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FIRST BASAL SYNAPSIDS (“PELYCOSAURS”) FROM THE UPPER PERMIAN-?LOWER TRIASSIC OF URUGUAY, SOUTH AMERICA Author(s): GRACIELA PIÑEIRO, MARIANO VERDE, MARTÍN UBILLA, and JORGE FERIGOLO Source: Journal of Paleontology, 77(2):389-392. Published By: The Paleontological Society DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0389:FBSPFT>2.0.CO;2 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1666/0022-3360%282003%29077%3C0389%3AFBSPFT %3E2.0.CO%3B2 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. J. Paleont., 77(2), 2003, pp. 389±392 Copyright q 2003, The Paleontological Society 0022-3360/03/0077-389$03.00 FIRST BASAL SYNAPSIDS (``PELYCOSAURS'') FROM THE UPPER PERMIAN-?LOWER TRIASSIC OF URUGUAY, SOUTH AMERICA GRACIELA PINÄ EIRO,1 MARIANO VERDE,1 MARTIÂN UBILLA,1 AND JORGE FERIGOLO2 1Departamento de PaleontologõÂa, Facultad de Ciencias, Igua 4225, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay, ,[email protected]. and 2Museu de CieÃncias Naturais, FundacËaÄo ZoobotaÃnica do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Dr. Salvador FrancËa 1427, Jardim BotaÃnico, CEP 90690-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil INTRODUCTION is related to the ®nal withdrawal of the sea, and the upper part of INTHEIRmonograph Review of the Pelycosauria, Romer and this section is characterized by continental and strong ¯uvial in- Price (1940), proposed that the earliest synapsids (``pelycosaurs'') ¯uences. The fossils described in this paper were recovered from were cosmopolitan, despite the observation that amniotes ap- the conglomerates in the middle part of the Buena Vista Forma- peared to be restricted to the paleotropics during the Late Car- tion. boniferous and Early Permian (290±282 Ma). Romer and Price Institutional abbreviation: FC-DPV, ColeccioÂn de Vertebrados (1940) accounted for the scarcity of terrestrial tetrapods, including FoÂsiles, Departamento de PaleontologõÂa, Facultad de Ciencias, ``pelycosaurs,'' in Lower Permian beds elsewhere to the absence Universidad de la RepuÂblica, Montevideo, Uruguay. of coeval continental deposits beyond North America and Europe. DESCRIPTION Indeed, most workers recognized a geographical and temporal gap The fossil material was found during recent ®eldwork in Cerro between Permo-Carboniferous ``pelycosaurs'' and therapsid syn- Largo County, northeastern Uruguay (Fig. 1), and consists of dis- apsids. Recent research has con®rmed that varanopid and caseid articulated postcranial elements, including small dorsal and caudal ``pelycosaurs'' were components of therapsid-dominated Late vertebrae and fragmentary appendicular elements. Measurements Permian faunas preserved in Russia and South-Africa (Tatarinov of the dorsal vertebrae are listed in Table 1. and Eremina, 1975; Reisz, 1986; Reisz et al., 1998; Reisz and FC-DPV 1182, 1183, 1189, 1194, 1199, 1200 and 1333, com- Berman, 2001). prising dorsal and caudal vertebrae (Figs. 3, 4.1±4.3), are char- In this note, we report the ®rst record of basal synapsids for acterized by the following morphology: vertebrae amphicoelous South America (Fig. 1) and discuss its paleogeographic and tem- and notochordal, with a short centrum; notochordal pit above the poral implications. These remains come from outcrops assigned central point of the subcircular rim; vertebral body excavated in to the Buena Vista Formation (Goso et al., 2001; Fig. 2), which lateral view, with a bevelled ventral surface for the intercentrum, ®lled part of the Parana Basin during Late Permian and probably neural arch completely fused to the centrum, lacking a suture; Early Triassic (Bossi and Navarro, 1991). The ParanaÁ Basin is moderate development of a ventral keel in the anterior presacral one of the major sedimentary basins of Gondwana, covering an vertebrae; neural spine laterally compressed and anteroposteriorly area of nearly 1.5 million km2, in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and short with a slightly excavated base; postzygapophyses little ex- Uruguay (FrancËa et al., 1995; ZalaÂn et al., 1990). At the beginning panded beyond the lateral margin of the centrum and tilted antero- of basin development the Devonian marine and brackish condi- ventrally and transverse process short. Although some of these tions prevailed, but subsequently, during the Late Permian, there was a gradual change to continental sedimentation and the de- position of fossil-bearing red beds. Buena Vista Formation is characterized by reddish ®ne sandstone interbedded with lentic- ular clay layers and intraformational conglomerates (Fig. 2), (Bos- si and Navarro, 1991; Goso et al., 2001). The paleoenvironment FIGURE 1ÐMap of the study area. The asterisk shows the geographic FIGURE 2ÐStratigraphic section of the Buena Vista Formation (Cerro position of the Buena Vista Formation outcroups in South America. Largo County, Uruguay). 389 390 JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY, V. 77, NO. 2, 2003 TABLE 1ÐMeasurements (in mm) of dorsal and caudal vertebrae. Spine meet the neural arch and the neural spine, although incomplete, height and total height could not be measured because the neural spines are not complete. L: length; H: height. is clearly a blade-like structure. In the morphology of the centrum and neural arch, FC-DPV 1194 resembles more the vertebrae of Specimen # Region Centrum L Centrum H sphenacodontid synapsids than those of varanopids. FC-DPV 1182 Dorsal 10.5 6.2 FC-DPV 1183 Dorsal 11.5 7.5 DISCUSSION FC-DPV 1194 Dorsal 10.9 7.2 The only con®rmed basal synapsid from the Southern Hemi- FC-DPV 1199 Dorsal 11.4 6.4 FC-DPV 1200 Dorsal 11.0 7.5 sphere is Elliotsmithia longiceps from the Upper Permian Tapi- FC-DPV 1189 Caudal 10.2 6.2 nocephalus Assemblage Zone of South Africa (Reisz et al., 1998). FC-DPV 1333 Caudal 9.4 4.8 Elliotsmithia was identi®ed by these authors as a varanopid FC-DPV 1333 Caudal 9.5 4.8 (5``varanopseid'') and basal member of a clade including Aero- saurus, Varanops and Varanodon (``Varanodontinae'' of Reisz and Berman, 2001), but study of a second, slightly more complete characters are present in basal reptiles, this combination of fea- specimen (Modesto et al., 2001), suggests that Elliotsmithia forms tures is found only in basal synapsids of the group Varanopidae a clade with Mycterosaurus and Mesenosaurus (``Mycterosauri- (5``Varanopseidae''). It is unlikely that the material is attributable nae'' of Reisz and Berman, 2001). Elliotsmithia and Mesenosau- to captorhinids and parareptiles because these reptiles have trans- rus (from Eastern Europe) are the only known Late Permian var- versely expanded neural arches (Laurin and Reisz, 1995). Am- anopids; all other taxa are restricted to the Lower Permian of phicoelous and notochordal vertebrae are present also in early North America. diapsids (Carroll and Currie, 1991), but no Paleozoic diapsid pre- The morphology of the Uruguayan vertebrae identi®es a var- serves the suite of vertebral features described here (Reisz, 1981; anopid ``pelycosaur'' with close af®nities to Mycterosaurus lon- Currie, 1981). giceps (Berman and Reisz, 1982; Reisz et al., 1997) and Mesen- FC-DPV 1194 (Figs. 4.4, 5), an anterior dorsal vertebrae, osaurus romeri (Reisz, personal commun., 2000). The close re- shows a deep, longitudinally excavated centrum, stronger ventral semblance of the Uruguayan varanopid to these taxa may re¯ect keel and more deeply excavated neural arch base than the other the retention of primitive characters of the group but our material vertebrae. The transverse processes are broken just where they reveals that varanopids ranged more widely in Gondwana than FIGURE 3ÐDrawings of varanopid presacral vertebrae from the Buena Vista Formation, Late Permian-?Early Triassic, Cerro Largo County, Uruguay. In lateral (1, 4), anterior (2, 5) and posterior (3, 6) views. (1±3 from specimen FC-DPV 1183; 4±6 from specimen FC-DPV 1200). Scale bars 5 1 cm. PALEONTOLOGICAL NOTES 391 FIGURE 4ÐVertebrae from the Buena Vista Formation, Late Permian-?Early Triassic, Cerro Largo County, Uruguay. 1, FC-DPV 1183 in lateral view (scale bar 5 5 mm); 2, 3, FC-DPV 1200 in anterior and lateral views (scale bar 5 10 mm); 4, FC-DPV 1194 in lateral view (scale bar 5 5 mm). suggested by recent studies of South A®can varanopids (Reisz et Formation. To date these are restricted to an incomplete skull of al., 1998; Modesto et al., 2001). In addition, the presence of a basal temnospondyl closely allied to the Dvinosaurus-Tupilako- varanopid ``pelycosaur'' in South America corroborates previous sauridae clade (Marsicano et al., 2000), which suggests a Late ideas of close af®nities of Permian insects and crustaceans from Permian or perhaps Early Triassic age. Other fossil remains from both Uruguay and Brazil to those from Eastern Europe and North the Buena Vista Formation include several specimens of other American (Pinto, 1972; Pinto et al., 2000). The evidence from temnospondyl amphibians and procolophonoid reptiles (Goso et insects, crustaceans, and now varanopid synapsids is indicative of al., 2001). Some of the temnospondyl remains share diagnostic extensive faunal exchange between these regions towards the characters with Capitosauridae, but retain a primitive pattern more close of the Paleozoic. typical of Permian temnospondyls. One of the procolophonoids Most of our material is referable to Varanopidae, but a single is very similar to Coletta seca (Modesto et al., in press) and Con- specimen FC-DPV 1194 (Figs.
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  • Were the Synapsids Primitively Endotherms? a Palaeohistological Approach Using Phylogenetic Eigenvector Maps Mathieu Faure-Brac, Jorge Cubo

    Were the Synapsids Primitively Endotherms? a Palaeohistological Approach Using Phylogenetic Eigenvector Maps Mathieu Faure-Brac, Jorge Cubo

    Were the synapsids primitively endotherms? A palaeohistological approach using phylogenetic eigenvector maps Mathieu Faure-Brac, Jorge Cubo To cite this version: Mathieu Faure-Brac, Jorge Cubo. Were the synapsids primitively endotherms? A palaeohistological approach using phylogenetic eigenvector maps. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Royal Society, The, 2020, 375 (1793), pp.20190138. 10.1098/rstb.2019.0138. hal-02447334 HAL Id: hal-02447334 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02447334 Submitted on 19 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Were the synapsids primitively endotherms? Were the synapsids primitively endotherms? A palaeohistological approach using phylogenetic eigenvector maps Mathieu G. Faure-Brac1 and Jorge Cubo1* 1Sorbonne UniversitÉ, MNHN, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en PalÉontologie ­ Paris (CR2P), Paris, France *Corresponding author: [email protected] Peer­reviewed research published in: Faure­Brac, M. G., & Cubo, J. (2020). Were the synapsids primitively endotherms? A palaeohistological approach using phylogenetic eigenvector maps. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 2020;375(1793):20190138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0138. The acquisition of mammalian endothermy is poorly constrained both phylogenetically and temporally.
  • The Oldest Specialized Tetrapod Herbivore: a New Eupelycosaur from the Permian of New Mexico, USA

    The Oldest Specialized Tetrapod Herbivore: a New Eupelycosaur from the Permian of New Mexico, USA

    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org The oldest specialized tetrapod herbivore: A new eupelycosaur from the Permian of New Mexico, USA Spencer G. Lucas, Larry F. Rinehart, and Matthew D. Celeskey ABSTRACT Gordodon kraineri is a new genus and species of edaphosaurid eupelycosaur known from an associated skull, lower jaw and incomplete postcranium found in the early Permian Bursum Formation of Otero County, New Mexico, USA. It has a special- ized dental apparatus consisting of large, chisel-like incisors in the front of the jaws separated by a long diastema from relatively short rows of peg-like maxillary and den- tary cheek teeth. The dorsal vertebrae of Gordodon have long neural spines that bear numerous, randomly arranged, small, thorn-like tubercles. The tubercles on long neu- ral spines place Gordodon in the Edaphosauridae, and the dental apparatus and dis- tinctive tubercles on the neural spines distinguish it from the other edaphosaurid genera—Edaphosaurus, Glaucosaurus, Lupeosaurus and Ianthasaurus. Gordodon is the oldest known tetrapod herbivore with a dentary diastema, extending the temporal range of that anatomical feature back 95 million years from the Late Triassic. The den- tal apparatus of Gordodon indicates significantly different modes of ingestion and intra- oral transport of vegetable matter than took place in Edaphosaurus and thus represents a marked increase in disparity among edaphosaurids. There were two very early pathways to tetrapod herbivory in edaphosaurid evolution, one toward general- ized browsing on high-fiber plant items (Edaphosaurus) and the other (Gordodon) toward more specialized browsing, at least some of it likely on higher nutrient, low fiber plant items.