Seasonal Abundance of Horse Fly (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Western Anatolia
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J. Entomol. Res. Soc., 14(1): 95-105, 2012 ISSN:1302-0250 Seasonal Abundance of Horse Fly (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Western Anatolia Ferhat ALTUNSOY A. Yavuz KILIÇ Anadolu University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 26470, Eskişehir, TURKEY e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Adult horse flies take blood meals from many mammals including human, so they have known as serious pests wherever they occur and also are known vectors of numerous disease agents. Seasonal abundance of Tabanidae species was monitored during from May to September of 2005, 2006 and 2007 years, in Western Anatolia, Turkey. Totally, 7293 specimens from 52 species belonging to nine genera were collected and identified. Seasonal activities of ten most abundant species, Dasyrhamphis umbrinus, Haematopota subcylindrica, Philipomyia aprica, Tabanus bifarius, Tabanus bromius, Tabanus lunatus, Tabanus portschinskii, Tabanus quatuornotatus, Tabanus rupium and Tabanus unifasciatus were analyzed. D. umbrinus, T. bifarius, T. quatuornotatus, T. unifasciatus reached their peak of abundance in June and others species reached their peak of abundance at July. The longest flight period from first week of May to mid-September was determined for the species Haematopota subcylindrica and Tabanus bromius. Moreover, Haematopota subcylindrica was the most abundant with 23.86% and followed by Tabanus bromius with 20.65%. The population peak of species, and also vector potential, for each year can be affected from climatic conditions. Nevertheless, results suggest that the time between from the mid-June to the third week of July can be considered as the potentially higher-risk period of mechanical transmission of pathogens by tabanids for the study area. Key words: Tabanidae, Seasonality, Flight Period, Western Anatolia, Turkey. INTRODUCTION Tabanidae family has considerable significance in medical and veterinary entomology. Their importance is associated with both the transmission of diseases and the economic significance of stress resulting directly from bites, or indirect secondary infections such as anemia through blood loss, allergic responses, etc. (Chvala et al., 1972; Olsufjev 1977). Worldwide studies are subjected to this family due to the feeding behaviour of female tabanids (Cameron 1926; Mac Creary 1940; Blickle 1955; Bosler et al., 1974; Kniepert 1980; Andreeva 1989; Krcmar et al., 2005; Krcmar 2006; Andreeva et al. 2009; Altunsoy and Kılıç 2010). Numerous studies have investigated the seasonality of Tabanidae species in different regions of the world (Miller 1951; Strickman et al., 1986; Strickler et al., 1993; Mc Elligot and Lewis 1998; Krcmar 1999, 2005). Although the animal husbandry is so common in Turkey, the number of studies about distribution and seasonal activity of horse fly species are inadequate. 96 ALTUNSOY, F., KILIÇ, A. Y. Seasonal activity patterns of haematophagous insects could help to prevent disease transmission during population peaks of vector species, through proper control strategies. Therefore, improvement the knowledge on the field of seasonality and population dynamics of blood-sucking Tabanidae species will be resulted in the reduction of economic losses in meat and milk industry and quantify the risk of transmission of pathogens by these vectors (Krcmar 1999; 2005). Chvala et al., (1972) indicates that seasonal activity patterns of horse fly species depend on the geographical altitudes and seasonal conditions. Previous studies about seasonal abundance patterns in Europe specify that the first species emerge in the second half of May and last in the middle of September (Chvala et al., 1972; Krcmar 1999, 2005). Furthermore, Krcmar (2005, 2006) was reported that populations of the economically important and human-attacking species reach their peak on the July and August. When all these data are evaluated, this study conducted in Turkey for the first time in the beginning of May and continued until the end of September, was repeated for a period of three years. The primary aim of the study was to monitor the seasonal activity of the horse fly species in the study area, and the secondary objective is the evaluation process of abiotic factors that affect seasonal activity on commonly observed species of Tabanidae family. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was performed in a swampy place, where is the centre of Quercus and Pinus forest, on the Yarımca Village that is 20 km away from the city centre of Eskişehir (39o 53’ 936” K, 30o 37’ 747” D). The field of study is chosen on the transition zone between two different climatic conditions; Mediterranean and terrestrial micro-climates. The study was started at the beginning of May and continued until the end of September, when the horse fly species were active, in years 2005, 2006 and 2007. Temperature values in study area ranged from -18oC in the winter to 35 oC in the summer, with a mean annual temperature of 7oC. Monthly climate data, including minimum, maximum and mean temperatures and relative humidity (RH) were also obtained for the whole study period from a hygrothermographs (Oregon Scientific OR-BAR208HGA) located on the Malaise traps regularly. Adult horse flies were collected with Malaise trap and water traps, on four days of each week (May to October of 2005, 2006-2007 years). Collections of adult samples were practiced at every 20 minutes through 08:00 to 19:00. The collected samples were killed in ethyl acetate-containing jars and transferred to the laboratory. Species identification was made based on the literature (Chvala et al., 1972; Olsufjev 1977; Yücel 1987; Schacht 1987; Leclercq 1966a, 1966b, 1967a, 1967b). Seasonal activities were analysed for the species represented by more than 1% of total collected specimens, which are Dasyrhamphis umbrinus, Haematopota 97 Seasonal Abundance of Horse Fly (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Western Anatolia subcylindrica, Philipomyia aprica, Tabanus bifarius, Tabanus bromius, Tabanus lunatus, Tabanus portschinskii, Tabanus quatuornotatus, Tabanus rupium and Tabanus unifasciatus (Table 1). A nonparametric Kendall’s correlation coefficient test (SPSS 10.0 for Windows XP) was done to analyse the correlation between the seasonality of horse fly species and the corresponding abiotic factors (mean temperature and relative humidity). RESULTS Totally, 7293 samples of 52 Tabanidae species belonging to nine genera were collected and identified over the 3 years study period. The statistical analyses showed that the relative humidity has negative significant effect (τ = -0.414 at p = 0.0008) while mean temperature have positive significant effect on the seasonal activity of horse fly species (τ = 0.33 at p = 0.008) (Figs. 1-15). Results of three-year study indicate that the Tabanus as the most abundant genus with 30 species. Haematopota genus with 8 species, Hybomitra, 4; Philipomyia, Dasyramphis and Chrysops 2 species for each; Atylotus, Silvius and Therioplectes genus represented with 1 species, respectively (Table 1). Haematopota subcylindrica was the most abundant with 23.86 % followed by Tabanus bromius (20.65 %), Philipomyia aprica (14.57 %), Tabanus quatuornotatus (8.25 %), Tabanus bifarius (5.57 %), Dasyrhamphis umbrinus (4.80 %), Tabanus unifasciatus (4.75 %) Tabanus lunatus (3.65 %), Tabanus portschinskii (1.65 %) and Tabanus rupium (1.52 %). These ten species made up 89.27 % of the horse fly fauna on the study area. The flight activity occurrence of the most abundant two species T. bromius and H. subcylindrica were determined as non-corrupted for 3 years long, continuously. H. subcylindrica flight activity began in the first week of May and peaked on July in 2005 and 2007; but in 2006, the most intense flight activity observed on June. T. bromius also continued the flight activity from first week of May to last week of September during three years. However, population of this species peaked in July for each year (Table 1). On the other hand, activities of these species were not end at slowly raining days, which observed low-temperature and high-relative humidity. The Research Results are Evaluated by Months 1. Species the most abundant on May are; D. umbrinus, H. subcylindrica, H. caucasi, H. caucasica, H. pilosa, P. aprica T. bromius, T. quatuornotatus and T. unifasciatus. The analyzes of 3 years study results make it clear that H.subcylindrica and T. quatuornotatus species are the most active horse fly species for May. 2. Species the most abundant on June are D. umbrinus, H. subcylindrica, P. aprica, T. bifarius, T. bromius, T. lunatus, T. quatuornotatus, T. rupium and T. unifasciatus. The species D. umbrinus T. bifarius T. quatuornotatus T. rupium and T. unifasciatus are determined as they peaked on June. Furthermore, T. rupium and T. unifasciatus have a peak in 2005 on July; P. aprica is the only one that has a peak in June 2007. 98 Table 1. Number of collected horse fly species. 2005 2006 2007 Species May June July August Sept. May June July August Sept. May June July August Sept. Atylotus fulvus Meigen 0 0 25 8 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 11 8 0 0 Chrysops caecutiens L. 0 3 8 1 0 0 0 5 2 0 0 15 16 2 0 Chrysops viduatus F. 0121 00020003 5 1 0 Silvius alpinus Scopoli 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 Dasyrhamphis carbonarius Meigen 0100 00200002000 Dasyrhamphis umbrinus Meigen 10 157 22 0 0 7 26 0 0 0 9 116 0 0 0 Haematopota bigoti Gobert 0210 00000000100 Haematopota crassicornis Wahlberg 0140 00000000100 Haematopota grandis Meigen 0020 00010000100 Haematopota longantennata Olsufjev 0010 00010000100 Haematopota ocelligera Kröber 0700 00400000000 Haematopota pluvialis L. 0 18 13 0 0 0 16 8 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Haematopota scutellata Olsufjev, Moucha & Chvala 0600 00600003000 Haematopota subcylindrica Pandelle 12 434 686 68 10 7 76 61 30 10 15 117 204 8 0 Hybomitra caucasi Szilady 3000 0130000 5 0 0 0 Hybomitra caucasica Enderlein 7 3 0 0 0 5 4 0 0 0 6 4 0 0 0 Hybomitra ciureai Seguy 0020 00000000100 Hybomitra pilosa Loew 0300 01000002000 Philipomyia aprica Meigen 0 15 204 22 5 0 15 34 12 3 3 257 484 7 0 Philipomyia zizaniae Leclercq 0000 00000001 5 0 0 Y.