYSIS Essays in Honor of Adolf Grilnbaum
    PHYSICS, PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOANALYSIS Essays in Honor of Adolf Grilnbaum Edited by R. s. COHEN Boston University and L. LAUDAN Virginia Polytechnic Institute D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY A MEMBER OF THE KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP DORDRECHT I BOSTON I LANCASTER Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Physics, philosophy, and psychoanalysis. (Boston studies in the philosophy of science; v. 76) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Physics-Philo sophy-Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Philos- ophy-Addresses, essays, lectures. 3. Psychoanalysis-Addresses, essays;lectures. 4. Griinbaum, Adolf. I. Griinbaum, Adolf. II. Cohen, Robert Sonne. III. Series. Q174.B67 vol. 76 [QC6.21 501s 1530'.011 83-4576 ISBN-I3: 978-94-009-7057-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-7055-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-7055-7 Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Boston Inc., 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 1983 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland and copyright holders as specified on appropriate pages within. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 1983 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any informational storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Just a Tool? John Dewey's Pragmatic Instrumentalism and Educational
    Just a Tool? John Dewey’s Pragmatic Instrumentalism and Educational Technology By © 2018 Mike Bannen Submitted to the graduate degree program in Social & Cultural Studies in Education and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Chair: Suzanne Rice, Ph.D. John L. Rury, Ph.D. Argun Staatcioglu, Ph.D. Heidi Hallman, Ph.D. Joe E. O’Brien, Ed.D. Date Defended: 31 January 2018 The dissertation committee for Mike Bannen certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Just a Tool? John Dewey’s Pragmatic Instrumentalism and Educational Technology Chairperson: Suzanne Rice, Ph.D. Date Approved: 31 January 2018 ii Abstract This dissertation examines how John Dewey’s philosophy of knowledge might be used to consider the aims of contemporary educational technologies. While significant scholarship exists examining the historical and philosophical importance of Dewey’s contributions to American progressive education, much less scholarship has focused on examining the relationship between Dewey’s theory of knowledge and his thoughts regarding the purposes and aims of educational technologies. I argue that because many of Dewey’s ideas were heavily influenced by the material and social changes of the industrial revolution, his theories about knowledge, technology, and education offer a unique perspective when considering the educational significance of digital technologies. This dissertation is guided by two central questions: (1) What is the relationship between Dewey’s philosophy of knowledge, his philosophy of technology, and his philosophy of education? (2) How might Dewey’s ideas about the relationship between knowledge, technology, and education help educators, students, and policy makers think about the aims and uses of digital technologies in contemporary educational contexts? I begin by examining Dewey’s pragmatically instrumental account of knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • The Darwinian Revolution As Evidence for Thomas Kuhn's
    The Darwinian Revolution as Evidence for Thomas Kuhn’s Failure to Construct a Paradigm for the Philosophy of Science Kuhn’s goal in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is to propose his ideas as a paradigm for the philosophy of science. He disapproves of the “textbook model” of scientific history in which all discoveries follow the simplified pattern of observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and acceptance (Kuhn 1). Instead, Kuhn proposes an original examination of the process by which scientific ideas evolve. If Kuhn’s ideas are indeed a paradigm, they must possess the paradigmatic characteristics that he describes. One of these characteristics is explanatory power for all observations; Kuhn’s suggestion must describe accurately the form taken by all scientific revolutions. If a scientific revolution occurred that does not follow Kuhn’s structure, then the structure is flawed. In his essay titled “The Kuhnian Paradigm and the Darwinian Revolution in Natural History,” John C. Greene attempts to fit the Darwinian Revolution to Kuhn’s ideas. However, he must contort his discussion of this scientific revolution to force it to conform to Kuhn’s suggestion. Because Kuhn’s structure fails to describe satisfactorily the form of the Darwinian Revolution, Kuhn has not formulated a paradigm for the philosophy of science. Kuhn’s ideas can be evaluated for paradigm status only if his field is a science; therefore we must establish a definition for science under which to examine Kuhn’s proposal. Perhaps the definition that most clearly applies to Kuhn’s field is Ernest Nagel’s: “the sciences seek to discover and to formulate in general terms the conditions under which events of various sorts occur” (Nagel 4).
    [Show full text]
  • “Thomas Kuhn.” in “The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy”, Edward Zalta, Ed
    Thomas Kuhn Reference: Bird, Alexander, 2005: “Thomas Kuhn.” In “The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy”, Edward Zalta, Ed. (online at plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2005/entries/thomas-kuhn ) Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922-1996) became the one of most influential philosophers of science of the twentieth century, perhaps the most influential—his The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is one of the most cited academic books of all time. His contribution to the philosophy science marked not only a break with several key positivist doctrines but also inaugurated a new style of philosophy of science that brought it much closer to the history of science. His account of the development of science held that science enjoys periods of stable growth punctuated by revisionary revolutions, to which he added the controversial ‘incommensurability thesis’, that theories from differing periods suffer from certain deep kinds of failure of comparability. • 1. Life and Career • 2. The Development of Science • 3. The Paradigm Concept • 4. Perception, World-Change, and Incommensurability _ 4.1 Methodological Incommensurability _ 4.2 Perception, Observational Incommensurability, and World-Change _ 4.3 Kuhn's Early Semantic Incommensurability Thesis _ 4.4 Kuhn's Later Semantic Incommensurability Thesis • 5. History of Science • 6. Criticism and Influence _ 6.1 Scientific Change _ 6.2 Incommensurability _ 6.3 Kuhn and Social Science _ 6.4 Assessment • Bibliography • Other Internet Resources • Related Entries 1. Life and Career Thomas Kuhn's academic life started in physics. He then switched to history of science, and as his career developed he moved over to philosophy of science, although retaining a strong interest in the history of physics.
    [Show full text]
  • The Extent and Relevance of Instrumentalism, Constructivism and Critical Realism in High School Physical Science Textbooks - a Critical Study
    THE EXTENT AND RELEVANCE OF INSTRUMENTALISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM AND CRITICAL REALISM IN HIGH SCHOOL PHYSICAL SCIENCE TEXTBOOKS - A CRITICAL STUDY A Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Philosophy by Brian Arthur Jacoby UniversitySchool of Educationof Cape Town University of Cape Tmm March 1990 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION: THE PROBLEM POSED 1.1 Instrumentalism as a form of anti-realism ................................................ 1 1.2 Definition of terms .......................................................................................... 3 1.3 Instrumentalism is the prevailing view in science today .......................... 5 1.4 Instrumentalism in school science textbooks ............................................. 5 1.5 Out-dated view of the nature of science ...................................................... 8 1.6 Point of departure and summing up........................................................ 12 1.7 Outline of this study ..................................................................................... 13 2.0 INSTRUMENTALISM: ITS ORIGINS AND CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • PHIL-2031: Philosophy of Science 1
    PHIL-2031: Philosophy of Science 1 PHIL-2031: PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Cuyahoga Community College Viewing: PHIL-2031 : Philosophy of Science Board of Trustees: March 2019 Academic Term: Fall 2021 Subject Code PHIL - Philosophy Course Number: 2031 Title: Philosophy of Science Catalog Description: Study of concept formation in science and examination of patterns of scientific investigation and method. Treatment of concepts such as observation, classification, causality, law of nature, explanation, and theory. Credit Hour(s): 3 Lecture Hour(s): 3 Requisites Prerequisite and Corequisite ENG-1010 College Composition I, or ENG-101H Honors College Composition I. Outcomes Course Outcome(s): Analyze and explain philosophy of science concepts and their relationship to scientific inquiry. Essential Learning Outcome Mapping: Critical/Creative Thinking: Analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information in order to consider problems/ideas and transform them in innovative or imaginative ways. Objective(s): 1. Evaluate the objectivity of observation claims. 2. Describe and appraise the logic of scientific classification. 3. Define and assess the concept of law of nature. 4. Critically analyze types of scientific explanation and criteria for their evaluation. Course Outcome(s): Apply philosophical conceptions and theory to a philosophical issue in science and successfully argue for a position taken on it. Essential Learning Outcome Mapping: Critical/Creative Thinking: Analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information in order to consider problems/ideas and transform them in innovative or imaginative ways. Information Literacy: Acquire, evaluate, and use information from credible sources in order to meet information needs for a specific research purpose. Written Communication: Demonstrate effective written communication for an intended audience that follows genre/disciplinary conventions that reflect clarity, organization, and editing skills.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in the Methodology and Foundations of Science Synthese Library
    STUDIES IN THE METHODOLOGY AND FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE SYNTHESE LIBRARY MONOGRAPHS ON EPISTEMOLOGY, LOGIC, METHODOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE, SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE AND OF KNOWLEDGE, AND ON THE MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Editors: DONALD DAVIDSON~Princeton University J AAKKO HINTIKKA, University of Helsinki and Stanford University GABRIEL NUCHELMANS, University of Leyden WESLEY C. SALMON, Indiana University PATRICK SUPPES STUDIES IN THE METHODOLOGY AND FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE Selected Papers from 1951 to 1969 SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. ISBN 978-90-481-8320-3 ISBN 978-94-017-3173-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-3173-7 1969 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1969 TO ERNEST NAGEL AND ALFRED TARSKI PREFACE The twenty-three papers collected in tbis volume represent an important part of my published work up to the date of this volume. I have not arranged the paper chronologically, but under four main headings. Part I contains five papers on methodology concerned with models and measurement in the sciences. This part also contains the first paper I published, 'A Set of Independent Axioms for Extensive Quantities', in Portugaliae Mathematica in 1951. Part 11 also is concerned with methodology and ineludes six papers on probability and utility. It is not always easy to separate papers on probability and utility from papers on measurement, because of the elose connection between the two subjects, but Artieles 6 and 8, even though they have elose relations to measurement, seem more properly to belong in Part 11, because they are concerned with substantive questions about probability and utility.
    [Show full text]