SHEET PLATE CIRCLES W Australian Manufacturers STRIP ROD NAVY Australia's Maritime Journal Can obtain aluminium in many semi-fabricated forms from one supplier—Australuco. V L 20 JULY ° ' . "57. No. 7.

pLAT Sheet for panelling—Coiled tDITORIAL: Sheet for condensers, evapora- The Now I 4 tor fins, awnings and Venetian blind M.V. -DUNTSOON"— 10,300 um slats—Extruded Sections for archi- tectural work, decorative moulding ARTICLES: MELBOURNE STEAMSHIP and trim, Road Transportation Big Ships Do Indoor "Saa" Trials 6 vehicles—Tubing for refrigerator CO. LTD. Building Tha Giant Tankers ' evaporators—Irrigation Tubing— Head Office: Tha Navy In Tha Push-button Era » Circles for holloware and light fit- 31 KING ST.. MELBOURNE Australia And America 24 BRANCHES OR AGENCIES tings—Free Machining Stock for AT AI L PORTS Futura Of Tha Air Arm 26 automatic lathe work—the list is, MANAGING AGENTS FOR in fact, interminable. SOLID SECTIONS FORGINGS Navias "Par From Finishad' 28 HOBSONS BAY DOCK AND SECTIONS CORRUGATED ENGINEERING CO. PTY. LTD Works: Williamatown. Victoria FOUNDRY BUILDING BAR FEATURES: HODGE ENGINEERING CO. INGOT SHEET PTY. LTD. Reviews . 12 Works: Suaeex St., Sydney, Whatever your products may AUSTRALIANN ALUMINIUM COMPANY PTY LTD and Nawi Of Tha World's Navias 14 be. it is more than likely you (Incorporotrd in the State of Victoria) COCKBURN ENGINEERING will have a requirement for Ulh OMlCIS Maritima Naws Of Tha World 23 PTY. LTD. aluminium. •It fko«r TU 1121 »•« 1 Pe. Work*: Hi no Rd.. Fretnxule. ) >ba» inn \A ro I For Saa Cadats: An Australian Saa Cadat In India 29 „ SHIP REPAIRERS. ETC N \ w r o ».. >; (,••«.< O'd r o !•• m« O'O t

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The Navy" is the Official Orgen of The Navy League of Austrelia and the COPPER, BRASS AND Ei-Neva* Men's Association (Federal). The Nevy" is the only journal in Austrelie devoted eidusively to Neval OTHER NON-FERROUS matters generally, and to the R.A.N, in perticuler. WIRE CABLES & TUBES SUBSCRIPTION RATE : 12 issues post free in the British Commonwealth. 20/.. Copies of "Hereld" photographs published mey be obtained direct from Photo Seles, Sydney Morning Hereld. Hunter St.. Sydney. METAL MANUFACTURES LTD. PORT KRMBLA. N.S.W. FOR EVERY TYPE OF CRAFT AFLOAT

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I THE NAVY LEAGUE OF AUSTRALIA

PATRON: Km Escclleacy Tlx Govetnoe-Geaaral. FEDERAL COUNCIL: 'EVERYTHING TO DO WITH 10 AT ST PmidnH! Rut Admiral H. A. Shoj.tr, C.B.E. (Raid.I. Depuiy President: Cdr R. A. Ncstlelord. Boat Building D S O.. V R.D.. R A.N.R. Sacratary: Rear Admiral G. D. Moore, Service and Repair* C.B.E. (Raid ). Naw South Walai Division: Patron: Hi, ba.cllcttcy ri,a Governor J New South Wales. Hiring Prserdeni: Rcar-Admirsl H. A. Shower,. CUE. Marine Engineering Secretary: Rear Admiral G. D. Moore, C.B.l!. (Retd.). Hon. lraaa,.i,r- . h 11t.,j LARS HALVORSEN SONS PTY. LTD. Victorian Division: Peeroo: Mi, Eicallcncr The Governor el BUILDING YARD: Waterview Str..», Ryd.. WY 3248 BOAT SHED: Bobbin Head. JJ 24B? Praaidanti Capuin J. P. William,. O.B.E. Saci»tm>! 11. E. Touiel. 108 High Streei.l (Telegrams: "Helvorsens" Sydney) Preaton. N.18. CMTCX PRODUCTS ALWAYS ON HAND South Australian Division: Pairooi Hi, Ei.tlkntr Tha Governor a tH.IO OPMa South Aurtralta. - n il Usui.Comdr. C. C. Shlnkteld Cable Makers Australia Pty. Ltd., K A l>! R t retd. 1 Hon. Sae.i K. W Adcock, Esq.. Ill Clta fall Street, Adelaide. pioneers another new cable! Tasmanian Division: Wilh. WILHELMSEN AGENCY Patron: Vice-Admiral Sir Guy Wysttl K b E . C.B.. I N (retd > P.V.C. or polythene insulated twin J- and P.-eeedeoet C. H Hand. Esq.. M H A PTY. LTD. N». See.t Ceads. 0. E. W. V. Bayly 4-core cables with SHAPED CONDUCTORS. O.B.E.. V.R.D.. R.A.N.VR. {retd I | P.V.C. sheathed and/or armoured and SYDNEY ai MELBOURNE 726 Sandy Bay Rd . Lower Sends B.» Holms. 1 P.V.C. served cables, 2S0V to 11KV. Wastorn Australian Division: hot Hie Escalleacr The Covernor d| The use of sector-shaped conductors, insulated Was 1 Representative for: _ _ Mt D. W. Brisbane. Eao. by a fully patented process and pre-spiralled Hoa. Sac. - Hon. Traaa.i K. Olaon. I , A Conductor 62 Bleneowe St , Weat Leedervllle. W A| to eliminate internal mechanical stresses, WILHELMSEN LINES, OSLO B P.Y.C. Insulation Quaansland Division: results In a more compact cable and one of C. P.V.C. teltint AUSTRALIA-WEST PACIFIC LINE, HELSINBORG His Eitall— ry Tha Gtnreroea «l smaller outside diameter than an equivalent D. P.V.C. Sheath cable embodying circular conductors. The £. Armour Pi.. di... Comdt. N. S. Ptalar, M.l.E. F. P.V.C Redding AMERICAN PIONEER LINE, NEW YORK VJl.D . R AN R (resd.). Ryaa Houa resultant saving In material is passed on to Eaale Street. Brisbane. G. Armour Hea. Sac., Ueus.-Ct»4>. O. C. McDauU users In the form of lower cost. SCANDINAVIAN AIRLINES SYSTEM, STOCKHOLM *.A.N.VJ». (raid ). Boi M41T. G.P.O H. P.V.C Sheath Brisbane. In this new and more economical cable design, Australian Capital Territory Division: Pt.rH.nsi Hie Eictlleacy. C. E. Lj you have yet another example of the technical Aide rt on, CMC. (Hlfh Ommieno-v loe New Zealassd). eadership and advanced research techniques Ham. Sac. - Hea. Treea.: Comdr. A. P of Cable Makers Australia Pty. Ltd. For the Best Soft Drink. MtLathlsn, R A N. (Retd ). « Ti°tt4 Se.. Turner. Canberra. A.C.T. 'Phoed J 1)11. Always say . . , or further particulars, prices, etc.. enquire from any C M.A distributor.

AUSTRALIAN SEA CADPT COUNI emulative, o< tha Naval Board MARCHANT'S Director of Naval Reserves. Caps. A L. MtNicholl. C.B.E., CM . R A (Chairman). JC.M.A. WIRES CABLES FLEXIBLES R*gd Tr»d« Mark No* MtM-7-4 PLEASE ! Co-d. P. R. lays. * A.N. 11 toad)! -A. NtttLdoid, D.S.Cj Office & Factory: U YORK ST., RICHMOND, VICTORIA VR D . R.A.N.V.R L'. C Peers,Esq : L. Poraythe, M •Phone: JA 1191. Lieut IS) P O Even, R A N V R LIVERPOOL. N.S.W. i R Nell Vslfotd RESEARCH THE NAVY fly iff7. tain substantial naval and maritime air units. by revision of research, repair and refit programme*, Britain must make her contribution, though it will by limiting maintenance costs of the Fleet, by reduc- have to be on a somewhat reduced scale." ing the numbers of industrial and non-industrial Dealing with situations not involving total war, civilian personnel, by closing certain establishments, the White Paper states: and by a further rundown of the level of reserves "On account of its mobility, the Royal Navy, of material in anticipation of lower requirements of together with the Royal Marines, provides an effec- the Fleet of the future. tive means of bringing power rapidly to bear in The Navy vote is £316 million — £32,840,000 peacetime emergencies or limited hostilities. In less than in 1956-57. modern conditions the role of the aircraft carrier, Increases in costs of materials, transport, salaries which is in effect a mobile air station, becomes and wages, building construction and a higher scale increasingly significant." of expenditure in conncction with N.A.T.O. mean, The new policy sounds the end of the cruiser as however, that the reduction in spending on other we now know it and, of course, the end of the services is more drastic than would appear. battleship. The total manpower of all Services is to be The active cruiser strength (eight in commis- reduced from the present combined strength of sion) is to be reduced and finally replaced by the about 690,000 to approximately 375,000 by the three "Tiger" class now under construction. end of 1962. There will be no further call - up Of the Royal Navy's five battleships, all in ui.Jcr the National Service Acts after the end of reserve, four are to be scrapped, leaving only thc 1960. Vanguard. which has been allocated to N A T O. The White Paper announces the formation of a The whole of the Reserve Fleet is to be reduced, central reserve, to be maintained in the British but kept at "a rather higher state of readiness." Isles and possessing "the means of rapid mobility," The ships not required will be scrapped or sold. including the transport resources of the Royal Air Big cuts are to be made in manpower, in expendi- Forccs, supplemented, when necessary, by Naval ture on new construction of both ships and aircraft. and other vessels and suitable civil aircraft.

VOL. 20 JULY, 1957 No. 7 through. Even if it were only a dozen, they could * with metagon bombs inflict widespread devastation I "This makes it more than ever clear that the J THE NEW ROYAL NAVY over-riding consideration in all military planning , must be to prevent war rather than to prepare for J Two articles in this issue of "The Navy" (pages it . . . the only existing safeguard against major* 18 and 26) deal with Britain's new naval policy. aggression is the power to threaten retaliation with The new policy is revolutionary and there are nuclear weapons." some understandable fears whether Britain's naval The new Navy will be organised in carrier strength will he adequate in the period that must groups, each comprising one aircraft carrier anJ elapse before the "new look" Navy is realised. supporting ships. Of these, a new design of fleet The new naval policy is only part of a whole escorts, considerably larger than the "Darings." will new concept of British defence. be equipped with guided weapons. This is evidently based on two main conclusions: Emphasis is to be placed on "afloat support" to first, that Britain cannot defend herself against an enable the Fleet fo operate for long periods without all'Out nuclear attack; and secondly that her posses- being dependent on shore bases. sion of the H-bomb has now given her a powerful On the role of Naval forces in total war, th ttntegic weapon to deter a potential enemy from White Paper states: "This is somewhat uncertain, MAY WE WORK waging war on her. but continues: "It may well be that the initio The British Government's Defence White Paper nuclear bombardment and counter bombardment b) WITH YOU ON YOUR bluntly acknowledges Britain's vulnerability to aircraft or rockets would be so crippling as to hrinil THE nuclear attack. the war to an end within a few weeks, or cver- "It must he frankly recognised." the White Paper days, in which ease naval operations would no STEEL ft TOOL PROBLEMS? states, "that there is at present no means of provid- play any significant part. EAGLEGLOBE ing adequate protection for the people of this "On the other hand, there is the possibility tha the nuclcar battle might not prove immediate!) 23-37 BUCKLAND ST., BROADWAY, N.S.W. country against the consequences of an attack with Telephone : MA 6421 nuclear weapons Although, in the event of war. decisive; and in that event it would be of grea STEEL CO.LTD. the fighter aircraft of the Royal Air Forces would importance to defend Atlantic communication Srenchei Throughout Auttrelion Capital Cities against submarine attack. unquestionably be able to take a heavy toll of ). to mainl JAssociate d Company^ : ARTHUR BALFOUR t COMPANY LTD.. Sheffield. Eng. enemy bombers, a proportion would inevitably get "It is therefore necessary for N A T O, to mail THE NAVI J»HR. I«7. —

about the probable performance of interested in tank results. This work had been initiated in ever larger and higher powered Early in this century, John 1914 by Vickers Limited and sub- Big Ships Do "Sea" Trials Indoors increasing importance in the design Browns decided that it would add sequently included numerous con- of ships. to their prestige as well as their tracts for the Air Ministry and At St. Albans, not far from London, technicians conduct "sea" trials of Naturally Froude was mostly technical interests to have a tank private firms. Most of this work ships — long before they are built. concerned with warships, but he of their own, and built one at later passed to the Royal Aircraft ships, he was given a contract to Clydebank. Establishment tank at Farnbo- build a tank and prove his theory. In 1907, shortly after the rough, which was actually built This he succeeded in doing and Clydebank tank had been opened, by Vickers - Armstrongs Limited, the tank proved of immediate and its architect, Mr. J. M. Crawford, Elswick. struck up a great friendship with of Glasgow, submitted a specifica- With the decline of warship William Denny, chairman of the tion to Vickers, Sons & Maxim, building between the two wars famous Dumbarton shipbuilders, for a similar tank at Barrow-in- and again after the second world who had invented and regularly Furness. war, Vickers turned to the con- carried out progressive measured This scheme fell through, but struction of large passenger liners mile trials with the merchant ships four years later another specifica- and tankers, and new' fields were he built. tion was drawn up on the instruc- entered at St. Albans. The two men co-operated in tions of Sir George Owens- Unusually extensive ad hoc and obtaining the vital comparison Thurston, who had recently come long term researches into passen- between ship and model ;, from Armstrongs to be the chief ger liner and tanker design were and William Denny became so naval architect of Vickers Limited. carried out, resulting in an un- impressed with the usefulness of The plans were drawn by rivalled stock of data on these an experiment tank that in 1883- Vickers Limited, Erith, acting on types of ships. 1884 he built one at Dumbarton behalf of the head office in Lon- Early in the second world war for his own firm's use. don. The scheme was for a simi- the tank was extensively damaged lar tank to the earlier proposal, OHORTLY afterwards, the Tor- during an air raid. After repairs but with much more extensive quay tank was dismantled and the Admiralty experiment works, workshop and office facilities. the equipment taken to a new and Haslar, were given a lien on the In charge of the tank from its larger tank at Gosport, under the use of the facilities, and the estab- conception was Mr. B. Pryor, who guidance of Froude's son, R. E. lishment concentrated almost en- had worked with Froude at Tor- Froude, where it remains as part tirely on war work. In addition quay and had been assistant naval of the Admiralty experiment to purely Admiralty work, miscel- architect wi'h Armstrongs at Els- works. laneous objects on both model and wick, responsible to Sir George full-scale were tested for the Inter- In the following 20 years it Owens- Thurston for hull design Services Research Bureau in con- A modal of th« Oriont Lino'i "OrUni" undorgooi H«h m th« St. Alb«n» l«nl. became increasingly apparent that and powering. nection with river and coastl war- an experiment tank was essential HE ships are war models, 10 It has a staff of thirty-seven, At each end there are beaches fare. during the design of warships, and The tank was erected in 1911- to 20 feet long. They float in made up of 12 naval architects for breaking up waves created T most of the major naval nat-ons 1912 by Ezra Dunham, a well- an indoor tank, can be towed or and draughtsmen, 10 technical cither by the wavemaker or by the known St. Albans builder, the A FTER the war there was an built their own government tanks. ** enormous increase in the driven by their own propellers in assistants, tracers and computers, passage of the model. staff engaged in October, 1912, At the same time, the Dumbar- demand for tank testing by the smooth water or miniature waves. five instrument makes, five joiners, The tank is spanned by a mov- and the first model experiments ton tank enabled Dennys to obtain industry. The whole purpose is to investi- four clay mo'j'.d^is and labourers, ing carriage which travels with run in February, 1913. and a shorthand-typist. the model under test, and carries a virtual monopoly of building To play its part in meeting this gate any hydrodynamic problems high-speed, cross-channel steamers. TN the early days of the tank, The tank itself is a concrete the measuring apparatus with its demand, the company, possessing in their design and performance. But while some recognised the basin filled with water. It has an operators. largely coincident with the first at St. Albans one of the very few From these measurements the idvantages of having occasional overall length of 447 ft. 6 ins., of The first experiment tank, as world war, work was concentrated such establishments in private equivalent figures for the full-scale record-breaking liners tank-tested which 376 ft. 6 ins., with breadth now known, was built in 1870- almost entirely on naval ships ownership in the country, decided ships are calculated by mathemati- under contract, most private ship- 20 ft. 10 ins., and depth 11 ft. 3 1872 at Torquay by its inventor, under the direction of Sir George to expand the tank's activities to cal laws. builders had neither the money ins., is used for experiments. William Froude. Owens-Thurston, who was one of their fullest. The tank, Vickers-Armstrong's nor the trained staff to invest in He had persuaded the Admi- the best known warship designers The present work of the tank ship model experiment tank, is the At one end there are docks for their own tank. ralty that by applying a theory , of that time. may be divided into four largest of the privately owned storing models, and for ballasting developed by him, it would be Three large firms, however, In the slump period between the categories: tanks in the United Kingdom, and fitting them up before testing. possible to predict the power ; Armstrongs, Browns and Vickers, two wars the ship work of the • Routine commercial testing being second in size only to the Models may be tested either in required to drive full-size ships | were at this time the major buil- establishment declined, but was for ships about to be built by the Admiralty Experiment Works and calm water, or in rough seas from measurements on models. In } ders of warships for the world, replaced by extensive work on company. The number of models the National Physical Laboratory created by the wavemaker view of the increasing uncertainty I and as such were extensively flying boats and seaplanes. for each ship varies from two or tanks. mounted at one end of the tank. •My. I«7. THl NAVY three for an ordinary single-screw TI7TORK being carried out at the effect of waves on ship per' vessel to as many as 15 for difficult the St. Albans tank includes: formance, models of typical mer- high-speed passenger liners, such Methodical series investigations chant vessels are self-propel led in Building the Giant Tankers as the Oriana. of ship resistance: The aims of artificial waves created by the Some forms arc supplied by the these experiments arc to find the wavemaker at the far end of the From "Petroleum Press Service" shipyard naval architect, and effect on ship resistance of vary- tank and the performance is ing various parameters such as studied with particular reference Representatives of oil companies and their suppliers gathered in others are designed at St. Albans. Folkestone I U.K.I recently for the summer meeting of the Institute of Petro- block coefficient, position of longi- to the effect of waves of different • Exactly similar work for leum. Among the papers presented under the general title of "The Influence tudinal centre of , lengths and heights. other shipbuilder-; or shipowners on the Oil Industry," was one by Mr. G. Trypanis, of Niarchos I London I Ltd., breadth/draught ratio, displace - (only two of the many other ship- Structural investigation: I n on aspects of tanker construction and propulsion. This highly topical study ment/lcngth ratio, etc. forms the basis of this present article. builders in this country have com- addition to its effect on the pro- pulsive performance of the ship, parable facilities of their own) A scries of wax models is con- T'ANKER sizes have increased the passage of the vessel through screws above this size if a high • Research work for the com- structed in which so far as pos- so rapidly of late that it is efficiency. Moreover, the larger waves causes bending moments to speed is to he attained means pany, primarily aimed at improv- sible only one variable is altered rvcoming difficult to find adjec- the vessel the more likely is it to be imposed on the hull in addition higher construction costs, more ing the hull design of the types of at one time. The models are tives to describe them: "super," run into difficulties over port to those already arising from the engine room staff and possibly a ship it builds, and predicting accu- towed in the tank and the resis- "giant" and "monster" arc all in facilities, dry docks, repairs, etc. and buoyancy distribution ten per cent, loss in propulsive rately their performance on trial tances arc measured. urrent use — and still the pro- Finally, there is the problem of in still water. and in service. Supplementing these investiga- .css of growth continues. Of the Various methods arc in use for • Research work for the tions. self-propulsion tests are '.inker tonnage now on the stocks the estimation of these wave bend- British Shipbuilding Research made with a selection of the tug throughout the world, almost 85 ing moments. The accuracy of the Association, which was formed and trawler models. per cent, comprises ships of 50,000 methods is being investigated by towards the end of the war to pool to 100.000 tons d.w., and there is Service performance: The stan- measuring the bending moment the limited research facilities of t ilk of building vessels up to dard of performance to be ex- experienced by a typical merchant the shipbuilding industry. 130,000 tons. pected at sea under normal service ship hull when advancing through At the end of 1956, 716 models conditions is of critical importance waves. This astonishing increase in size, had been tested or were in hand. to the shipowner. To investigate which has. of course, an economic The model is articulated, i.e., justification, has been made pos- cut at about the middle of the iHc by certain technical develop- length and the stress induced by ments in shipbuilding and marine the bending moments is obtained nginccring. Mr. Trypanis's paper EZD A by means of strain gauges, and was largely concerned with the from these results the bending uilding and propulsion of these ZINC BASE DIE CASTING ALLOY moments can be calculated. monster vessels, but he began with Slamming: When a vessel is brief reference to their opera- pitching in waves, a phenomenon turn. conforming in composition with known as slamming «ometimc< British Standard Specification 1004 occurs. From the standpoint of owner r charterer, the justification for When this happens, very high tepping up the. size is the rcduc produced by arc generated between ton in operating costs thus the hull and the water, generally ..hicvcd: it us estimated that resulting in damage to the bottom ELECTROLYTIC ZINC COMPANY transportation by a 50,000-ton shell plating. vessel costs only about three-fifths The exact physical mcchanism OF AUSTRALIA LIMITED much, per ton of oil carried, as which gives rise to this extraordi- 360 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE, ' v a 12.000-tonncr. By the time narily high is not known. ' is size has been reached, how- An attempt is being made to is used in the production of 1 er. the scope for further operat- investigate the slamming pheno- eneonomics has been much high quality die castings menon by self-propelling a typical ' Juccd. On purely commercial cargo liner model in rough water. by members of " nsidcrations, therefore, the maxi- The exact conditions of wave, mum size ordered might perhaps THE ZINC ALLOY DIE CASTERS' ASSOCIATION pitching period, etc., at which | have been a vessel of 80-90.000 OF AUSTRALIA. slamming occurs will be deter '"lis, since this is the largest that mined and the impulsive pressures can be satisfactorily propelled by on the ship's hull will be measured. a single screw The need for twin

THE NAVY 1 July. 1*7. passenger liners. A number of Because it saves weight, welding In this way, the advantages of the construction or charter of such finding suitable employment for so a single deck needs unprecedented tankers now work with steam means a lower initial cost. For an high-compression combustion of vessels. In recent years intense gigantic a unit. The largest thicknesses of hull plate amidships pressures as high as 850 lb. per 18.000-ton tanker, the difference the fuel (as in the diesel) could be interest has been aroused in the tankers have little flexibility in a requirement which may have square inch, and at in hull weight between an all- combined with the utilization of possibility of transporting liquefied use: they must, in effect, he to be met by riveting two or more as high 850 deg. to 1,200 deg. P. welded and an all-riveted ship is the energy through a turbine natural gas, vast quantities of regarded as the equivalent of pipe- layers of thinner plate together. — which compares with a maxi- about 2,000 tons; and though no operating at compar- which are being flared in the lines, carrying the basic traffic Builders of giant tankers, in com- mum ten years ago of about 400 riveted tanker of 30,000 tons has able- with those encountered in the Middle East — about 500 million between a few major loading ports mon with those of other steel p.s.i. and 450 deg. F. This has ever been built, the difference in steam turbine. cubic feet a day in Saudi Arabia and their equivalent refineries. structures, have benefited from the reduced the overall service fuel this class would be about 3,300 This would make for lower alone. /"OPERATING economies apart. improvement in the quality of steel consumption in the best installa- tons. In other words, what would maintenance costs and a fuel con- which has resulted from the inten- tions to about 0.52 -0.54 lb. per the feasibility of using the have been a tanker of 16,000 tons sumption comparable with that of This would be a formidable sive metallurgical research of the s.h.p., thus increasing the payload, Suez Canal is an important factor d.w. 20 years ago is capable to-day the diesel, without the disadvan- task, since natural gas can be past 20 years. They have benefited as well as cutting fuel costs. In for many owners. The largest ves- of carrying 18.000 tons. More- tages of the diesel' weight, cum- liquefied only at extremely low even more from the progress of the author's view, however, the sel that can make the passage fully- over. its smoother hull makes pos- bersome unit size, heavy crank- temperatures. Thought is, how- the welder's art and the growing use of still higher steam conditions loaded is a tanker of 42,000 or sible either a higher speed for the shaft and proneness to vibration. ever, being given to the problems use of prefabrication. is unlikely because the added 43.000 tons, while a 65.000-tonner same power or a 13 per cent, involved and ingenious suggestions efficiency would not compensate Among other new ideas for is about the largest that can pass Though the first all-welded ship lower fuel consumption for the are being made as to how the for the increased difficulties of marine propulsion, by far the most was built at Birkenhead as long same speed. The saving in operat- energy used in liquefying the gas through in ballast or partly loaded. maintenance. interesting is the use of nuclear Hence the latter is probably the ago as the early 1920s, it was the ing costs made possible by the all- power. Such a unit is not yet a might be recovered. If the prob- best size to build as a hedge Second World War, with its welded ship is estimated by some In the medium-sized power commercial proposition. But the lem of constructing a suitably against closure of the Canal; for. urgent need for speed in construc- authorities as high as 25 per cent.; ranges (i.e., up to 8,000-10,000 increase in the payload due to the economical vessel for the long- by sailing fully loaded round the tion. which really brought the but the precise figure will depend s.h.p.) the diesel has, of course, s-nall weight of the fuel (partly distance transport of natural gas welded ship into its own. The taken a prominent place, especially Cape and returning in ballast via in part on the level of freight offset by several hundred tons of cannot be solved, there remains familiar drawbacks of this method the two-stroke supercharged unit Suez, it can transport oil at about rates assumed. screening equipment) and the the possibility of extracting the 3 of construction — notably greater operating on fuel oil. Here, too, the same cost as a 43,000-tonner ability to operate for a year or or 4 per cent, of butane and pro- susceptibility to brittle fracture ryO the economies of welding there have been improvements in pane present and of transporting using the Canal both ways. more on a single fuel charge are and to vibration — are being the shipbuilder has added the power/weight ratio, as well as this. It is perhaps along these lines Though the technical know- advantages which will one day steadily overcome by improved those of prefabrication — a tech- in fuel economy. For a slow speed how for building very large ships fully compensate for the much metals and advances in design. nique in which the Japanese seem diesel (up to 150 revolutions per existed long before the need for higher capital costs and the operat- And the advantages of faster and to be as far advanced as any. minute) of 8,000 s.h.p., a repre- monster tankers was recognised, ing difficulties of the nuclear lighter construction and of Prefabrication enables large sec- sentative weight to-day is 130 lb. the latter pose special problems of power plant. When the nuclear- sm

14 THi NAVY July, IW. || COME IN, THE WATER'S FINE!

Two scenes on Sydney Harbour last month: A group of trainee frogmen from H.M.A.S. "Rush- cutter" leap into the chilly water to carry out an exercise; and (right) a watersider floats logs into position after they were unloaded from the freighter "Eastern", which brought 924 of them from Borneo. weapons; it perpetuates the short- I think that is a role which the Indeed, the battleship facet ex- sighted tendency to think only in Navy could perform." tinction. The Government intends terms of air and land forces in re- The Navy in the Push-Button Era Whatever the future holds in that a considerable number of lation to nuclear weapons. If the store, powers which control the ships now in reserve shall be dis- By DONALD BAMY Navy is to be recast then it has sea will control more than two- posed of or scrapped. This is a an important part to play as a de- thirds of the earth's surface. New death sentence for the four "King weapons, the White Paper bluntly ponsibilities. The Navy must, how- terrent. Nuclear weapons can be TPHE future shape of the Navy weapons cannot alter geography. George V" class battleships and admitted. This being so, the over- ever, be more mobile, and to attain delivered by naval aircraft or fired has never appeared to hang so It is certain the Navy will have casts a shadow over the Vanguard, riding consideration in all military additional mobility it is proposed with as much effect from the sea tenuously in the balance as during vital tasks to perform, but what which in II years since her com- planning must he to prevent war in future to base the main ele- as they can from land. In nuclear the past few months. of the present? How will the new pletion has never fired a gun in rather than to prepare for it. With ments of the Fleet on a small num- war, ship launching platforms The Egyptian episode, the with- policy immediately affect the anger. Her destiny will not, how- singleness of purpose, the White ber of aircraft carrier groups, each could be effectively positioned for drawal of salvage forces from Port Navy? ever, be decided by Britain alone, Paper added: "The only existing composed of one aircraft carrier surprise attack and by reason of Said, the resignation of Sir An- TN all considerations it is neces- as she has been allocated by name safeguard against major aggres- and a number of supporting ships. their mobility would be less vul- thony Eden, the formation of the sary to remember that changes to NATO, and other nations sion is the power to threaten re- This inevitably means that the nerable to retaliatory attack than new administration under Mr. would be consulted before she was taliation with nuclear weapons." time-honoured system of Fleets static airfields or land missile sta- will be gradual and that the pres- Macmillan, decisions to close estab- operating from fixed bases will be ent proposals are designed to cover relieved of her responsibilities in This clearly means that "the de- tions. „ lishments. the abandonment of the replaced by flexible roving forces a period of five years. Further, it this respect. terrent," as the power to wage Reserve Air organisation, the dras- able to replenish and maintain is clear from the tone of the war with nuclear weapons has be- 'T'HIS theory was expounded by tic reduction of the size of the themselves for lengthy periods White Paper that doubts about Sea power to-day, the Defence come known, is now first priority Mr. Humphrey Atkins, M.P. Royal Fleet Reserve, the an- without returning to port. the future of the aircraft carrier, White Paper emphasises, is cen- and conventional forces and weap- for Merton and Morden, in the nouncement of a cut of 6,500 in around which all naval planning tred round the aircraft carrier, and ons are of secondary consideration. debate on the Navy's Vote on Ac- naval manpower to be implement- The Government is, however, revolves, have finally been swept when such modern aircraft as the It will result in drastic reductions count in March. He said: ed during the financial year ending uncertain as to the role of the away. At last the aircraft carrier Vickers - Supermarine interceptor , in the conventional field but it "One big disadvantage for this April next; all in some way helped Navy in total war. "It may well is accepted unquestionably as the N113 and the De Havflland all- will, in the long run, increase hit- country is that, while we may have to cloud the future. Where was be," says the Defence Paper, "that premier naval unit. The Govern- weather fighter D.H.I10 (recently ting power and give more specific deterrents, we must also provide it leading? the initial nuclear bombardment ment admits that its role is be- named the Scimitar and the Sea aims. It will also sweep away pre- places from which to launch them. Overshadowing everything was and counter-bombardment by air- coming uncreasingly significant Vixen respectively) and the Black- judices which have confused de- This is a small island, and such the change in the defence policy craft or rockets would be so crip- and the general public has accept- burn N.A.J9 strike aircraft come fence issues since the war. sites might readily be located and resulting in the visit of the Minis- pling as to bring the war to an ed it as the modern capital ship. into service, the British carrier will ter of Defence to the United end within a few weeks or even chartered. We might find them de- It has finally driven die battleship ¥ TOW does the Navy fit into be a much more formidable States and the Prime Minister to days, in which case naval opera- molished by an enemy at the first into complete retirement * * this revolutionary conception? weapon than it is even to-day. Bermuda. It was clear that agree- tions would not play any signifi- onslaught, and then, at one stroke, able, but in the Defence Paper it ments reached between the Prime cant part. On the other hand, we should be deprived of our As I write, the Navy Estimates Minister and President Eisen- there is a possibility that the nu- power to retaliate. It seems to me. and White Paper, normally pub- hower on nuclear weapons would clear battle might not prove im- that the Navy provides a possible lished in February, are not avail- have far-reaching effects, but there mediately decisive; and in that , to this problem. I do not is possible to discern the future in was then a long delay before the event it would be of great import- say that it can be done imme- broad outline. Some may doubt the Government issued its annual ance to defend Atlantic commtini- diately but in the future the Navy wisdom of the new policy, but its White Paper on defence explain- cations against submarine attack. could provide mobile platforms DRIBARM acceptance crystallises the naval ing the new policy. It is, therefore, necessary for from which nuclear weapons of task. This will be twofold: first, to When the White Paper was NATO to maintain substantial one sort or another could be help to prevent war by making an issued it was found to be one of naval forces and maritime air launched. Such mobile platforms MHPjtSSa YEAST-VACUUM PACKED adequate contribution to meet hos- the most revolutionary documents units. Britain must make her con- could disappear from the ken of a tilities on a global scale—a contri- potential enemy. They might be of our time. It dwarfed all other tribution, though (for financial "Dribartn" m a special form of Compressed Yeast, bution which must be based on considerations and, in effect, ush- and economic reasons) it will have discovered eventually, but at least dried under scientific conditions and carefully com- ability to wage war successfully ered in the age of push-button to be on a somewhat reduced it would be possible to move them pounded with a suitable yeast food. Specially suitable with all available weapons; sec- weapons. Here was the answer to scale." about, and that is something which when not accessible to, or supplied by bakers. many questions. With stark real- ondly. to be ready, as it has always could not be done with land sites. been, to bring power rapidly to ism it cleared the decks for the The White Paper is a bold and Whether such mobile platforms Obtainable from. Merchants. Score. Grocers, nuclear-missile age and called for bear in peacetime emergencies or logical approach to the threatening should take the form of an air- or direct from the Proprietors: major readjustments in all three limited hostilities. challenge of the age. There is craft carrier, from which aircraft Services. AU other functions must be sub- much yet to be explained and carrying powerful weapons could MAURI RROTHERS ft THOMSON LIMITED There was no means of provid- ordinate to these two cardinal elaborated. There are omissions. take off and return, or whether ing adequate protection for the purposes and the Government One disturbing omission is that they should assume some other IT» Comprised Yoast Co., there is no mention of the ability civilian population against the con- visualises that a smaller Navy will form from which ballistic weapons BOX 31, P.O. WATERLOO, N.S.W. sequences of attack with nuclear be adequate to discharge these res- of the Navy to strike with nuclear could be fired, I do not know, but IHt NAVY M» iter. II It 1 TJ7HEN ballistic missiles replace Minister of National Defence said will fire missiles at air and surface ** bombing and torpedo-carry- at the acceptance ceremony of targets will undoubtedly be a FOOD FROM SCOTTS 1912 EXPEDITION ing aircraft, another type of ship H.M.C.S. Bonaventure in Janu* much larger ship, probably of may supersede the carrier, but it ary: "The Royal Navy was the about 20,000 tons displacement. is generally considered that there first in the world to take to the When she emerges she will have will be another generation of air air. The world's first aircraft car- much more than a protective role. craft carriers as we know them to- rier was a British ship. The first She will be a most powerful strik- day and that there may always be naval aviators were officers of the ing unit and may ultimately chal- a requirement for specialised types Royal Navy, and it was from a lenge the supremacy of the aircraft of naval aircraft. British flight deck that a jet pro- carrier when pilotless weapons are There is still one ship of the pelled aircraft was first flown. developed to the extent that they piesent generation to be completed "Three most important advances can replace piloted aircraft. —H.M.S. Hermes. She is being the angled deck, the steam cata- At present, however, the sub- built at the yard of Vickers-Arm- pult and the mirror landing aid— marine is probably second only to strongs Ltd.. Barrow-in-Furness, are all British developments, and the aircraft carrier in offensive but it is not known when she will they constitute continuing evi- power. Its importance is increasing join the similar types of carriers dence that the progressive spirit rapidly^and may continue to do in service, the Centaur. Albion of the United Kingdom remains so. It has been a deadly weapon in and Bulwark These ships, to- as ingeniously active and intelli- two world wars. With the de- gether with the larger Eagle and gently determined as ever." velopment of submarines using ArJ^ Royal, are the backbone of high test peroxide and nuclear our carrier forces. They are mod- TN carrier groups, as visualised in propulsion systems, the need to ern ships, all completed since the •••the Defence White Paper, our surface at regular intervals to re- war, and equipped, or ultimately aircraft carriers would operate charge batteries will cease, and at to be equipped, with many post- with powerfully armed support the same time much greater sub- war devices making them very units—a protective arm which will merged speeds will be possible be- much finer ships than their war- eventually include guided weapons cause the vessels will be able to time counterparts. ships. Four Fleet escorts will be use their main propulsion mach- inery when submerged without There is only one fleet carrier the first new construction ships to polluting the air in the submarines. of World War fame now afloat— be equipped with guided weapons, H.M.S. Victorious. She is at Port- but there is. as yet, no news of the Speeds attainable with the new mouth being modernised. The laying of their keels. These ships systems will enable submerged duration of this modernisation may be expected to be equipped submarines to keep up with all but may be some indication of the with the missile recently named the fastest surface ships. It is true amount of work necessary to bring "Sea-Slug," a ship-to-air weapon. that as means of offence increase such a ship up to modern stand- It will be much longer before the so do means of defence, but it ards. She has been in dockyard guided weapons ship which can seems likely that the attacking hands several years and her com- fire both ship-to-air and ship-to- power of submarines may be de- pletion date is still unknown. ship missiles is built. veloped more rapidly than coun- When she puts to sea again, how- The Fleet escorts will have con- tcrmcasures. ever, she will be the equal of the ventional guns as well as anti- Eagle and ArJ{ Royal and will be aircraft missile launching equip- ' I 'HF U.S. Navy has already an important addition to front-line ment and their design is being entered the era of nuclcar- carrier strength. based on the very successful propelled submarines, while recent Since the war. the steam cata- "Daring" class ships. They will be announcements indicate that pult. the angled deck, the deck- bigger than the "Darings" and Britain is now striding towards landing mirror sight, audio and the probably of the size of conven- the day when her first nuclear sub- automatic device by which aircraft tional light cruisers. The results marine will be laid down. In pre- • »f the nuclear submarine is ad- are rapidly centred for catapult- of trials being carried out by paration she has car-marked the stallation in a submarine." Good vanced. For more than a year, it the machinery will be proved, and ing have made British carriers HM.S Girdle Tvje.ts, the Navy's famous name Dreadnought for the progress has been made on a unit a series of tests and trials carried ocms. Vickers Nuclear Engineer- much more efficient ships than guided weapons trials ship—which first British nuclear-propelled sub- based on a pressurised water re- out. It will also be used for train- ing Ltd.. a new company formed they were a decade ago. Britain has now fired many test missiles— marine and has appointed a Rear actor. similar to that used in the ing personnel." will provide valuable information Admiral Nuclear Propulsion. •it February 1956, has been en- has contributed more than any U.S.S. \d»tilus. Vickers Nuclcar Engineering for the designers of these ships. gaged on "an Admiralty project nation to the development of the An announcement by Vickers "The prototype machinery (says Ltd has permanent representatives aircraft carrier. As |hc Canadian The guided weapons ship which indicates how far the development to design and develop a set of Vickers) will he installed in a at the Atomic Energy Research nuclear machinery suitable for in- land-based hull structure. Thcrc Establishment. Harwell, where a » THt NAVY July. 1*7. II team of naval officers, led hy a be some reductions as part of the on the other it is ordered to econo- Captain, is based. The Admiralty general trend. Most new construc- mise in men and material. These is also interested in the application tion since the war has been in the two apparently conflicting require- MARITIME NEWS OF THE of nuclear reactors to ships other frigate and minesweeper cate- ments must be reconciled. A major than submarines but this, accord- gories. programme of new construction ing to an official statement, "is by The past year has seen the fri- has long been advocated, but in no means round the corner," and gate programme gain momentum, the period of transition ahead- the immediate concern of the team with several vessels coming for- more revolutionary than the tran- at Harwell is the production of a ward This programme is of vital sition from the days of sail to the reactor for a submarine. importance. As the Vice-Chief of days of steam—it is unlikely that WORLD there will be any major building Meanwhile, the Admiralty is Naval Staff has said: "It is a From our Correspondents in pushing ahead with the alternative sombre thought, but we are faced programme in the historically ac- method by which the submarine to-day with the formidable threat cepted sense. LONDON and NEW YORK of over 475 Russian submarines— can be developed, the method com- There will be continued research By monly known as the H.T P. sys- greater than the peak threat at the and development. There will be AIR MAIL tem. H.T.P. systems are installed height of the German submarine progress towards nuclear propul- in the two experimental sub- campaign in the last war." sion and missile ships, there will Franc* lifts boycott after leaving Plymouth, England. marines Explorer and Excahbur, be experimental types; but it will a night instead of the one-day stay She is a replica of the original and the Explorer has achieved a npO offset this threat of Russian be many years before marine en- at present. Pilgrim ship which made the cross- speed of more than 25 knots sub- submarine warfare Great gineers solve all the technical prob- The new French Government Mr. Harry A. Johnson, Matson ing in 1620. merged. Britain and other nations within lems involved in producting ships last month lifted the ban on the Lines General Manager for the Sue: Canal and announced that A coastguard tug towed the T TNTIL the appearance of the NATO must have powerful anti- for the nuclear-missile Navy which South Pacific area, announced the French ships may use it again. Mayflower II from the entrance to guided weapons ship with submarine forces. This is acknowl- can confidently be treated as more new sailing schedule in Sydney The decision followed talks Plymouth harbour, followed by a ship-to-air and ship-to-ship missile edged by the Defence White than prototypes. recently. Paper, which also says it is im- between French and Egyptian procession of yachts and other launching equipment, the contro- The outlook is beset with im- This began with the sailing of possible for any country to protect banks in Switzerland when it was craft. versial gun cruiser will continue to ponderables, but it would be most Mariposa from San Francisco on itself in isolation under modern decided to allow Canal fees to be Church-bells pealed and crowds be an important element of the unwise of any government to for- June 29. conditions. The new frigates are a paid in transferable Sterling. thronged the harbour shore. fleet. But one of the most startling get that major wars have been won With three weeks between sail- most important contribution to col- The Mollet Government had The master of the Mayflower implications of the Defence White by powers who have controlled the ings. Mariposa and Monterey will lective defence, particularly as re- maintained France's boycott of the II, Australian Captain Alan Vil- Paper is that our cruiser strength sea, or to let the words of Admiral maintain the following 42-day ports indicate that their design is Canal although other user coun- liers, told reporters that the ship which, in recent years, has ap- Arleigh Burke, United States round-trip itinerary: San Francisco, of high order. tries, including Britain, had was "good, strong and sturdy." peared to be disturbingly slender, Chief of Naval Operations, pass Los Angeles, Papeete, Auckland, decided to allow their ships to use It had "many imperfections is to be reduced further. The The initial post-war minesweep- unheeded: Sydney; back to Auckland and policy has been to hold on to most the Canal. which designers had now got rid then Suva (Fiji), Pago Pago ing programme, now nearly com- "There can be no Free World of the World War II ships until The Mollet Government fell of." (Samoa), Honolulu. San Fran- plete, is similarly of high import- association unless its navies are the next generation of cruisers— early in June. After a 12 - day stay in cisco. ance, for history records that the kept up to date.. .. the guided missile cruisers — Plymouth, the Mayflower II goes Russians have used the mine skil- "The oceans provide new op- "The wishes of American and emerges. But the gap between the Three tankers ordered to New York for exhibition dur- fully and ingeniously in war. portunities for the solution of some Australian travellers to visit Tahiti two types of ship is a yawning by Israel 11M ing the summer. There is no doubt that they could of the most pressing problems of and to spend more time in Hawaii one, and to bridge it it was de- The Israel Navigation Co. Ltd. She then will he returned to use this weapon to saturate inshore our time. They are the key to and other South Pacific ports led cided to complete the three "Ti- has placed an order with shipyards Plymouth to become part of a per- and coastal waters, unless adequate many of our future security prob- to the changes in the route." a ger" class cruisers. Tiger, Defence in Germany for the construction manent memorial to the Pilgrims. measures are taken to meet the lems, at a price we can afford to company spokesman said. and Blake, with the most modern of three 19,5000-d.w.-ton tankers. The ship was built by public- threat. It is with such a possibility pay.. . gun armament. It now seems likely The first of these tankers will be subscription in the U.K. as a ges- in mind that a large fleet of coastal "For over four centuries the that these three ships may at some delivered in 1959. ture of friendship to the U.S. and inshore minesweepers has been leaders of England have brought closely scrutinised time have to fill the gap alone built at a cost of about £75 mil- Further negotiations cover independence, prosperity and se- iibam HIHI and will be the only ships in the tankers of J2,000-d.w.-tons. monon iiHtfj wui The operations of Japanese lion. This fleet includes some 250 curity to their country through fleet resembling cruisers as we The company at present owns call at Tahiti pearling vessels fishing on Austra- ships, only 60 ocean-going types their incomparable understanding know them to-day. four tankers with a total tonnage lian pearling grounds will be being of World War II origin. of the oceans. To-day, when the Matson liners Mariposa and of 52,000 tons. "closely supervised." the Austra- The fleet's defence against the ocean spaces clearly hold the key Monterey will make Tahiti a regu- lian Minister for Shipping and underwater menace is mainly in its TPHE foregoing are the highlights to the future, the Free World con- lar call on the run from the Transport. Senator Shane Palt- Muyfluwsr II roach** frigate and minesweeper forces. of the naval situation. tinues to look to England's deep, United States to Australia. ridgc. said in the Senate recently. part Io 54 days These are unlikely to be funda- We live in confusing times. On historical knowledge of the sea for Under a new schedule, which Inspections would he carried out mentally affected by the new de- the one hand, the Navy is asked inspiration and guidance." The Mayflower II reached will begin early in July. Austra- by vessel and by aircraft to ensure Plymouth, Massachusetts lians sailing to San Francisco will fence policy, although there may to equip itself for nuclear war; —From tKo London "Novy." that pearling was confined to areas (U.S.A.), on June 13. 54 days stay in Honolulu for two days and approved by Australia. 22 THE NAVY My, inr. If the Russians want a Great TOTE are spending about a bil- War—a World War—they will " lion dollars a year in Eastern start it, they will find a pretext. Asia, and for that billion dollars a AUSTRALIA AND AMERICA COPPERSMITHS, If they don't want it. they won't year wc arc getting approximately be able to be persuaded by any- 1.700,000 Asian soldiers who are PLUMBERS, thing that we do into starting it. in the line to resist Communism, During his recent visit to Australia as official U.S. armed forces repre- TINSMITHS sentative for the Coral Sea celebrations, Admiral Felix B. Stump, U.S. They won't commit suicide. from Korea to Thailand. Commander-in-Chief, Pacific, gave a talk in the A.B.C.'s "Guest of Honour end You know, in the United States So that expenditure of money is session. The following are extracts of Admiral Stump's talk, in which he after Pearl Harbour, no American emphasises the value of Australian-American co-operation and warns that actually getting something a good GENERAL government would have prevented deal cheaper than we could get it the Free World must not "be afraid to risk war to avoid war." IRONWORKERS the United States from going to if wc didn't do that. And if we war. But it isn't that way in a hadn't had foreign aid to South- totalitarian power. East Asia, in Korea, those TT'S natural for Americans and than we have Even in any time 111 "Must stay stronger countries could not have resisted •^Australians to Iv friends. It has our history. We've often had to than Communists You will remember that, back Communism up to this time, and been that way ever since the First fight for liberty. We started our TPHAT'S true in England, Aus- in the thirties, there was quite a the whole area would have been World War. when it was about light for liberty eight hundred tralia. Canada and all the full-sized war but local war, FOX ft LAWS0N fought between Japan and Russia. Communist. the first time that Americans and years ago. or about that, at the nations of the English-speaking No one ever saw anything about Australians came into intimate time of King John, when the Mag- world. In other words, what I'm Australia is doing a good deal SUSSEX LANE, it in the Tokyo papers, nobody contact with each other. na Carta was drawn up and trying to lead up to is that wc, alo: .g that line through her mem- ever saw anything about it in the signed. the average citizen of Australia, or bership in SEATO. She is a vital SYDNEY. Distances were much greater in Moscow papers. So a totalitarian average citizen of the United and important member of those days. Then it took a month We've had many civil wars in power can keep its people in abso- States, has a greater responsibility SEATO. (Opp. Huddaft Parkers' Wharf) to get from the west coast of thc Great Britain to light for liberty lute ignorance of what's going on. than the people of any other na- United States to the east coast of --the liberty of the individual. That's impossible in a democracy. Wc are associated too, as you tions in the world. T«L: Alter Hour* Australia. Now wc fly that in a Our Revolution was a fight for know, with Australia in our At present the armed forces of BX 3800 FJ 1258 matter of a day and a half. liberty. At the start of the Revolu- ANZUS Treaty. In our ANZUS The Russian or the Chinese the Free World have a greater tion, the American people regard- Treaty between Australia. New We have radio and television Communist has nothing to say responsibility to their people than ed themselves as British — they Zealand and the United States, we that bring communication close be- about their government. They they have ever had before. We fought for the same rights that have many mutual items of in- tween Australia and the United don't have to know what's going hear a lot about "stream-lining of their fellow Englishmen had in terest that do not apply to other States. on, and they don't know what's forces." I don't know just what Great Britain. areas of the world. You know, we comc from the going on. "stream-lining" means. Some PORT LINE same stock, we have the same laws, At this time we are confronted But our people in Australia and people seem to think that you In all, wc in the United States LIMITEB we have the same system of juris- with a world Communism that the United States, and the other don't need as much, you don't and those of you here in Austra- Regular sailings for: prudence. and wc arc descended has the same objective that Lenin countries of the Free World, have need as many soldiers, sailors and lia have the same problems, we from the same kind of hardy pio- had when he assembled a little to know more about, and take airmen. have the same ideals, wc have the UNITED KINGDOM neers, who left the nations of band of some eighteen people in same ideas, and regardless of and CONTINENT, more interest in world atfairs and Well, that's true to a degree. Europe to come into a wild Moscow in 1904. They are deter- whether wc want to or not, we TAKING WOOL. in their cm government, than As we get powerful weapons and country and make a new nation. mined to spread Communism over are allies, and will be allies in REFRIGERATED ever before. ones that don't require mass for- every nation in the world. They any future war. and I've always enjoyed the confi- To-day we arc stronger than the mations of troops, or mass forma- arct very serious and able enemies. GENERAL CARGO dence of association with the Communists. It is absolutely neces- tions of aircraft or ships, we'll not Fortunately, wc like cach other, ALSO LIMITED need as many men; but we'll need armed forces of Australia. They At present wc are ahead of sary that we remain so. We must we get on well together, and one NUMBER SALOON have always been skilled in their them. We have to keep that way. not be afraid to risk war in order -norc skilled men. and wc will thing about this Australian-Amcri- PASSENGERS. professions — dependable, brave to avoid war. because, if we were iced even greater expenditure of can association that I want to mcn- and reliable I've served with the I remember a conversation I had afraid to risk war. all the Com- unds for national events, because 'inn is that they have as their For further particulars apply: Air Force, with the Army and with Dr Rhcc, the President of munists would have to do would hesc new weapons of war cost a objective the closer friendship and PORT LINE LTD., with the Navy. I know many of Korea. He said that he visited our be to start little local affairs, and tremendous amount of money. co-operation between, not Aus- 1-7 BENT ST.. SYDNEY Secretary of State, Mr. Cordell if we did nothing about it for fear tralia alone, but between the (Inc. in England) your leading officers, both from I don't like to pay taxes and I Hull in the early 1930's. and Mr. of risking a general war. then they nations of the British Common- associating with them in the last know no one in Australia likes to Hull said: "Dr. Rhcc. you know would win piecc-meal. wealth and the United States, and Or Agents: war. and through my associations pay taxes to the great extent that the United States Government can that is a wonderful objective. GIBBS BRIGHT ft CO., with them now in the various we have to pay them. I don't like, never get very far ahead of the If wc arc not afraid to risk war, 37 PITT ST., SYDNEY treaties that we are together in t-ir instance, to be taxed for American people, and on the other wc can stop them from now on, Through our friendship with enforcing. • 'reign aid. but at present in the hand, the United States Govern- and wc should stop them any- Australia, we've become closer to The Free World needs Aus- 1 'nited States it's absolutely vital BMSBANB. MELBOURNE. ment can never lag very far be- where in the world that they start the other nations of the British AD6LA1DB, PERTH. that wc art taxed for foreign aid. tralia. Communist aggression. Commonwealth. e-4 NEWCASTLE We are in greater danger to-day hind the American people." July, IH7. THi NAVY M the pioneer of an aircraft with the particular requirements of the only thing. There is also a belief blown flaps in the higher perform- war at sea. The United States have that, when you reduce the num- FUTURE OF THE AIR ARM ance fighter class, will be watched converted a warship into a missile bers of air crew, you also reduce attentively when it comes into ser- By OLIVER STEWART. M.C.. A.F.C.— la London carrier and it may be that some the total cost. Undoubtedly the vice. of the characteristics which are negotiations between Britain and RHAT possibilities and great priate means of countering sub- vcrn with the Armstrong Siddeley Meanwhile the Sea Vixen, needed in an aircraft carricr would the United States about the sup- risks attend a moment like marines. Python engine. Some indication which is the name given to the dc he out of place in a missile carrier. plies of guided weapons, were be- the present when the whole of At the moment the Fleet Air has been given of the successor Havilland 110, has been continu- Similarly the missiles themselves gun, on our side at least, under Britain's defence system is under Arm uses the Faircy Gannet as its that is being planned for the Wy- ng to earn good opinions. In its must be conditioned and designed the profound misconception that it review. It should he noted at the anti-submarine aircraft. It is in this vern. This is the NA 39, an air- latest form, with the pointed and for the particular manner in which would be cheaper if the defences outset that the reason for this re- machine that training takes place craft which is being prepared by iiingcd nose piece, the dc Havil- they would be carried and of Great Britain were to be hand- view is neither strategical nor tac- at Eglinton. not far from London- the Blackburn company. It is still :and is probably the most highly launched. ed over to un manned vehicles. tical. hut economic. It was brought derry It ts the most interesting in the category of aircraft about lcvclopcd deck operating all- The carrier, however, shows no There could be no greater mis- about by circumstances which have of all the fixed wing aircraft yet which information is sharply re- weather fighter yet ordered by the signs of rapid obsolescence. In fact conception. It has already been nothing to do with the work of developed for its special purpose. stricted: but there have been a Royal Navy. The control system there have been statements re- said that there is a potentially any of the three Services. It fol- Its Armstrong Siddeley Double few statements about it and from •done is worthy of weeks of study, cently arguing that its value has hostile fleet of between 400 and lows that every proposed move de- Mamba power unit and its inde- these it appears that it is a twin- for it embodies a host of original increased. Consequently the work 500 submarines. If the defences mands the closest scrutiny in order pendent but co-axial airscrews engined aircraft capable of high, ideas, all of them making for im- done to develop the methods of are measured, as they should be, to make sure that essential arms have their own specialised merit. supersonic speeds. proved conditions when the air- handling manned aircraft will con- by the threat, there would be no are not being starved of equipment But there have been many indica- craft is being operated from tinue to bear fruit. Commander means of ensuring an improvement or given the wrong equipment tions in recent years that thought Mitchell's steam catapult has en- in the defences by swinging to merely because it is thought that turns increasingly towards the heli- The other important twin- abled rapid progress to be made guided missiles than is at present money may he saved by that copter for anti-submarine duties. engined aircraft which has been End of tfc# manned fighter ? in the speed with which aircraft spent on manned aircraft. means. selected and is now in production The Defence White Paper has can be handled while the mirror Holicaptar dsvdopiMit is the Supermarine Nil3. now -aid that the manned fighter is landing aid is now accepted as Vigilance is needed in all mat- Missiles costly ters relating to the Fleet Air Arm If, therefore. Fleet Air Arm known as the "Scimitar." This has no longer of any value and that possessing a greater potential for for these reasons. It has often in equipment is to be maintained in two Rolls-Royce Avon engines it will be scrapped. Not too much development in deck landing meth- The guided missile is enor- the past become the victim of the state of readiness that is re- and is armed with four 30 milli- notice need be taken of such state- ods than was originally supposed. mously expensive. To convey a changing policies and of political quired. there must be a consider- metre Aden cannon. It is capable ments, for it is obvious enough Where two steam catapults arc in given charge to a given position rivalries. It should not be allowed able upon the de- of carrying the atomic bomb. Tile that before the manned fighter can use. landing rates of three a min- with any ccrtainty. it costs much to do so again. Here the main ob- velopment of different kinds of Scimitar is packed with interesting he superseded the missile must ute are attainable. more than a manned vehicle. The jective will be to glance at some helicopter. At the present time the ideas, the most important being achieve greater trustworthiness Germans are said to have spent of the existing equipment and to Westland company provides the the "blown flaps." These should and greater effectiveness than it None can doubt that the Fleet over £100.000.000 on the develop- suggest the kind of development Royal Navy with many of its heli- be particularly helpful for deck does now. The Royal Navy will Air Arm — like the Royal Air ment of the V2 and complexity- that should be encouraged for the copters. Most of them are as well operation for they enable the ap- turn—is turning—to missiles just Force—is approaching the parting has been rapidly increasing since future. known among moving wing mach- proach to be made safely at a •is is the Royal Air Force. But the of the ways, when a much greater those days. The associated equip- lower forward speed and they are It is a generally agreed fact that ines as the Gannet is among fixed transfer must be spread over a responsibility will be placed upon ment is vast in its extent and fan- also said to diminish the risk of a the submarine, instead of fading wing machines. They include the period during which the effective- the guided weapon. During . the tastic in its complexity. Let no one wing dropping. from the military picture, has be- Dragonfly and the Whirlwind. ness of the missile must gradually next few months it is likely that —whether he be a politician or come more prominent in it. Russia, And now the Westland Wessex is The principle of blown flaps is he brought to the point where it we shall become better informed anything else—imagine that missile it is said, can deploy between 400 visualised as the Whirlwind's suc- now well known. Air is bled from equals and then excels that of the about exactly what is proposed defence systems will be cheaper or and 500 submarines at the present cessor. This will have the Napier the compressors of the jet engines manned aircraft. during the transfer. One thing is even as cheap as defences by the present methods. If missile de- time (some say the total is 600). Gazelle gas turbine power unit and is ducted and led out so that Those who know the facts about certain; it is that it would be in fences are to be more effective And they are supposed to he able and should represent a consider- it blows over the wing flaps. The the firing trials of missiles, both of the highest degree foolish to throw than manned defences, they wilt to launch various forms of guided able forward step in this kind of stream of air thus released main- tlie winged variety and of the bal- away the benefits of the work that certainly he not a little more ex- missile. Exactly what war doctrine aircraft. The measures that are tains the flow in a stable and listic variety, are aware that there has been done for and with man- pensive, but much more expensive. lies behind this large fleet of sub- being taken, however, to prepare smooth condition and delays thr is a long way to go before such ned aircraft and to go off in an marines is obscure. In most a large helicopter expressly for turbulence which goes with the devices can be regarded seriously irresponsible chase after guided At this stage the development countries outside Soviet Russia, anti-submarine work are at the stall. Blown flaps have been the a- capable of taking over all the missiles. moment confused, although much subject of a great deal of experi of the Fleet Air Arm reaches a the submarine has been held to he w irk of the manned vehicles. The There is a great popular attrac- has been said of some of the specu- mental work both in this country point of special interest and im- a vehicle of diminishing import- ^Vhitc Paper's statement must, tion about the thought of handing lative studies. and in the United States. The portance, but. as was said at the ance. Whatever the reason for the therefore, he related to a practical the defences over to un-manned Americans put into production a outset, all proposals for changing Russian view, it imposes upon On the strike fighter side there time scale. vehicles. It is the idea of the "press trainer with some such system well it and modifying it should be Britain the need to develop at the is the first turboprop aircraft to go In the work on missiles there button war" which atracs so many over a year ago. The Scimitar, as looked upon with critical vigilance. highest possible speed the appro- into service, the Westland Wy- iimist be continuous awareness of writers of fiction. That is not the

THi NAVY J»hr. WW. THt UNITtD STATiS VltW NAVIES "FAR FROM FINISHED" An Australian Sea Cadet in India Cadet Loading Saaman Jonathan Sinclair, of the Gaelong Grammar The development of a new weapon almost Invariably has been accompanied by a claim thai navias wara finished, the U.S. Chief of Naval School (Victoria) So* Cadet unit, was selected to represent the Australian Operations, Admiral Arleigh Burke, said In London recently. See Cadet Corps at the Republic Day celebrations in India last February. "But instead of spelling the doom of navies, powerful new weapons invariably add to our strength at sea," ba said. a packed 23-days i-isit he missile age. even more than in the officials. All airports except Dja- There arc a numlvr of scholar- A DM1RAL Burke was address- "The need to use the occans is met boys and girls of India's past, the side which commands the karta treated us well. ships in each state for this school. ** ing the English Speaking greater to-day than ever before. Rational Cadet Corps, stayed at seas w-ill not be defeated. We used trains a great deal Here the cadets do many subjects, Union. He said: The tonnage of material moved by Indian military academies, sain the "The greatness of Britain bears from Delhi. Dchra Dun. Agra. and their school work is of a very "In the 19th century it was the -ea continues to increase year after Himalayas. had afternoon tea and testimony to her long appreciation Jaipur and Poona to Bombay. high standard. rifled gun tlut was to do us in. year. Over 99J per cent, of the a chat U'lth the President, met of this fundamental principle. Most of the trains arc very old All the cadets wear uniforms Then it was the torpedo, the sub- total world volume of trade moves Russia's Marshal Zhu^ov and and not very comfortable, nor and have regular parades and marine. the airplane and the by sea. Less than one-half of one India's Prime Minister AJehrii, was "COME of the contributions you particularly clean, but the train drill. Each year the senior cadets atomic bomb. Now the nuclear- per cent, moves by air. entertained by Governors and ^ have made to the effectiveness from Poona to Bombay was very are put in charge of these parades. powered submarine is the weapon "Survival under attack depend* Cabinet Ministers, sau* the Taj comfortable and fast. The meal we These develop character, leader- that finally is to sink all ships at on the ability of the free world to of our mobile carrier striking Mahal, and, of course, attended forces steam catapults, the had on the train was the best meal ship and self-reliance. sea. come quickly to the support of the Republic Day parade. on a train we ever had. "Let us not underestimate the beleaguered nations by sea — with angled carrier deck, the mirror- In each division there is a cadet He has turned in a report on The stations were always very threat of the nuclear-powered, modern, hard-hitting Army, Navy, landing system, to name a few — captain, three section his trip which his senior officers noisy and rather dirty, except for missile-firing submarine. However, and Air Force teams. The Free- are of particular significance." and a number of N.C.O's for each hat e praised as being exceptionally New Delhi station, which is new. new weapons will also be put to World will continue to use the Speaking of the specific problem section. good. work to assist the Free World surface of the seas. The fact is of Free World security in the Among other things it covers MILITARY ACADCMIIS • The Military Academy, at navies in controlling and using the that there can be no Free World nuclear-missile age. Admiral Burkc notes on how he travelled, on mili- • Prince of Wales Military Col- Dehra Dun: seas. unless wc do. said: "Three things appear to be lege, at Drbra Dun (now the "There can be no Free World ncccssary: tary academies in India, people he This academy is for the Army met, and a description of the Re- name has been changed to cadets after they have passed out association unless its navies are "First, our main defences must public Day parade. Sanaak School): of either the Sanaik School or the kept up to date. Guns no longci be advanced «is far toward the , With him were three other Military Academy at Poona. -Intot down modern, high-flying enemy threat as possible. In the This school is a preparatory one Australian cadets, two Army and planes. Guided missiles arc event of nuclear attack it is doubt- to the Military Academy, where a The cadets enter the academy one Air Force. needed. Navies must be equipped ful whether defensive weapons boy passes out as a second lieu- when they are 16} dr 17J, and tenant. with the modern weapons and based in home territories can get The following are extracts from spend three and a half to four equipment needed to meet all into action soon enough or far his report: The boys enter at the age of 11 and a half years. After they have threats at sea. Modern weapons enough away to provide g. I.I«ITI> will have a greater influence on has a decisive advantage. was very well looked after and' year, of which 1500 is for the science. BMOlMHftO ANO CONTKACTOItfl the lives and affairs of nations in most comfortable. education, the remainder being M (trie* t Ihrti. Itfciti Part. I.M. "Next, offensive weapons must Every day they do P.T. and 4 Afenctes le ell Steles the years ahead than it has ever be deployed as close to the source The airports we visited were clothing, books, fares and all the drill, then to classes for the rest of had in the past. In the nuclear- aa pofe 12 modern and staffed by courteous incidentals. the day.

THE MAW My, INT. — . 1

held at the Australian Embassy at Each division has a senior under very modern. The buildings are estate near Delhi. had to say about our country. They showed tanks, artillery, Delhi, I met Lady Mountbatten, officer, then for each section there very elaborate, with many carvings The N.C.C. cadets belonging to Everywhere I went I found the Bren-gun carriers, range-finding who was interested in the fact that is a junior under officer. There is and a great deal of carved work the Delhi circle were all present people most interested in what I equipment and maintenance equip- on the visit of her husband to an adjutant and a sergeant major inside. They have all the sporting and the President had us stand had to say about Australia. As ment, and then came all the signals Australia, I was the flag bearer of to each division. facilities, also a lot of land which on cither side of him and the soon as one N.C.C. cadet and I equipment. is very hilly for practical exercises. N.C.C. cadets formed a semi-circle the guard of honour, and had been started to speak, before long I Also there arc sergeants, cor- All the equipment here was a found us. introduced to him at Essendon. would have an audience of twenty porals and lancc corporals. These They have a lake for the Naval rather old but beautifully kept. or thirty. ranks only comc in the last 18 students, but there arc no planes He was very cordial in his wel- I also met Vice Admiral Carlill. All the Military places we visited months of training at the academy for the Air Force come and assured us that the Chief of Naval Staff, who was They were most kind and most had their equipment beautifully students. N.C.C. cadcts would do every- very interested in the Sea Cadet interested and I did my best to kept. This is because of the cheap • The National Defence Aca- In each battalion the senior thing to make our stay happy, and Corps. tell them as much about Australia labour. lie hoped that through this meet- demy, at Poona: cadet is a senior under officer, and as I could, while avoiding awk- Then the Army marched, show- in the squadrons there is a junior ing we would get to know as TWO days later at a folk danc- ward questions such as why such This academy has not been quite ing some of its most famous regi- under officer. large a number of cadcts as pos- ing festival. Lady Mountbat- a small population for such a large completed yet, but has been in use ments, Ghurka, Rajputana Rifles, Each battalion has a sergeant sible and form friendships with ten noticed that I watching and country and so forth. In turn I for three years. and many others. major and an adjutant, and also them. very kindly introduced mc to Mar- learnt a great deal from them and There are three battalions here. there arc sergeants, corporals and After this he had informal shal Zhukov. I asked him about feel such visits of this kind must The Navy and Air Force came Able. Baker, Charlie. These names lancc corporals. These appoint- chats with us and we had after- contribute to friendship and un- next. The Air Force showed their will be changed soon. This is a Russian Cadets and their courses ments come in the last 12 months noon tea with him. derstanding between the two ground equipment which consisted combined services academy and and activities, and he said they of their training. When they go He was most interested in our countries. of radar, weather apparatus, artil- after they finish their course the worked along lines similar to ours. to Dehra Dun they lose these, but Cadet Corps and its activities. lery, emergency equipment and the cadets go to Dehra Dun or Cochin He has extremely penetrating in the last 18 months of their ground maintenance equipment. or an Air Force base, depending He inquired about our standard blue eyes and seems to read one's REPUBLIC DAY PARADE training there, they are given of living, the types of homes, what on what servicc they are in. mind. He was very reserved in his The purpose of our visit to In- In between each regiment there priority. our parents did and particularly The cadcts come here when they answers, but was very interested dia was the Republic Day parade. was a band. These bands had most about farming and the size of are 14 to 15, and leave when they and questioned me closely about We got up at 0415 and arrived at colourful costumes. There were PEOPLE I MET farms in this country. are 17J. They do a great deal of our corps, about agriculture, hous- our seats at 0700. These seats were two Scotch pipe bands, but no He was very interested in Sec- school work, but not specialized, While in India I met a great ing and industry. erected for the day, a tubular steel Scotch regiment. ondary Industry and wanted to until their last year, when they de- number of interesting people and In Jaipur I met the Governor type of seat. Many of the poorer know what proportion of the cide what coursj they will do. of these some impressions of the of Rajasthan at an afternoon tea people had been camping here for population was engaged in in- Every day they do P.T., then drill. more important are: party and later went to a polo two days to see this parade. The dustry, as compared with agricul- They all do guard drill. This is The President welcomed the match in which the Maharaja of parade was held at New Delhi, on Always ask for . . . ture. , also kept going at Dehra Dun. overseas cadets at an afternoon Jaipur was playing. a wide road near the Secretarial He asked about the Indian stu- This academy, being new, is tea on his roof garden at his I met him after the match. Both Buildings. It was a very cold dents here in Australia under the were very kindly men, asking morning and our seats were wet Colombo Plan and wanted to much the same questions about with dew. SHELLEY'S know how they were looked after Australia and likewise in talking At 0930 the parade suited. The GI4BEX IS GOOD FOR EVERYBODY! and housed. He wanted to know if hoped that I was having a good Prime Minister had arrived al- I knew what courses they mostly FAMOUS DRINKS Use it for Beef Tea, Soups, Stews, Gravies time and was being looked after undertook. ready by car. He received the by the N.C.C. President in State. The President Globez builds sturdy young frames; brings renewed We met Mr. Nehru, the Prime At Bombay we were invited to was accompanied by 50 lancers, Obtainable from leading strength to the sick and aged. To all it gives extra resistance Minister, at an N.C.C. parade at the office of the Minister of Edu- 15 ahead of his coach and 35 be- to chills and ills. Globex is the pure extract of Australia's Delhi. shops md m loons. primest beef. Use it for flavouring, for hot drinks; use cation, who asked a great many hind. The horses were all chestnut He, like the others, was most it for sandwiches; use it in many ways for the extra nourish' questions about the different types and the trapping of the horses and interested in our Cadet Corps and ment it gives you. Globex costs less, goes farther! of schools in Australia and who the coach were very beautiful. covered practically, the same went to them and what were the The President was received on ground as the President. rules concerning our certificates a covered-in dais. Just as he was OOMIAL FACTORY He was very cordial in welcom- and how pupils were selected to received a twenty-one gun salute ing us to India and hoped that we go to the various schools and how was commenced. At the finish of PTY. LTD. CLOBEX would have a pleasant visit. students were selected for the Uni- the salute, the lancers rode off PURE BIIP EXTRACT We thanked him for his in- versities. MURRAY STREET, with the coach. terest in inviting us to attend the The Governor of Bombay in- Now the parade got going. The MARRICKVILLB, AM Btocmrt and Chimin. I. i-ot. Ml Republic Day parade, and for the vited the overseas cadets to his oM tn fan o*d ««. opportunity to see so much of his Army, being the senior service in NS.W. house, where we had afternoon country and for the opportunity India, led. First came their ar- "A 0 I LI C I Oil $ tea. He hopes to visit Australia moured equipment. Each regiment "Phone: LA 3461. of meeting the N.C.C. cadets. " and was anxious to hear all we was led by the officer in charge. At the Australia Day luncheon, IHENAVV My. IM7. ufM I thought the naval hand was the President left in state. "They are building them in huge the best band. Then came all the officials of the numbers. They apparently see in Then a small squad of 10 ele- Government. Mr. Nehru, Marshal the submarine a means of launch- phants came past. These elephants Zhukov, who led the parade of ing guided missiles against the had red and gold trappings. A lot cars. The Republic Day celebra- United States. They see in the JOIN THE of gold tassels hung from the how- tions were over. submarine an opportunity to NAVY LEAGUE dah. The crowd was very silent and inflict terrible losses on Free The first elephant had tigers only occasionally cheered or World shipping, perhaps even painted on its face and trunk. clapped. The buildings opposite us exceeding the accomplishments of •T'HE Camel Corps came next, were crowded. Many people had Hitler's submarines, which des- about 60 in that squad. These step-ladders or boxes, just as long troyed millions of tons. The large like its ' U he. N,vy 4a9Ue in Australia, hke its older counterpart, the Navy League in naval tra • T '"T"9 to and instilling looked most impressive as they as they could see this wonderful number of submarines in the Britain is to insist by all means at its disposal 9 Wh intend walked along with their heads held parade. Soviet Fleet are a grave menace Nava " m L" ° »'»• I" upon the vital importance of Sea Power to the sea mi„l.J k " L ST'CeS 4nd 4lso ^o e aloof. They also had red and gold [Next month we will publish to-day to the sea communications British Commonwealth of Nations. The League sea-minded boys who do not intend to followS a trappings. more of Cadet L/S Sinclair's re- upon which our partnership sponsors the Australian Sea Cadet Corps by ea career, but who, given this knowledge, will port, in which he tells us about depends. form a valuable Reserve for the Naval Service The National Cadet Corps India's National Cadet Corps and The League consists of Fellows (Annual or Life) and Associates. marched next with the hoys Army, "In the event of nuclear war, Auxiliary Cadet Corps, of his visit Navy and Air Force. These three the power to survive the initial All British subjects who signify approval to the objects of the League are eligible. to one of India's big irrigation squads were made up of boys from assault, the power to recover, the and hydro-electric undertakings, MAY WE ASK YOU TO JOIN and our members so that the Navy League in Australia may b« all over India. power to organize, the power to and how he was farewelled with shift resources, and the power to widely known and exercise an important influence in the life of the Australian Nation? It was a great honour to he garlands of flowers around his carry on to victory depends on the chosen from their circle to march For particulars contact The Secretary, 83 Pitt Street, Sydney, N.S.W. neck.] ability of our navies to move on in the Republic Day celebrations. the seas, to control them and to or The Secretary, 443 Little Collins Street, Melbourne CI, Victoria, The girls came next and got a bring tremendous power to bear cheer from the crowds. NAVIES "FAR FROM FINISHED" or one of the Hon. Secretaries at: • 27 Hackett Terrace, Marryatville, S.A. Continued from paga 29 where it is needed, when it is After the N.C.C. came the • Box 144IT, G.P.O., Brisbane, Queensland • 62 Blencowe St.. West Leederville, W.A. needed. A.C.C. which is junior to the of threat as possible. This pro- • 726 Sandy Bay Rd.. Lower Sandy Bay, Hobart • 49 Froggall St., Turner, Canberra, A.C.T. N.C.C. Also there were Army. vides another significant time and "For over four centuries the Navy, Air Force and girl squads space advantage in event of attack. leaders of England have brought marching. It adds substantially to the weight independence, prosperity and secu- School children came marching of fire that can be delivered on a rity to their country through their past singing songs. They were all target for a given expenditure of incomparable understanding of the THE UNITED SHIP SERVICES wearing their school uniforms and resources. This means superior oceans. had banners saying which school it economy of force; more attack "To-day, when the ocean spaces PTY. LTD. was. The ages ranged from five to capability for the amount of clearly hold the key to the future, fifteen. money expended. the Free World continues to look From every State there was one "Third, additional dispersal and to England's deep, historical know- float. These floats were very highly manoeuvring space must be found. ledge of the sea for inspiration decorated, portraying some import- The one remaining area of the and guidance." ant historical or industrial event. world where space is relatively Also some of the floats showed the inexpensive and where unlimited change in Government. dispersal can be achieved without ADMIRAL'S DEATH Then along the road came folk- interfering with people, is the EWS has been received from dancers. Here people from every oceans of the world. N London of the death of the State were doing dances. These "To ensure that these vast chairman of the Navy League of dances were very historical and spaces remain available for the Great Britain, Admira' Sir Louis have been going on for hundreds Free World, we must be able to Hamilton, K.C.B., D.S.O. of years. Many of these folk control them, use them and deny He was First Naval Member dances. These dances were very them to iur enemies. This and Chief of the Australian Com- ALL CLASSES OF SHIP REPAIRS AND FITTINGS historical and have been going on requires a collective Free World monwealth Naval Board from 1945 to '48 UNDERTAKEN for hundreds of years. Many of effort. No single Free World these folk dances were religious The Navy League of Australia nation can accomplish this vast sent a telegram to the Navy ones. 8fi 102 NORMANBY RD.. STH. MELBOURNE. VIC. assignment alone." League in the U.K. expressing sin- When the folk dancing had /"\F Soviet submarine construc- cere sympathy, and arranged for a Telephones: MX 5231 (6 lines). finished the lancers came back and tion. Admiral Burke said: wreath.

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Ruiiia's Naval Threat . M.V. "DUNTROON"— 10.500 Britain And The H-bomb MELBOURNE ARTICLES: STEAMSHIP Russia', Submarines 6 CO. LTD. Seailug Heed Office: 11 The Seventh Continent 31 KING ST.. MELEOURNE 12 BRANCHES OR AGENCIES Search For Oil At Sea AT ALL PORTS 18 France's New Navy MANAGING AGENTS FOR 20 HOBSONS BAY DOCK AND Britain's Merchant Navy 28 ENGINEERING CO. PTY. LTD. Works: WiUiesnstown. Vktorie FEATURES: HODGB ENGINEERING CO. PTY. LTD. New, Of The World's Navies |4 Works: Sueeex St., Sydney, Reviews 21 and COCKBURN ENGINEERING Maritime News Of The World - PTY. LTD. Perionelitie, . Worki! HUM RXL, PMIMITU ; 24 SHIP REPAIRERS. ETC. For Sea Cadets

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ANCHOR BRAND ROPE CAPSTAN Iks^rs Hull, kittsr

August, 1957. THE NAVY LEAGUE OF AUSTRALIA ENGINE & TELEGRAPH EQUIPMENT SEN PATRON: The Oowaar -Om FOR NAVAL & MERCHANT VESSELS FEDERAL COUNCIL: 'EVERYTHING TO DO WITH IOATST Re*r Admiral H. A. Show*. QB E. (Retd.). Deputy (Wtknti Cdr. R. A. Nettleford. Beat Building D.S.C.. V.R.D., R.A.N.R. MANUFACTURERS OF ENGINE TELEGRAPH Secretary: Rear Admiral G. D. Moore. Service and Repalre OB.E. (Retd.). EQUIPMENT AND LUBRICATED TYPE New South Wales Division: CHAIN AND WIRE GUIDES Patron: Hia Excellency The Governor of New South Walea. Hiring Pr«a>dcnt: Rear-Admiral H. A. Showera. C.B.E. • REPAIRS CARRIED OUT PROMPTLY. Marin* Engineering Secretary: Rear Admiral G. D. Moore. C.B.E. (Retd.). Hon. Treaaurcr- K E. Trigg, Eaq. LARS HALVORSEN SONS PTY. LTD. Victorian Division: Patron: Hia Excellency The Governor of MARINE DIESEL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS BUILDING YARD: W.t.rvi.w Stt..», Ryd.. WY 3248 Victoria. BOAT SHED: Bobbin H.«d. JJ 2489 Praaident: Capuin J. P. Williama. O.B.E. RECONDITIONED AND RENEWED. Secretary: H. E. Toutcl. J08 High Street, Bridge Transmitter (T.l.gr.ms: 'HfllvOfiem" Sydn.y) Preaton, N.18. CALTtX PRODUCTS ALWAYS ON HAND QUICK SERVICE FOR SHIPPING COMPANIES. and Engine Room South Australian Division: Patron: Hia Excellency The Governor ol Receiver as shown LH.IOQPMa South Auitralia. Prwidanti Lieut.Comdr. Or C. Shini4eld. were fitted to Ship K A N R. (retd.) BEGG & GREIG Hon. Sec.: K. W. Ad cock, Eaq.. Ill Gren- Building Board D. 20 ERSKINE STREET, SYDNEY fell Street. Adelaide. Si E. Class Vessels. Tasmanian Division: 'Phones: BX 1208, BX 7087 Wilh. WILHELMSEN AGENCY Patron: Vice-Admiral Sir Guy Wyatt, K.B.E.. C.B . R.N. (retd.). Preaidem: C. H. Hand. Eaq.. M.H.A. PTY. LTD. Hon. fee.i Coeodr. G. E. W. W. Bay\y. O.B.B., V.R.D.. R.A.N.V.R. (retd). SYDNEY BC MELBOURNE 726 Sandy Bay Rd.. Lower Sandy Bay. Hobert.

Western Australian Division: Pectoo: Hia Excellency The Governor of Weatern AuetralJa. Representative for: Preaident: D. W. Brisbane, Eaq. Hon. Sec.-Hon. Tre*.: K. Olaon. Eaq.l 62 Blencowe St.. Weat Leederville. W.A.| WILHELMSEN LINES, OSLO Queensland Division: AUSTRAUA-WEST PACIFIC LINE, HELSINBORG Patrooi Hia Excellency The Governor of I Queensland. PrWrfent: Comdr. N. 8. Ptxley. M.B.E . AMERICAN PIONEER LINE, NEW YORK V.R.D., R.A.N.R. (retd.). Ryan Houae.! Eagle Street. Briabane. Hon. Sec.i Lieut.-Comdr. O. C. McDonald. SCANDINAVIAN AIRLINES SYSTEM, STOCKHOLM R.A.N.V.R. (retd.). Box 1441T, G.P.O . I Briabane.

Australian Capital Territory Division: Praaident: Hia Excellency. G. E. L.j Alderton. C.M.G. (High Commiaaioncr ! for New Zealand). Hon. Sec. - Hon. Treea.: Comdr. A. P.a For the Best Soft Drink. McLachlan, R.A.N. (Retd.). 49 Proggatt St.. Turner. Canberra. A.C.T. 'Phone: MAY WE WORK J 2311. Always say . . . WITH YOU ON YOUR

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THE NAVY lAuguit, 1957. of the grave Russian threat Britain's Navy is not adequate to fulfill these duties—and it will be many years before it is. Britain has not laid down a carrier or cruiser designed since the war. She has not yet begun to build ships to carry the weapons of tomorrow—the guided missiles which arc already mounted in several U.S. cruisers, , and submarines. A British programme of new ship construction is WESTIOUND EASTBOUND indispensable. It cannot be delayed without the gravest risk to herself, the Commonwealth, and the free world.

BRITAIN AND THE H-BOMB

If Britain gave up the H-bomb without full con- ventional disarmament, success in a conventional war could only be at the cost of a sccond liberation of Europe by the forces of the New World. Suc- cess, moreover, was open to doubt if such a course were adopted. This view has been expressed by Britain's Prime Minister, Mr. Harold Macmillan. He made the following points in stating the case for the retention of the H-bomb deterrent until a genuine measure of disarmament, both in regard to men and weapons, was secured throughout the world : ORIENT • The whole purpose of the defence plan of VOL. 20. AUGUST, 1957. No. 8. more heavily gunned than any British cruiser. She Britain and her allies can be stated in a single is building six more. phrase: to prevent war. "What would be the toll LINE More significant still Russia is now known to be of a third world war fought with conventional RUSSIA'S NAVAL THREAT adding to her Navy fleet oilers and submarine depot weapons?" ships which will give her warships support afloat. • The forces immediately under NATO com- At the 20th Communist Party Congress in It is reasonable to expect that in war Russian mand are greatly outnumbered by the Soviet forces February 1956, Marshal Zhukov said: "In a future submarines and cruisers, with their supply ships, in Eastern Germany. Therefore, to give up the war the struggle at sea will be of immeasurably will be strategically placed about the oceans of the bomb without comprehensive disarmament by air, ORIENT LINE'S two ways to greater importance than it was in the last war." world or in remote anchorages where they could land and sea would make conventional war more Europe — westbound around maintain themselves for six months or more and be likely and more prolonged. There is every indication that sea power is still tackled only by our own cruisers, anti-submarine Australia or via Pacific to Van- a powerful element of Russia's overall war strategy. vessels, and strike aircraft. • "We must not abandon the nuclear protection couver and San Francisco — To Britain and the Western Powers Russia's This constitutes a threat vastly greater than Ger- which has preserved peace for ten years and more double the scope to find the menacing naval build-up threatens the Atlantic many ever posed in the two world-wars, and one without making sure that we do not expose our- kind of cabin you want at 'life-line" which, if cut, would seriously impede not less than the threat of nuclear attack. elves to hopeless inferiority on the conventional the time you want it for a trip the flow of sea-borne supplies and would write basis." to Europe for Spring and Britain's Navy has become increasingly important finish to any hope Britain might have of recovering • Mr. Macmillan quoted former Labour Prime Summer, 1957. from an initial nuclear attack. in "limited" wars and disturbances—of which there have been many since the end of World War II Minister Attlee, who said: "It is no use telling the The teeth of Russia's Navy are her submarines and it is not unlikely there will be more. Russians that we would not be the first to use the and heavy modern cruisers. In addition, in a "total" war the Navy could H-bomb in a war . . ."; that would be an invitation In June last year Russia had 475 submarines For those who go via Pacific, Orient Line supplement the deterrent to a nuclear attack and to Russia to "knock Britain for six." and was believed to be adding 60 to 70 a year— the retaliation if the deterrent should fail. • "It is right and proper that all possible dangers arranges all details of their bookings which should now put the strength of her sub- to the future of health should be carefully assessed, marine fleet over 500. It could do this by providing floating aerodromes across Canada or the United States hut it is not right that they should be exaggerated The gravity of this vast submarine force can be in the form of carriers and mobile rocket bases in and on across the Atlantic to Europe. realised when it is remembered that Germany on the form of surface guided missile ships and per- the outbreak of World War II had a submarine haps submarines. • "It is perhaps not without interest that at the fleet of 57—and with it took a murderous toll of Bccausc of their mobility they would be less very time that Britain, alongside her American OBIINT ill A M NAVIGATION CO. allied shipping. vulnerable than static land bases whose positions ally, is emerging as a nuclear power, the Russian Incorporated ill England Russia also has 30 cruisers, of which 16 arc of would undoubtedly be well known. attitude towards disarmament appears to be less the powerful "Sverdlov" class—faster, larger, and The disquieting thing, however, is that in spite uncompromising than before." THE NAVY A.«««t, Iffy. 4 submarines were lost up to die 1920 with the rest of the White floated British LSS which had been outbreak of the Bolshevik revolu- army and navy in Bizerta. mined in 1919 off Kronstadt. tion in November 1917. RUSSIA'S SUBMARINES About 60 submarines building, Wrth the first five-year plan the The Revolution and the Civil By J. Melster including boats of 950-1,800 tons building of a new submarine fleet War almost destroyed the Russian and a fed submersible cruisers of started, and in 1930 the first boats Navy, including its submarine 2,000-3,000 tons, were never com- HE Soviets claim that the Drzcwiecki produced two more Russian constructors. of the "Dekabrist" class commis- branch. The only success the pleted. During the operations on Russians invented — in addi- designs of semi-submarines of 150 The boats launched so far were sioned in the Baltic and Black T Soviets claimed was the sinking of the Volga and in the Caspian Sea tion to many other things—the and 190 tons, called "Acqua- all of a small type, but in 1908 Seas, to be followed in 1933 and the British Vittoria off against the "Whites" and British submarine. Although this is not blindcs," but they were failures the Russians started to build five 1935 by boats of the "Leninetz" Seskaer in the Baltic on the 31st armed vessels, the Soviets formed type. Soon afterwards the first true, it must be admitted that they too. Poukalov's steel-hulled, elec- medium types of about 400 tons, August, 1919. a flotilla of five old submarines submarines of these types ap- were among the first nations to he trically driven submarine built be- ordered one new boat from Fiat- But the British scuttled 13 Rus- transferred from the Baltic which, peared in the Far East—mostly interested in this weapon. tween 1896 and 1901 was the first Ansaldo, launched in 1913 in the modern Russian submarine, and in Black Sea the minclaying sub- sian submarines at Sevastopol lacking trained crews, they used as built by the new shipyard at Kom- As early as the Crimean war 1901 a one-man boat designed by marine Krab, which was a com- prior to the evacuation of this surface-patrol craft. somolsk—and in the Arctic. With the Russians acquired a submarine Boikin was also successfully tried plete novelty, and commissioned town in March 1919, four others When all was over, the Soviets the second five-year plan Soviet constructed by Bauer, a German. out on the Neva River. just before the first were scuttled in the Baltic, and scrapped 22 older submarines and submarines came into service in In June 1854 this boat underwent large submarines of over 600 tons. some more never commissioned. possessed in 1923 only 10 boats in ever-increasing numbers. successful eight-hour trials off "-pHE 20-ton submarine Pjotr In 1914 the Czarist Navy had One submarine fell into Finnish the Baltic and five in the Black Kronstadt. with 11 men on board; The first type to be produced in Koch\a, constructed in 1902 12 submarines in the Baltic, five hands, and four were interned in Sea. They later added the re- but the Sea Devil came too late very large numbers was the 200- by Kolbasijev and Kouteinikov, others were shipped in from the to change the course of the war. was the first Russian submarine Pacific, and 23 more were built At the same time the Russian to become involved in warlike during the war. There were four Spiridov projected a small sub- operations. She was shipped to submarines in the Black Sea. two marine for the defence of Sevasto- Port Arthur, but proved unable to more arrived by rail from the pol, but nothing materialised be- attack the Japanese ships off the Pacific, and 19 others were built fore the fortress fell. In 1866. beleaguered naval base and had to during the war. only five sub- Alexandrovsky built a 300-ton be scuttled when the fortress marines remained in the Pacific submarine, which apparently did capitulated. and the Italian-built Sviatoi not prove a success. Drzcwiecki The 1904-05 War forced the Georgj went to the Arctic. The followed in 1877 with a small one- Russians had also three army- man submarine, which must have Russians to notable efforts in the field of submarine construction. built pocket submarines for the given more satisfaction, because in defence of Kronstadt; two of them 1879 the Russians did not hesitate They built a suicide submarine with a three-man crew, which were sent to the Arctic and the to build 52 submarines of an im- third to the Danube. proved four-man type. But these failed to find any suitable target: ugly looking craft did not fulfil they shipped the Keta. built in What success did these 74 Rus- the high expectations placed in 1905 by Janovitchi. from Europe sian submarines obtain during the them and they ended their careers to the Amur River; and they pur- First World War? As only 43 of ingloriously as buoys! chased American and German- these boats were modern, and most built submarines, which towards Alexandrovsky turned up in of them were not available before the end of the war operated off 1881 with yet another project for 1916, the results were rather Vladivostock. Their activity, how- a 460-ton boat, but it is doubtful meagre, especially when compared ever. was more dangerous to them- whether she was ever commis- to the harvest which 10 British selves than to the Japanese. sioned. submarines gathered in the Baltic! Again in 1886 Drzewiecki, who Even though Boubnov-Beklcmi- believed in small submarines, con- shev, Drzewiecki and Shurajev npHREE steamers were captured structed a two-man submersihL built or projected three more pro- and seven sunk by submarines which seemed to give a better per- totypes, including one submersible of the Baltic Fleet. In the Black formance. The first reliable sub- cruiser of 4,500 tons in 1910, Sea, some Turkish steamers and marine was to be the Swedish Russian construction now concen- coastal craft were destroyed and Xordenfeldt "III." built in 1887 trated on submarines of Krupp, captured, and the Krab laid mines in England, of 250 tons, purchased Lake and Holland types, and be- off the Bosphorus: on the whole tween 1904 and 1907, 16 such the results were better than in the later by Russia; but she stranded Th. 36.000-ton British Naval Aircraft-Carrier H.M.S. "Ark Roy el," with Seehawk jet aircraft lined up on her flight deck, celk in Denmark while en route to the craft were commissioned, while Baltic. There were no sinkings in at N.» York efter taking part In the International Navy Review. off Norfolk, Virginia. Ships of eighteen nations took pert la Baltic and became a total loss. during the same period only eight the Baltic. There were no sinkings Hia review, which formed part of the celebration of the Jeme stown Festival. ft wes the largest international naval review aver held In American waters, end c In 1888 and 1896 the untiring vessels were built to the plans of in the Arctic. The three pocket onshted of more then 100 worships. August, 1*S7. r again operated in the Baltic. They ton "M" class, which could also had already produced very poor tic, and another 15 or 20 in the According to persistent rumours, change radically. The many sub- sank about 25 ships among the Black Sea. be shipped by rail from one results. Only four merchant ships a few submarines may now also marines bottled up in these land- ill-protected German transports, theatre to another. The "Shja" and one armed Finnish yacht were They received 10 surrendered be in the Mediterranean, based locked seas could then be thrown and lost at least one submarine. type boats displaced 600 tons and sunk. So it was hardly surprising German submarines, they captured upon Albanian ports, and hoping into the battle for seaborne trade. were constructed in large numbers. that, during the five months of Among the ships sunk were three a few, half-scuttled, in East Ger- later to use Egyptian, Syrian and However, merchant ships prob- Shortly before the war the Rus- submarine warfare in the Baltic in carrying refugees and wounded, man ports and many more which Jugoslav harbours. ably do not form the main target sians commissioned the first units 1941, the Soviets lost 27 sub- causing the loss of over 15,000 were still building. They also re- Though submarines can, during for the Soviet submarines. From of "S" and "K" classes of 780 marines for one German steamer lives. ceived two former Italian sub- six months of the year, pass German experience in two world and 1,390 tons respectively, while sunk by torpedoes and two naval marines, and completed some of through the canal systems between wars, and from the results ob- three submarines of the "P" class auxiliaries by mines! HE submarine war in the Arc- the unfinished German vessels. the Baltic and Arctic and into tained by their own submarines, of 1,200 tons were complete fail- In the Black Sea and Arctic T tic cost the Germans about 30 At least 220 submarines were the Black Sea, the bulk of the sub- the Russians have concluded that ures. results were almost as poor al- cargo ships and some armed available when the Soviets started marine fleet, 270 boats, is locked even 500 submarines cannot sink though in the Black Sea the Axis trawlers. These submarine-chasers, building up a new post-war sub- up in the Baltic and Black Seas. sufficient merchant ships fast N 1939 there were about 72 convoys were at that time only often armed only with depth marine fleet in 1949-50. Soon they Only those in the Arctic and the enough to secure a decisive success escorted by the few and ill-trained chargcs and 20-mm. guns, were I were able to produce as many as Pacific could immediately operate within a few months. submarines in service in the Bal- Rumanian warships. sometimes outgunned by the faster tic and 22 others still building; 60 units a year and to-day the against the vital Allied lifelines The Russians, however, had and heavily-armed large Soviet While the merchant shipbuild- seven in the Arctic and three figure may be around 80. Besides in the Atlantic and Pacific. Of learnt something and prepared for submarines. ing capacity of the western hemi- building; perhaps as many as 42 the improved, small "M" type over 150 ocean-going submarines the campaign of 1942 very Most of the sinkings off North- sphere can increase, Russian boats ready in the Black Sea and they concentrated above all on the based upon Polar and Far Eastern thoroughly. Boats were degaussed, ern Norway were, however, the ability to build submarines could 13 building. The figures for the "W" design, of which last year as ports, not more than 50 can be thickly covered with paint, and work of British and Allied sub- not. Pacific showed 74 submarines com- many as 230 were said to be in operating at any given time the fuel-tanks enlarged. To reach marines. In the Black Sea the sub- To-day they are building sub- missioned and 12 building. While service. against shipping, because at least the open Baltic, the submarines marine war accounted for about marines as fast as they can, placing one submarine was sunk during one-third is always refitting, and had to break through a very dense the same amount of shipping and At least 350 new submarines orders for merchant ships mostly the Winter War between Finland probably more than one-third on German-Finnish minefield, pat- some auxiliaries and landing craft. have been built since 1949-50, and abroad. In wartime Soviet ship- and Russia and some others lost passage to and from the opera- rolled by submarine-chasers and Altogether about 100 cargo over 500 are actually under the building capacity (about one mil- through accidents, the strength of tional theatre. This reduces the aircraft. ships and 30 small craft totalling Soviet flag; while another 70 lion tons per year of which more the Soviet submarine fleet con- figure to about 20 submarines at a less than 300,000 tons were sunk older boats have been discarded or than half is inland shipping only) tinued to increase up to the out- Nevertheless, between June and time in the Atlantic, and 30 in during the war, or not even 10 sold to satellite powers, which may would prove quite insufficient to break of the German-Russian December 1942 about 25 sub- the Pacific. per cent, of what the Russians have as many as 50 units. replace losses of surface warships, War in 1941. marines tried the dangerous trip, claimed. submarines and merchant ships. On June 22, 1941, there were and many succeeded, some even These 550 Communist sub- But if the Soviet army could 94 submarines in the Baltic, and two or three times. No major German warship — marines, almost 10 times more take and keep open the Danish and During the last war the Ger- 34 others building. Shortly after- Altogether 23 German, Finnish battleship, cruiser, destroyer or than the Germans boasted in Turkish controlled Straits leading mans were able, at the best, to wards 19 submarines were sent via and neutral merchant ships were submarine—was damaged or sunk 1939, and more than they ever into the North Sea and the Medi- produce some 20 submarines per the Stalin Canal to the Arctic; sunk by torpedo and gunfire, and by Soviet submarines. had in service during the Second terranean, the picture might month, but it took 60 per cent and as 16 others were not ready four more small ships may have The Soviets lost at least 40 sub- World War, doubtless present a for service and 13 more were used been lost through Russian-laid marines in the Baltic, 20 others in certain menace. Nevertheless, it for training, only 46 could actu- mines. But 10 submarines were the Black Sea and another 20 in must not be overlooked that about ally be made available. destroyed, mostly by mines, and the Arctic, or almost one for every 150 are older boats, useful only POOLE & STEEL LTD. In the Arctic there were per- three by Finnish submarines. cargo vessel sunk. for coastal defence and training, Except for some submarines and another 50 modern small sub- haps 20 boats, and in the Black In the Baltic, in fact, the Soviets 43 STEPHEN ST., BALMAIN, Sea almost 50, while the Pacific had obtained some small success, built during the war in the Far marines cannot operate very far fleet had reached over 80. but in the Arctic and in the Black East and four received from the Irom the Russian shores. The re- NAW. maining 350 form the bulk of Altogether the Russians had be- Sea they continued to achieve very Royal Navy, Soviet submarine Soviet seapower. Telephone: WB2511 tween 250 and 260 submarines, of unsatisfactory results. building had almost stopped. Only which only 15 were of old con- To prevent submarines in the nine of the 34 on the stocks at struction built under the Czarist Gulf of Finland from reaching Leningrad at the outbreak of the 'T'HE distribution of Soviet sub- f***>***' p"r •' • - ir,J|„, navy. the open Baltic again the Germans war were completed by 1945. •*• marines may be as follows: Compared to these figures, the installed an anti-submarine net. Taking into account all the old Uric Aictic BUc* SM Plans, Specifications and Estimates prepared German submarine fleet with its This stopped any break-out in boats to be scrapped, the Rus- Soviec for Mining Dredges and Plant of all kind*. sians came out of the war with 57 boats when war broke out did 1943 anil cost the Russians two Russia 150 100 100 150 Electric Welding and Oxy-Acetylenc Work. about 150 operational submarines, not look so formidable, and there- more submarines. In the autumn Poland 10 — — — fore much was to be expected of 1944, after the Finnish armis- of which as many as 90 might Rumania- have been in the Far East, 25 in from the Soviet submarines. tice and the German retreat from Bulgaria — — 10 — the Baltic, perhaps 20 in the Arc- But the Finnish-Russian War Estonia, the Soviet submarines China — — jq "POOLSTEEL," BALMAIN, NiW.

THE NAVY ( Aut-«t, I9C7. • The Admiralty has d'nclored further details of working with the Soviet navy can- of Germany's and Occupied bases and from important ports THE SEAStJUG tho Royal Navy's ihip-to-air guided missile. not change such imponderables. Europe's output-capacity for elec- and shipping lanes. Much times The real danger lies therefore EASLUG is the medium-range trical gear to build these sub- might be lost in passage from and launcher, and enable the operator Since the commissioning of in Russia's ability to keep the Al- weapon which the Parliamen- marines. And yet Germany lost to the operational zones. S to determine when to fire the H.M.S. Girdle Ness, the Navy's lied fleets so busy with defending tary Secretary to the Admiralty, the submarine war. missile. He does this without ever guided weapon trials ship, in last The Soviet army, however, may themselves against Soviet submar- Mr. Christopher Soames, informed seeing the target. The Russians are therefore con- July, firings have been carried out conquer better placed ports, as did ines that, during the first few the House of Commons during the centrating their effort upon a Missiles are fired from a triple- at sea, of which the vast majority the Germans in 1940, when their weeks or months of an eventual debate on the Navy Estimates, is short submarine campaign, pos- ramp launcher which is automatic- have been successful, the Ad- submarines could use the Nor- war, the N.A.T.O. armies might designed to engage any enemy sibly sending all available sub- ally fed from a magazine below miralty adds. wegian and French bases. And as not receive all the supply and sea- bomber which evades the fighter marines to sea simultaneously to decks. the Soviets seem suddenly to be borne support they need to stop defences of the Fleet. All seaborne equipment, apart attack Allied warships and troop building modern supply and depot the vastly superior Soviet army. The weapon has been developed from the missile itself, has been transports. It will do so at any height at by the Ministry of Supply, and ships, the mobility of the Soviet Tactical atomic weapons are developed under the direction of Huge packs may try to prevent which modern aircraft are capable has been tested at the proving submarine fleet may much increase double-edged, and so are nuclear the Admiralty. This includes the enemy task-forces, including the of operating. grounds of Aberporth in Wales in the near future. Flotillas can be weapons. Even if all Russian home launcher, magazine handling gear, dreaded aircraft carriers, from The Admiralty says that the and Woomera in Australia. operated from hidden anchorages, bases were destroyed, the Soviet radar and associated weapon direc- penetrating Russian - controlled first ships in which Seaslug will which have first to be found and army, navy and air force, depend- At Aberporth some trial firings tion and control equipment. waters or from approaching the be fitted are the four guided destroyed by Allied forces, and in ing on hidden supply depots and were made from the Clausen Russian coast to devastate Soviet weapon destroyers which have Naval interest in guided weap- the meantime — the notorious operating from still unknown rolling platform, which is a mock- shipping and industrial targets. already been ordered. These ships ons started during World War H "broken back" period—the war bases, may for a few weeks keep up of part of a ship floating in a The many long-range submar- are to be based on the design of and the Royal Navy were leading might be lost elsewhere. their numerical superiority—just concrete basin and capable of ines may even set traps for Allied the present "Daring" class ships simulating all the conditions of protagonists of the guided weapon The second weakness lies in the long enough to overrun Europe naval forces near N.A.T.O. naval but will be larger than the "Dar- roll and pitch likely to be en- during the period 1943-1949. equally remote bases of the naval and to secure West European in- bases, create diversions at almost ings." countered at sea. air force. The modern submarine, dustrial centres which might not During the war an Admiralty every point of the globe, and Seaslug has a system of propul- travelling mostly underwater, has he atom-bombed at once. committee was set up to investi- launch a few guided missiles sion which consists of a sustainer much difficulty in finding her small The best means of thwarting gate means of providing the British against the many coastal town.' motor and four boosts. These targets in the vast oceans. such Soviet plans consists not only Pacific Fleet with a short-range which are still out of range of the latter are jettisoned after propel- NSW MEMBERS in guided missiles, but also in guided weapon to deal with the Soviet army and air force. ling the missile to super-sonic The N.S.W. Division of •T'HE main difficulties, which stronger, immediately available Japanese kamikaze suicide attacks, Besides the relatively low effi- speed. the Navy League of Austra- can probably not be overcome, land forces in Europe, and in but Japan was defeated before ciency co-efficient of their submar- Seaslug is operated and fired lia welcomes the following lie in complete lack of experience stronger, fully-commissioned naval the pioject was sufficiently ad- ines, three handicaps have so far from positions within a ship with- new fellows and associates: of oceanic submarine warfare, and forces. vanced. clouded Russian prospects. Their out any personnel being required in the Slav character. The few jumping-off bases are a very long Both the United States and to be on duty in exposed places. After the war the Ministry of former German submarine officers Britain do have the warships, but Mrs. I. R. Kelty. way from the main N.A.T.O. Although a large number of Supply became responsible for too many are in reserve. C. H. Locl^e. Esq. officers and men are engaged in guided weapon development. Comdr. R. P. Middleton. It would be of no use to Europe the maintenance of the missile an Australian Margarine Miss M. Pope. The naval requirement for guid- for a third world war to be won equipment and in preparations for F. B. Spencer. Esq. ed weapons was restated and blended to suit by the United States after a devas- firing, the number engaged in the G. G. Ashton, Esq. eventually the first Service con- tating atomic attack. The war actual operation of firing is far Australian W. J. AHner, Esq tract was awarded by the Ministry must be either avoided by our smaller than the crew of a con- Rear-Admiral C. J. Pope. of Supply to the Hawker Siddeley conditions strength, or at least won before ventional gun turrcnt in a major the Rhine is crossed. W. V. Rowe. Esq. Group, which in turn chose Sir warship. W. G. Armstrong, Whitworth The Russians cannot win a L P. Plasto, Esq. Aircraft Ltd.. as the co-ordinating world war, but the difficulty lies Radar Dotoctioa Associates contractor. Other firms intimately in persuading them of this. • ISA Targets are detected at long associated with the development The more warships the Mrs. L. A. Locke. range by radar, and subsequently of this weapon system are: the I S N.A.T.O. powers have ready, the C Plasto, Esq. plotted for range, height and bear- General Electric Co., Sperry Gyro a i c e i longer will it take and the more Lady Waldcr. ing. From this information a par- Co. Ltd., John Thompson Con- difficult will it be for the Soviet The Division notifies, with ticular aircraft may be selected as veyor Co., Sir Geo. Godfrey and submarines to obtain appreciable regret, the following resigna- the target for the missile. The de-, Partners. V i c k e r s Armstrongs results. tions : tails of the target's range, course Ltd.. Metropolitan Vickers Ltd., In the meantime their chances C. R. V. Jones, Esq. and speed are obtained by the mis- McMichacl Radio Ltd., E.M.I. of winning a "quick" war else G. R. Rickards. Esq. sile guidance and control system Engineering Development Ltd., TABLE where will become slimmer. H. C. Malcolm, Esq. and used to position the weapon and Imperial Chemical Industries. MARGARINE —From tho London "Nevy." NTSA Augutt, I4S7. THE NAVY M THE SEVENTH CONTINENT NAVY HELICOPTER GIVES ENGINEERS A HELPING HAND

French explorer Robert Pommier writes of his impressions of life in the Antarctic and explains why in the International Geophysical Year, just begun, so much interest is being taken in the South Polar region. (Repub- lished from "World Veteran."!

By Robert Pommier

TT was almost midnight by our off, like a wall, could be seen the piled on top of each other, and •••watches. It was very cold, and white cliffs of the Antarctic con- forty sled-dogs strolled freely wc had donned our polar outfits tinent, and, even farther south, the about the camp. Big radio anten- to cross the gangplank. The Com- high plateau, where wind-driven nae that stood out against the sky mdndant Charcot, white with snow-clouds were leaving silvery were our only means of communi- frost and looking as if it were wakes as they sped by. cating with other countries. The made of sugar, moved smoothly There was a "plop" in the boat had gone. The sky had frozen forwaid. rocking in the broad water, to starboard. The penguins into a single sheet of ice as far •well. The water was a sea of in evening jackets sprang verti- as the horizon. Wc were com- violet ink, and the huge iceberg cally up from the water, landed pletely isolated. at our side was throwing off steely on their feet on a piece of floating Whenever I return from an ex- pink glints. The sky was greenish- ice and shook themselves, flapping pedition, I am always asked the blue, and the sun, which never their wings as they did so. A same question: "Weren't you 6ets in January, was rolling its snow-petrel, wonderfully white, terribly bored in the Antarctic?" golden disk over the horizon. Far flew noiselessly above the mast on Now the fact is that I was its way to land. never bored for the simple reason Such was my first vision of the that throughout the thirteen Antarctic. We had left Australia, months of my stay I was always the last outpost of inhabited land, busy, from seven in the morning Always ask for . . . about a fortnight earlier, and be- until midnight! fore us stretched a continent of 14 There were eleven of us: a sur- million square kilometres, com- geon, a civil engineer, a captain in pletely uninhabited, where we the navy, a carpenter, a cook, two SHELLEY'S were to spend a year. radio men, a meteorologist, a A few months later our hut- mechanic, a specialist in long- FAMOUS DRINKS ment was completed at Adelie distance sled-trips (myself) and Land on a rocky promontory the head of our expedition, Andre that we named Port Martin in Frank Liotard. Obtainable from leading honour of one of our shipmates A ONE-HOUR job in a normal who had died on board during the •bop* and saloon*. ** country takes three hours in voyage. the Antarctic. For example, one In so pure and beautiful a land- day I was at the top of a ladder SHELLEY ft SONS scape, men quickly make it their nailing a piece of plywood to the business to reduce everything to roof of the house. I was taking my CORDIAL FACTORY their own scale. Our house re- nails one by one from a tin can PTY. LTD. sembled a gypsy camp. It had been when a blast of wind whisked specially designed to resist the away the box. It dropped to the terrifying winds of Adelie Land MURRAY STREET, ground about ten yards off. Lay- which are the most violent in the MARRICKVIIAE, ing down my hammer, I descended world, at times attaining a speed the ladder and picked up the nails N.S.W. of 160 miles an hour. one by one. As I walked back, a Our rubbish was scattered all 'Phone: LA 5461. second blast carried off the ladder. about. Thousands of cases contain- I had to recover that, too. With ing food and equipment were Continu.d on p.g. 16 Atomic En.rgy Commiuion'. Luc, H.ighti Nucl.., R..ctor, 12 THE NAVY Augutt, 1957. II and is a descendant of the midget ology, which distributes them PRINCESS ROYAL submarines X5 and X6 which tor- throughout the world. TO VISIT NIGERIA NEWS OF THE WORLD'S NAVIES pedoed and seriously damaged the The R.A.N. did much of the German battleship Tirpitz in Al- preliminary work for the ocean •T*HE Princess Royal will visit ten Fiord, Norway, in September gravity survey of the Pacific in A Nigeria in November. 1944. March 1956. Hying radar control A sister, the Btoile Polaire, has CGN-160 is to be named the The main purposes of the visit Although the principles remain The survey was carried out by ctili c for R.N. been launched. Long Island. will be to open two of Nigeria's They are 365-ton craft gene- Contracts have been placed for the same that the vessel should be Mr. H. M. Traphagen, of the major institutions of higher edu- Partly removed from the secret rally similar to our Albrighton the conversion of the light cruisers helped to the vicinity of the ob- Lamont Geological Observatory, cation, the Teaching Hospital at list is an aircraft which will act class of wood and aluminium con- Springfield and Oklahoma City to jective, there has been a change of New York, and Mr. Gunson, Ibadan and the Headquarters as a flying radar control centre for struction to Thornycroft design. guided weapon cruisers. in offensive tactics. of the Australian Bureau of Min- branch at Zaria of the Nigerian the Royal Navy. It is the Fairey French destroyers Surcouf, They are both of the Cleveland Sprat, 54 feet long with a beam eral Resources, in H.M.S. Tele- College of Arts, Science and Gannet A.E.W. Mark III, a most Chevalier - Paul and Dupen't- class of 10,500 tons, like die of just over six feet, and weight machus, one of three Royal Navy Technology, and also to be pres- important asset for carrier task Thouars of the "Surcouf' class, Tope\a, Providence. Galveston of 36 tons, has no superstructure submarines based on Sydney Har- ent at a service at Onitsha Cathe- forces. commissioned in 1955, have the and Little Roc\, and were armed beyond periscopes and does not bour. dral to mark the centenary of the By carrying radar search equip- new, unusually long, 5-in. A.A. with twelve 6-in. guns. fire torpedoes. Diocese of the Niger. ment to many thousands of feet, MM saads his guns. The chamber of this gun The earlier conversions, Boston The conning tower is replaced The Princess Royal, Dowager this aircraft will overcome line of css^Ntdstiflsi has been designed to use the 5-in. and Canberra, were 8-in. cruisers. by a hatch enabling a diver to Countess of Harewood, is a sister sight limitations of radar beams at ammunition of the "Gearing" emerge and place limpet charges. The Duke of Gloucester has of the late King George VI. near sea level. class American destroyers. Fourteen of these charges and up sent a message to the captain of Besides holding honorary posi- Like the human eye, a radar to three tons of other high ex- the Royal Australian Navy fast tions as Colonel-in-Chief of vari- beam can only "see" in a straight Three U.S. nuclear-powered plosive charges which can be re- anti-submarine frigate i^ueen- ous British Regiments in Britain line and will not bend over the submarines are building side by leased from within are carried ex- borough. Captain C. M. Hudson, and overseas, she is a Major- horizon. At 50 feet the eye-to- The Pakistan destroyers Tippu side at Groton, Connecticut They ternally. A.D.C., R.A.N., congratulating General of the Women's Royal horizon distance is only nine miles. Sultan (ex-Onsloto, ex-Pa^enham) arc the Skipjack, Skate and The normal practice is to dive the ship's company on having won Army Corps, and Air Chief At 25,000 feet it is 200 miles. and Tughril (ex-Onslaught, ex- Triton. under the target and to release the Duke's cup for 1956. Commandant of her own forma- The new Gannet will be able to Pathfmder) are to be refitted and Combining the Albacore hull the charges—timed—either on the The Duke presented the cup tion, the Princess Mary's R.A.F. give early warning of the converted in British yards under with nuclear propulsion the Skip- sea-bed or fixed to the target. when he was Governor-General. Nursing Service. approach of enemy aircraft, funds provided by the United jack is expected to be the fastest It is awarded each year to the whether at sea level or high alti- States under the Mutual Security Aasliullaa Navy's wovti and most easily manoeuvred sub- ship of the Australian Fleet which tude, and will establish course and Act la g sophy lied Year marine ever built. She is in an the Flag Officer Commanding the APPRENTICES speed long before they reach a The Royal Australian Navy is early frame stage. Fleet judges to be foremost in Fifty boys entered the R.A.N. target U.S. griM w—poo co-operating in the activities of the The Skate is at the launching general efficiency, cleanliness, sea- Apprenticeship Training Estab- As an airborne intelligence International Geophysical Year stage, and Triton will be the manship and technical training lishment at Quakers Hill centre the aircraft will also direct Contracts have been let for the further by directing its ships in the world's nuclear reactors of super during the preceding 12 months. (N.S.W.) on July 7. aircraft on to an interception construction of nine U.S. guided course of their normal duties to power, and is to be equipped as course and will locate surface ves- weapon destroyers. take special weather observations, a mammoth radar picket station sels and "snorting" submarines. Contracts also have been placed in addition to those usually taken, for ten guided weapon frigates. Her flaming is well advanced. Wood tastes better ... The first prototype is being con- when they are at sea or in remote Names have been assigned as structed at the Fairey Aviation They will be considerably big- anchorages. follows to other nuclear sub- Company's works at Hayes, ger than the destroyers, being 512 From June 20, the opening day marines—SSN-588. Scamp; SSN" Middlesex, and the Ministry of ft. long by 50 ft. beam with a of the International Geophysical 589, Scorpion; SS>v[-J90. Sculpin; Supply has placed production light displacement of 3,S>00 tons. Year, all ships of the R.A.N., SSS.S91. Shar\; SSH-S92. Snook orders on behalf of the Navy. They are expected to take three ither at anchorages on the Aus- years to build, completing in The aircraft will be powered by tralia station or in relatively un- December, 1959, and their design Mldqot submarine two Armstrong Siddeley double frequented waters began taking to BuShips specification has been visits London mamba turbo prop engines housed 'he most accurate meteorological developed by Gibbs (f Cox, the Thousands of overseas visitor.; in one installation. bservations possible four times a New York naval architects. in London have visited H.M. Sub- clay. Progress h French They will be very much along marine Sprat—one of the smallest They will continue this until the lines of British guided weapon warships ever to pay a courtesy the Geophysical Year ends on De- visit up the Thames. The French minesweeper D.33, frigates, but marked by pro- cember 31, 1958. built under the Off-Shore Pro- nounced sheer, both fore and aft, Sprat is one of the class of four The observations are being re- gramme, has been transferred to giving the impression of a low commissioned in the past three ported every month to Navy FOSTER'S LASER ABBOTS LASER freeboard amidships. years. Office, and from there sent to the the French Navy at Cherbourg MELBOURNE RI|TTSR VICTORIA BITTER and named Aries. The U.S. guided weapon cruiser Sprat is a five-man submarine Commonwealth Bureau of Meteor-

THE NAVY Aujutl, ltI7. 14 II selves thrown together and obliged radio-electric waves that are used THE SEVENTH CONTINENT to look at each other for a year on in telecommunications pass over QUEEN AT PARADE Continued from pegs 12 end. Living without water, or al- the poles. most—you have to melt ice for it The ionosphere is at present the can of nails under my arm, I swept by violent blizzards. We —in a rather advanced state of being explored by means of special would be invaded by veritable calmly climbed up to the roof only electronic sounding apparatus, and rivers of powdery snow from the unclcanliness (clothes spotted with to see that the hammer had also with Aerobce rockets that attain flown off. polar plateau. When the wind ex- motor-oil and seal grease), crowd- an altitude of about 150 miles and ceeded 90 miles an hour, we had ed together in tiny quarters, sleep- When that kind of thing hap- "Rockoons," a smaller model that pens, you have to go to the work- to walk on all fours, and our faces ing in rows of berths, the men are launched from balloons, and shop, drill a hole in the handle of would be covered in a few seconds could find any number of reasons can rise to a height of 60 miles. the hammer, and tie it to your with a positive mask of ice. As for quarreling. But I am proud to It should be mentioned in passing wrist with a cord. It is also ad- some of us had got lost during say that a perfect understanding that die forthcoming projection of visable to put the nails into your storms, we stretched ropes between always prevails in French teams, the famous American "satellite" breast pocket As for the ladder, the house and the various scienti- probably because we have applied will take place within the frame- if the weather is not too rough it fic shelters containing the man- two basic principles: firstly, not to work of the same activities. won't fly away, as long as you're graph, seismograph, anemometers take oneself too seriously, and sec- Polar scientists are also interest- standing on it. The South Pole, as and barometers. B o n j o n, our ondly, to have a strong sense of ed in cosmic rays, for cosmic bom- you can see, is a school of meteorologist, who had to trans- humour. bardment is particularly intense in patience. mit his observations four times a At present, about a dozen day to Sydney, -Australia, had to these regions, where the terrestrial Each of us had a scientific or nations arc represented in the go out in all weathers and was magnetic field, which is vertically technical programme to carry out Antarctic, where several hundred the most exposed of all. oriented, merely deflects the radia- in accordance with a precise plan. scientists and technicians are tions. And, of course, everyone had to At times, in the middle of the working within the framework of In the field of climatology, the lend a hand with the chores, for night I would hear a dog howling. the International Geophysical scientific missions hope to gather life is not easy when there are I knew each one's voice. "He's Year. Three million dollars have valuable information that will only twelve men to do everything. stuck," I would say to myself. been set aside for the making of make possible long-distance fort- My particular job was to do re- I had to dress myself very care- precious observations that will en- casts for air traffic, agriculture and search in atmospheric optics. I fully (if you forget a button, able us to master the "science of the tourist trade. As the weight of had, in tht house, a tiny labora- fifty pounds of snow my get into the earth." the Antarctic ice has been calcu- tory where there was just enough your clothes) and go out armed Efforts are being directed to the room for me to sit on a stool with an ice-axe. Antarctic bccause it is the only lated at a quadrillion tons, is is obvious that this enormous mass amidst electric wires, milliampere- A "stuck" dog is a husky that region that has not yet been really exerts an influence on the climate meters, photographic developing- has curled up in the snow, with explored, and because the pressure tanks and enlargers. I would spend his snout buried in the hair of currents and magnetic waves ema- of the entire earth. three hours a day grading sensi- his tail, and has remained out in nating from the poles exert, in all A LL these expeditions, which, tive plates. In the evening, when the storm for hours without mov- likelihood, a strong influence on ** at the present moment, are the sun was low, I had to set up ing. His and bodily heat atmosphere conditions throughout in their winter quarters for the my spectrograph outside and do have melted the ice beneath him. the world. purpose of continuing their in- time-exposures for more than an The programme of the various vestigations, are working in a When he tries to get up, he dis- Till Queen Mm riding the Police hone Imperial el the left luckinghem Palace for hour, chronometer in hand, at 40 covers he is unable to move an missions is a vast one and includes spirit of perfect co-operation, thus the traditional Trooping of Colour oeremony on Horse Guards Parade in Lendea. below. inch and begins to howl. studies of the ionosphere, meteor- proving that there is no question The perade marked Her Meiefty's official birthday. The Queen, who rode eleag the ology. glaciology, oceanography of a cold war at the South Pole. Mall to Horse Guards Parade, wore the now femlliar black tricorne het. blue riding I was also in charge of the forty I would hunt for the animal shirt end scarlet tunic, and in her het tfw blue plume of the Irish Guards, ' and determination of longitudes. iled-dogs, who formed a joyous, with my flashlight, moving along, For example, 17 Frenchmen who 1st Battalion Colour was trooped of this year's ceremony. though not always disciplined for the most part, on all fours. The chief efforts are directed to are at Geology Point in Adelie band. These animals — they were When I found him, I would cut the ionosphere, the region of the Land are in permanent touch by Greenland and Labrador huskies the ice with my axe so as to liber- upper atmosphere situated at an radio with Americans, English- population density by imagining above the South Pole and tourists —saved us from solitude. With- ate him. Finally geting to his feet, altitude of 50 to 250 miles. This men, Russians, Australians, New Europe inhabited by a handful of will go skiing on Erebus, the vol- out them, our winter retreat with big lumps of ice hanging zone, in which the air is rarefied, Zealanders, Norwegians and persons in London, Paris, Oslo, canic mountain. would have been monotonous in- from his chest, the animal would is a very good conductor of elec- Japanese. Berlin, Rome and Madrid. But meanwhile there is still a deed. They were all fur and lick my face to show his gratitude tricity and is supposed to be res- All the expeditions have the In a hundred years or so, this great deal to do, and all young muscle, tender-hearted brutes, and —which would cause superficial ponsible for the phenomena of most modern devices and equip- area which is known as the men who are fond of action and it would hurt me to see them but painful frostbite. "fading" that disturb long dis- ment at their disposal. But the seventh continent, may serve as scientific research will be able to suffer. i tance radio communications. In fact remains that die Antarctic is a world frigidaire. Planes travel- sign up for these expeditions and From April to October, during TN an expedition, people of all view of the location of the great still an almost complete desert. ling to and from Australia and pass a year in the great solitude the winter season. Adllie Land is opinions and beliefs find them- population centres, most of the One can get some idea of the America will cross each other of the polar night.

14 THE NAVY Aujutl, ltI7. II are in the submerged extensions of drilling in 50 feet of Water. Ex- west of the Hook of Holland. our land masses. ploration has started off the Medi- Geophysical surveys have been SEARCH FOR OIL AT SEA These underwater shelves reach terranean coasts of Egypt and made off southern England and out to water some 600 feet deep, Libya, and may begin in the Gulf Marin* monsters fact a new invasion of Hioir dark aad dangerous world. off the French coast in the Bay of then plunge abruptly to great of Suez. For Hio oil industry, la In ceaseless March far m resources, has take* op KM Biscay. depths. And entombed in these challenge of tho open sea. Off British Borneo, in the South The present technical limit of land fringes are the great propor- China Sea, drilling is going on 25 underwater drilling is about 200 tions of the residues of organic Prom a Special Cot rospoadoat miles out, and off Japan a geologi- feet — given suitable conditions — waste — the source of

THE NAVY Auguit, 1957. It borne trade. It has been almoet a FRANCE'S NEW NAVY miracle that we have survived to win through in the end.—W.M.J. FRANCE BUILDS UP HER BATTERED FLEET . . . FRENCH ADMIRAL IN —From tho London "Navy." NEW YORK PAYS TRIBUTE TO AMERICAN HELP From a Special Correspeedeet THE FRENCH VIEW Trafalgar, by Rene Maine; pub- STORM AT SEA really outstanding novel. Even as EW YORK, July 15: In their me to stress to Americans, whose those who help themselves," prac- lished by Thames & Hudson Cale Force, by Elleston Trevor; it is, the talc stands high above the traditional red pompoms, country won its independence tical assistance. (U.K.). N published by Heinemann (Lon- average of sea yarns.—J.H.B.P. blue collars, and blue-and- with the help of Admiral de 'This aid and encouragement To be able to read an account don). —from the London "Navy." white-striped shirts, sailors of Grasse, how important her Navy came almost entirely from the from "the other side of the hill" Anyone who writes a serious the French Navy have been is to France. May I simply say United States Navy, and from its of one of the greatest British sea tale about a ship fighting a gale COURAGE AND SKILL melting a gay, colorful, early- that what was true in the days of great postwar leaders, Admirals actions is always an exciting ex- must be judged — and must be Two Small Ships, by Donald summer splash along the east- the American Revolution is still Fechtelcr, Carney and Burke, to perience. In this book we are prepared to be judged — by the Forbes; published by Hutchin- ern United States seacoast. true in i957. France's maritime whom I should like to repeat the given a French view of the cam- yardstick of Conrad's Typhoon. son (London). They arrived, 2,900-strong, in interests are as valid to-day as French Navy's gratitude. paign of Trafalgar. It is not, of Conrad, like Masefield to-day, was a squadron of six ships to take they were then, for in large part "Since 1951 the ships and Have there been too many course, a repetition of the a master of literature, and it part in the recent Naval Review her economy depends on the sea planes built with French funds in books about personal experiences notorious account which appeared would be unfair to blame the of the Jamestown Festival. After- and her geographical position our shipyards and factories have in small ships in the last war? in the official French newspaper author of this excellent yarn be- ward, the offices and men engaged makes her well-suited to use it. been joined by ships and planes Does not each book tell the same Le Moniteur after the battle, re- cause he is not of their stature. in manoeuvres with elements of sent from America. Later on, story? My answer is that we can porting a glorious French victory "Perhaps it is pertinent to add But he is an honest craftsman the U.S. Atlantic Fleet, and when our production capacity was never have too many of these per- and the surrender of Nelson to here that the French merchant with ability to create suspense and visited various east coast ports. restored, we also received ships sonal records and that each one the all-conquering Villeneuve, but marine fleet, in its full postwar then to sustain it. built in France with American reveals some new facets of a story A striking proof of the close development, now totals 3,645,000 a sober appraisement by a French funds. Meanwhile, a part of our The S.S. Atlantic Whipper, of gallantry and endurance under postwar tie between the American tons and ranks eighth in the historian, now translated into personnel — primarily in naval 6,000 tons, is 200 miles off Land's more testing conditions than in interest and the French Navy, the world. This shows how important English. aviation — was receiving training End homeward bound with 10 previous wars because the visiting squadron consisted of: the sea lanes are to the French In its essentials M. Rene at U.S. Navy schools which we passengers, 40 seamen, and a cargo weapons were more lethal. e The cruiser De Grassc and economy. Half of France's fron- Maine's narrative sticks close were not yet able to give in of grain. It begins to blow, and This is the story of two des- the destroyer Chevalier Paul and tiers arc seacoasts, and the seas enough to the generally accepted France. soon the ship is in such trouble troyers which fought in all the Dupetit Thouars, designed and washing them are some of the that the master makes the distress campaigns in the Western Hemis- built in France and equipped in most intensively sailed in the "Thus, in 1957, the French signal. His signal is picked up phere— the North Sea, Daker, part with material received under world. Navy is 77,000 men strong and FOR ashore and by other ships running Malta Convoy, Battle of the the United State military aid pro- includes a fleet of 376,970 tons "To the great benefit of the free for shelter. The attempts to res- Atlantic, North African landings, gramme; afloat, 132,390 tons under con- world's defences, France stands struction, and a naval air arm of cue her arc told in vivid journa- Western approaches and, finally, YACHTS & SMALL CRAFT • The destroyer-escorts Le Lor' like an enormous pier, extending lese. the Sicilian landings. 850 planes. All Joinery, Engineering rain and Le Gascon, two of an 18- continental Europe into the Atlan- Events happen swiftly—a com- I do not think that in any pre- "All this material (which is still end Shipwrights work. ship series designed and built in tic. And through her overseas ter- mon occurrence in a seaway — vious war naval officers experi- almost entirely of conventional Electrical Repairs and France, seven of them financed ritories, France controls key points, and the master faces a choice. enced every form of battle in so design) and all our personnel are installations. with U.S. aid funds; essential to the naval strategy of Shall he give up or shall he try many seas or so many great in fighting trim. Their operational Slipping Facilities (Three • The aircraft carrier Bois Bel- the West." to achieve the impossible by sav- moments in maritime history. readiness has been tested and •lips available up to 140 leau, formerly the Bellenu Wood, praised by the great naval com- ing his ship? To reveal the nature The author brings out the sterl- tons deadweight) loaned to France by the U.S. "WfHEN World War II manders of NATO who fre- of his choice, and whether he suc- ing qualities of the British sailor, Navy, with the aircraft aboard her v* ended, France's Navy was quendy put them through practice ceeded at it or failed, would be to his uncomplaining cheerfulness Every description of canvas supplied under the United States reduced to a third of its 1939 manoeuvres. mar the reader's enjoyment of a under the most trying conditions, worlt. military assistance programme. strength. With the majority of spirited sea yarn. his loyalty, his skill and courage. "Having sketched the recent Quick and efficient French ports and naval yards The author has evidently based This book reminds us again, Underscoring the French past and present state of our seriously damaged, the Navy's ton- his story on a recent drama of the that at the outset of war there has Tarpaulin Hira Service. Navy's importance to France, the Navy, I might be tempted to nage (260,000) was made up of sea, but parts of his narrative are always been a demand for small United States, and the Atlantic speak of its future. But the future odd, non-standardised and fre- truly imaginative, and it seems a (hips which cannot be met, and APPLY Alliance, Admiral Henri Nomy, is always a difficult question to quently badly battered ships.... pity that he chose to clutter them that until new ships leave the Chief of the French Navy Gene- broach. So rather than play the Patten's Slipways with the conventional love affairs slips the small ships are strained ral Staff, on the occasion of his "But undiscouraged by its prophet, I prefer simply to express and stock types. Had he cut his to the limit and, in the last two squadron's visit to the United apparently overwhelming task, the my confidence and make a wish. Pty. Ltd. narrative by half, concentrating, wars, have been insufficient in States made these pertinent com- Navy set to work. Soon its efforts 42 WMoaghby S "This wish is that the French as Conrad did, on the barest essen- numbers to prevent the enemy in- ments: received encouragement and, in Navy, within a few years, will MILSONS POI line with the proverb 'God helps tials, he might have written a flicting heavy damage to our sea- "I'm sure there's no need for Continued on p«9* 25 THE NAVY Auflei*, 1917. XI I account of the campaign, as we ing account of the Trafalgar, cam- through every voyage, and there know it in this country to be paign. was four miles of it), lay idle in MARITIME NEWS OF THE accepted as a sound enough basis. It leaves something to be Teneriffe for five and a half yean Having had the benefit of consult- desired, in English eyes, in the during the First World War. She ing the French records of the accuracy of its nautical terms, and was then handed over to Italy for period, he adds excerpts from the a few historical points are some- reparations, but they could not letters of Napoleon, Decres and what suspect. use her, and being sold to Erik- Villencuvc himself to explain the Even in the pain of his wound sen, the famous Finnish sailing- French movements before the Nelson would hardly have used ship owner, for only £4,500, she battle. the words "Cast anchor." The was used in the Australian grain WORLD translators of this book could have trade. Then, in 1951, this great Front our Correspondents in M. Maine attributes the disas- served the author better by tak- four-master barque was fitted out ter of Trafalgar chiefly to the lack ing advice on these maritime mat- in a German harbour for trading LONDON and NEW YORK of grip and vision of the French ters before committing them to voyages to South America. admirals, not only Villeneuve but By print — P.KK The British author of this AIR MAIL also those of the subsidiary squad- —From the London "Nevy." rons who were to have played a interesting book, after leaving Oxford, had his imagination fired A van* mainbrace, anchor away, and fore- part in the grand design against ROLLINS DOWN TO RIO The "Fairsea" has already been England. at the sight of her and he signed the Antarctic castle. used for three trips with British Pamir, a Voyage to Rio in a Four- on as a member of a very miscel- Temperatures down to 67 de- In a recent pamphlet the Union migrants under single voyage This, of course, is partly true, Masted Barque, by Hilary laneous crew. His account of a grees of frost and winds up to Government's translators officially chartering arrangements. but they were up against a master Tunstall-Behrens; published by trip to Rio will delight all sailors fifty knots were some of the give forecastle as "fo'c'sle" as the of grand strategy in William Pitt, Routledge and Keegan Paul and landlubbers. Among the Japan's big Pacific hazards being faced by Dr. Fuch's correct spelling. aided by half a dozen of the most (U.K.). numerous illustrations of one of salmon catch brilliant admirals whom England Transantarctic expedition, accord- The translators have now ap- The Pamir, one of the famous the Margate lifeboat standing by Japanese Pacific high seas sal- had produced in all her long sea ing to cables received in London. pealed to Holland for help in the "P" Liners (of whom it was when the Pamir seemed to be very mon catch was 78.6 million fish in history. The wind cut away the top hope that Holland may have always said that their rope run- much in need of rescue.— H.B. 1956 against 70.9 million in 1955. snow surface and vehicle drivers Dutch terms for these words which This is, indeed, a most interest- ning rigging was rove new all —From the London "Neey." The fishery from the home suddenly climbed unexpected snow can he converted into Afrikaans. islands produced z6.i million fish slopes or plunged into deep gullies. in 1956 compared with 6.8 million Men were reduced to crawling Italian ship far the previous year. to find the edges of the next British migrants These increased catches resulted hazard. The liner Fairsea will be used TO ENGLAND VIA PANAMA in a corresponding increase in the But the tailpiece to the cable to bring British assisted migrants 1956 canned salmon pack which aboard Qolhic Class Vessels . . . indicates that the men are in high to Australia for the next four was 112.7% higher than in 1955. spirits. This was the tailpiece: years. The luxurious Gothic and her sister ships Ceramic, Corinthic and When we were very young The first voyage will be between The Japanese were therefore Athenic follow the picturesque route from New Zealand to We thought the snjw was fun. September 20 and October 31. It able to overcome the restrictions imposed by Russia, limiting the England via Panama. Each vessel carries 85 first class passengers Now a" the uiorld is white is expected the ship will make four Japanese catch in a high seas zone We ^noui that we were right. or five voyages a year. only, in unexcelled comfort. off Siberia by a quota and licens- On a minimum of four voyages, ing system. Minimum fares New Zealand Translators' troubles the Fairsea will be able to lift The fishing efforts of the Japan- to England, off season In South Africa more than 5,000 assisted British ese long distance salmon fleet were 1st August to 31st December In South Africa everything is migrants each year. supplemented by the near water being translated into Afrikaans The Australian Minister for £180 stg., full season £230 stg. salmon fleet which benefited from and so far the translators have Immigration, Mr. Athol Townley, Several suites available with a salmon run much closer to the done remarkably well with odds signed the agreement in Mel- private bathroom. coast than usual. and ends. bourne on May 10 with represen- Passages arranged in connecting Now they have been stumped, tatives of SITMAR (Societa Ita- No dividend from steamers from Australia. however. They were ordered to liana Transporti Marittimi), own- Canal Company translate nautical terms into Afri- ers of "Fairsea." The directors of the Suez Canal kaans and they have come up Under the agreement, the Aus- Company have not recommended SHAW SAVILL tt ALBION CO. LTD. against three terms which have de- tralian Government will pay ap- a dividend for 1956. (Inc. in Eng.) DALGETY tt CO. LTD. fied the smartest translator in t!ie proximately the same rate as that The chairman of directors, M. (Inc. in Eng.) country. paid for migrants carried by com- Francois Charles-Roux, told the The terms? The commonest in mercial shipping lines from Britain annual meetings of shareholders nautical language: splicing the to Australia. this in Paris. 72 THE NAVH August, 1957. 21 Mers - el - Kebir (Algeria), and Egypt nationalised the Sue* FRANCE'S NEW NAVY Bizerte (Tunisia). Its four secon- Canal in June 1956, seized the dary bases are at Cherbourg, Suez Canal Company's assets in Continued from page 20 APPOINTED TO SEATO Lorient, Dakar (French West Egypt, and set up an Egyptian have another occasion to send a e Some patrol ships and mine Commander G. V. Gladstone, D.S.C., and Bar, R.A.N., now Africa), and Diego Suiret authority to control the canal. sweepers. Commander of the Royal Australian Naval College at Crib Point naval force on an official visit to (Madagascar). the United States, and that the e A certain number of "transi- (V.I, has been appointed Naval Member of the SEATO Military A great many of these bases New IN terminal American people may then see tion" ships, "designed to use the Planning Staff at Bangkok. were occupied during World War at Tilbury new ships equipped with what we weapons currently being tested or Acting Commander F. T. Sher- II and heavily bombarded. By the Europe's newest ocean terminal, E will relieve Commander D. have come to call 'new weapons,' developed for use against surface borne, of Sydney. time of the Liberation, between at Tilbury, on the Thames, costing H such as those now used by the ships, aircraft, and submarines." Nicholls, R.A.N., who is re- Lieutenant Commander L. M. 70 and 95 per cent, of the metro- between £1,500,000 and £1,750,- U.S. Navy. For this modernisa- e A helicopter-carrier to re- turning to Australia for another Ponton, of Salisbury. politan French bases, as well as 000 stg., is now operating. The tion, we are all working with the place the Jeanne d'Arc as the appointment. Lieutenant Commander B. H. Bizerte, were destroyed. new berth, which is built on 30 will and perseveiance of men Cadet training ship. Commander Gladstone will Loxton, of Sydney . concrete monoliths weighing up to determined to contribute to the In the rebuilding effort, priority leave Sydney for Bangkok by air Research into atom-propelled 4,200 tons each, has taken four To be Surgeon Commander: greatness of their own country as submarines is being carried out was given in this order: Mers-el- on August 14. years to complete. Acting Surgeon Commander J. well as the cause of all free actively and one such submarine Commander Gladstone is a A. B. Cotsell, of Sydney. nations " is in the blueprint stage. The new quay and terminal graduate of the Royal Australian buildings have been designed by Citixen Naval Forces The reconstruction and moder- Naval College. He has passed the I»Y the end of World War II, the Port of London Authority Royal Australian Naval Reserve nisation now being carried out will Royal Naval Staff College Course the French naval tonnage not specifically for the use of the large To be Commander: provide the French Navy with: and the Joint Services Staff Col- only was seriously depleted, but liners, approaching 30.000 gross Lieutenant Commander E. An amphibious fleet ready to lege Course in the United King- its remaining vessels were old and tons, now being operated by the Hackford, of Pascoe Vale South, intervene quickly and with the dom and has had staff experience unmatched. P. and O. and Orient Companies, both at sea and on the staff of the Victoria. maximum firepower in any and it will be able to accommodate To meet the immense recon- menaced area. R.A.N. Liaison Officer in London. To be Lieutenant Commander: struction task, the Navy's General the new 40,000-ton ships being An auxiliary fleet to give mobile In World War II he served in Lieutenant R. W. P. Shrimptbn, Headquarters worked out a built for the Australian run. logistical support, the kind of sup- H.M.A.S. Australia, H.M.A.S. of Rosanna, Victoria. "Navy Plan" aimed at a minimum port increasingly necessary because The Tilbury terminal now pro- S$_uic\match, and H.M.S. Sussex. Lieutenant J. J. Ravenscroft, of tonnage of 360,000. This was of the danger run by naval forces vides a high standard of comfort- He also served in the war in Korea Perth. deemed necessary to meet the moored in a harbour, and of the able and convenient accommoda- in H.M.A.S. Warramunga. Lieutenant G. D. P. Cordner, country's need and its commit- destruction which may threaten tion for passengers and their of Glen Iris, Victoria. ments to the North Atlantic While in the §,uicljmatch he naval bases. friends. Lieutenant N. G. Browning, of won the D.S.C. for his part in Treaty Organisation. Last year 120,000 passengers Applecross, Western Australia. A Fleet Air Arm of 21 combat the attack on the Japanese base at In this plan, the French Navy, passed through Tilbury landing Lieutenant L. MacD. Muir, of flotillas, including: Sabang (Sumatra). He won the by 1963, will comprise 300,000 stage. Canterbury, Victoria. e The aircraft needed on the Bar to that decoration while in tons of combat ships, 13.000 tons three aircraft carriers; The company's balance sheet Lieutenant E. Bryden-Brown of of amphibious vessels, and 47,000 the Warramunga in Korea. e Interceptors, fighters and shows a surplus for 1956 of Killara, New South Wales. tons of auxiliary ships. £A6,591,000, more than £50 mil- He was also awarded the Uni- assault planes (12 flotillas); To be Instructor Lieutenant- The combat ships are expected lion worth of assets outside Egypt, ted States Bronze Star Medal for e Heavy land-based ASM air- Commander: to include: and more than £87 million worth his services in Korea. craft; Instructor Lieutenant R. Thom- e Three medium aircraft car- of assets in Egypt. * » * e Helicopters. son, of Wangaratta, Victoria. riers (22,000 tons) — the Arro- NOFTCO fcwtaf la Ha Most of these planes will be (Iniciil ®t c M. Charles-Roux told the meet- The Royal Australian Navy has To be Lieutenant Commander manches. La Fayette, and Bois ing that the company should begin French-built. announced the following promo- (Special Branch J: Belleau. NoA Caart •» N.S.W. negotiations with the Egyptian tions to date from June 30: e Two anti-aircraft cruisers — OINCE 1948, some $1.3 NOHCO la a mmmm H Government for compensation for Lieutenant N. J. Rowan, of Bal- the De Grasse and the Colbert, thousand million have been the nationalisation of the canal. wyn, Victoria. Royal Australian Navy the latter possibly to be adapted invested in new French naval If these negotiations were not Lieutenant A. W. Willee, of for guided missiles. ships. Out of that total. United successful arbitration would have To be Captain: Surrey Hills, Victoria. e Nineteen destroyers of the States aid has amounted to 36 per half • HatWT. to be sought, he added. Acting Captain G. J. B. Crabb, Lieutenant G. A. Chandler, of D.S.C., of Mt. Waverley, Vic- Wahroonga, New South Wales. T-47 and T-53 type. cent., in the amounts of $156 mil- toria. e Eighteen destroyer-escorts of lion in direct financial aid, $150 DCSTROYU FROM U.S. Commander F. W. Purves, of Royal Australian Naval the E-50 and E-52 type. million in off-shore contracts, and Another destroyer, the Formoe, Sydney. Volunteer Reserve • Some fast conventional sub- $196 million in transfer of old or has been transferred from the To be Commander: To be Lieutenant Commander: marines. new ships. • Some escort vessels of the The French Navy has four NORCO U.S.A. and renamed the Diego Acting Commander J. L. W. Lieutenant T. R. McCrow, of Coo. Merson, of Melbourne. Camp Hill, Queensland. "Union Frani;aise" type. main bases, at Brest, Toulon,

Aufuit, IW7. 24 THE NAVY Kebir, Brest, Bizerte, Toulon. tary status), 4,100 clerks, and but failed to specify its shape, size Now, in 1957, the reconstruction 43,500 workers. or colour. FISHING of these bases is in full progress. A MONG the more important Only during the Second Empire French Naval Aviation has 26 **French naval traditions are in 1858 was the work cap standar- SURVEY IS bases in France and the French the sailors' red pompon beret, blue dised and its tuft defined. It had Union. collar and bue-and-white-striped to be knitted of blue yarn deco- BEGUN The most important are those jersey, the sentry's presentation of rated with two dark red stripe*, at Lann-Bihoue (near Lorient), arms before an admiral's apart- and the tuft was to be made of HE Australian Department of Hyeres and Saint Raphael (near ment with an ancient halberd, the strands of two colours, blue and TPrimary Industry has begun Toulon), Bizerte and Karouba shrill piping of the topmen, "steak red. a survey of prawn resources off (Tunisia), Lartigue (near Oran and fries" every Thursday and the The blue strands were dropped the North-East Australian coast. in Algeria), Port Lyautey half-pint of wine at every meal, in 1870, and the solid red pompon It is also investigating the possi- (Morocco), Dakar (Senegal). and the hammocks which provide remained. This pompon is now bility of establishing commercial To repair the heavy damage to steady sleep against the roll of the popularly regarded as a symbol of fishing in the Great Australian all its air bases in metropolitan ship. good luck, and when the sailor is Bight. First result of the survey on-shore in France people are apt France and to provide for modern The sailor's beret with its little has been the discovery of an im- to come up and touch it for luck. reconstruction, the French Navy red tuft has a noble ancestry. portant new prawning ground, of since 1945 has spent more than Sailors of France have always The origin of the serving of about 750 square miles, off the $430 million. worn woollen caps, whether they wine aboard French ships is lost in south Queensland coast. In the French Navy to-day, were simple fishermen, merchant ancient history. One of the first The Minister for Primary In- 66,000 men are serving on ships seamen, or men of the line in the references is found in a court case dustry, Mr. W. McMahon, an- and in land-based facilities exclu- King's Navy. The colour varied in 1538, in which it was attested nouncing this last month, said that sive of naval air bases, and 11.000 from grey to red to blue, and it that bad wine was given to a crew prawn fishing could be the basis men in naval aviation. Some was usually knitted personally by to drink. of a valuable export trade, mainly 35.000 served aboard ships, about its owner. The first official regulation deal- with the United States, where 35,000 are on shore duties, and For a long time, however, the ing with this subject, however, prawns were a favourite sea food. more than 6,000 are in schools or sailor's cap and its tuft remained was probably the Ordinance of Better supplies of fresh and in recruit training centres. undefined in shape. April 15, 1689, which set the frozen fish would be available to In the French navy yards there Navy regulations in the days of daily ration at three-quarters of a country towns as well as metro- are 1.650 engineers (with a mili- Napoleon required a "work cap" pint "cut" with an equal amount politan areas if the investigation of water. This was to be served of fishing in the Bight was success- Mr E. Sur„, „( Crows Nest. Sydney, with . gient sunfish he found et Neutrel lay, at meals. Between meals, crews ful, he added. Sydney Herbour. Tho fish ... more than 7 W lo«, end nearly 4 feet wide, it could only drink a brew made of He said the Fisheries Division was believed to heve drowned after being trapped on rocks by tfi« falling . a mixture of water and vinegar! of his department would use the This Ordinance applied to ships most modern prawning trawler sailing along French / coasts. For available to conduct the prawn Australian catches of fish have de- RIIMHt FISH BAIT those on longer voyages, for survey. clined — particularly in Victoria, example to Africa or America, Australia exported about N.S.W., and to a lesser extent TNSHORE fishermen in Britain brandy was substituted for wine. 100,000 lb. of prawns in 1955-56. South Australia. are reaping a harvest with a cheap and unusual bait. There also was a further excep- By mid-January the 1956-57 ex- "Imports have risen. tion. Because grapes did not grow ports had reached 206,000 lb.— The skipper of an inshore ves- "This indicates that the market well in Brittany or Normandy, worth about £70,000. sel which landed its catch at would have no difficulty in ab- apples and malt took their place, The known grounds in northern Grimsby on June 12 said: "We sorbing additional supplies." so that ships plying between Saint N.S.W. and southern Queensland have found that by baiting our Malo and Dunkirk could serve vere already being heavily fished, Australia's production of fresh hooks with small pieces of rubber beer or cider in place of wine. it was necessary to find out the fish in 1955-56 was 64 million lb. we arc now catching, in addition (live weight), valued at about to the usual cod and haddock, To-day, the daily ration varies ixtent of the prawning grounds. £5.4 million. Imports (frozen, large quantities of a fish known as from a basic half litre (about a Catch Declines smoked, salted, and dried — but coalie, a species of cod which has pint) to perhaps as much as one Mr. McMahon said the Govern- not canned) were 55 million lb., never before responded to line and a half pints. ment would buy a modern diesel valued at about £2.2 million. fishing. The French Navy points out Seen patting under London'i femout Tower Bridge before being moored in Pool trawler, equipped with cold- tnat this tradition seems sure to of London during a visit it the frigete H.M.S. "Salisbury"—the first of the now storage facilities, to investigate the "Salisbury Class" frigates for the tritish Royal Navy. H>d.S. "Salisbury," 1938 stay, "for recent offers of milk fishing potential of the Great Aus- tons, carries a complement of nine officers and 191 men. Designed for direction instead of wine produced no Keep UOVfl FOR THE NEXT ISSUE OF of cerrier-borne end shore-based eircreft, she carries more redar equipment then tralian Bight. customers." any other ship of her size. He added: "In recent years Lookout The iVorn M THf NAVY W. the same time some of the ships For what it amounts to is that mentioned has risen from a mere that had survived the war had a merchant — who, be it observed, 800,000 gross tons in 1939 to BRITAIN'S MERCHANT NAVY already exceeded their normal may not belong to the country 10,400,000 tons in 1956. span of useful life and needed re- which imposes the ban — is re- British shipowners are pre- By Vtscowt Simon, C.M.ft. placement. To build up the fleet fused the right to select which vented from following this course President of the Chamber of Shipping of the United Kingdom. again to its pre-war size was an ship he uses, in the interests of the by the Merchant Shipping Act, immense task, undertaken under shipowners of the country which and it is right that they should be TN this island country of ours, abroad, we are not compelled to preponderant position which most difficult conditions, sharing lays down the rule. — for these ships are not only buy foreign cars. But since ship- British shipping held in those days inadequate resources in labour and our Merchant Navy is all too trading virtually free of tax, but ping services are essential to our could not be retained, it is never- materials with other industries Haas of rusyisliin often taken for granted. We in the unhappy event of war a life, wc must buy from others if theless disturbing that during the which had suffered war damage This is, however, not the most could not have survived without large number would also be free wc cannot provide these services last 20 years we have barely and were faced with arrears of serious of the dangers which assail it, and so wc tend to think of it as of requisition, and so able to ex- little as we think of the air wc ourselves. advanced at all. while others have maintenance. Other nations, of the British Merchant Navy. gone ahead by leaps and bounds. There can be no doubt that the tort any price their owners like breathe. Yet those who indulge in These facts indicate the impor- course, both allies and enemies, most powerful threat comes from from a Government wishing to mountain climbing know that at tance of the contribution which And a closer examination of the had also suffered heavy losses of the rapid growth of fleets flying obtain their services. higher altitudes the rarefied atmos- the Merchant Navy makes to our position does nothing to allay our shipping during the war, but in the so - called "flags of con- It is obvious that competition phere brings not only discomfort prosperity, and to our whole way concern. many eases special steps of one venience." from ships operated under these but danger. The same would cer- of life. It is vital that our ship- A large part of the small in- kind and another were taken, as These flags have been used for conditions is extremely severe. It tainly be true of our national life, ping should be adequate not only crease in our tonnage since 1937 a matter of Government policy, to different purposes. For example, is largely bccausc of this and not if the strength of our shipping to carry the bulk of our own over- is due to the transfer to United assist their replacement and to in the United States, where high from any desire to secure a bene- industry was allowed to decline. seas trade, but also to participate Kingdom registry of ships pre- encourage expansion. operating costs made it exceed- fit at the expense of other tax- substantially in trade between viously registered in Canada, and In his recent Budget statement, We have also seen during the ingly difficult for their ships to payers, that the shipping industry foreign countries and so help our is, therefore, from the point of the Chancellor of the Exchequer post-war period the growth of compete in the open markets of has consistently urged that some foreign exchange position. Can it view of the Commonwealth, no referred to British shipping as a merchant fleets in countries which the world, ships were registered spccial treatment in the matter of continue to fulfil this dual task? real gain. "unique industry which is the life- had not previously owned ships, in Panama to enable American taxation is necessary for its line of our country." I believe it can — but only if The tonnage of tramp ships — or had jyrhaps owned a few en- owners to employ crews under survival. the ships that bring us most of our This is no exaggeration. It may the dangers which threaten it are gaged mainly in local trades. other than home conditions. requirements of grain and sugar, Sk> cn be only in times of war or emer- first recognised and then over- These countries had been content These ships remained Ameri- of iron ore and of other bulk com- The duty and responsibility rest gency that the general public come. to rely on shipping services pro- can-owned, and had the practice modities — has fallen. now upon our shipowners to use realises how vitally dependent this Before we take a look at some vided by Britain and other spread no further, it is unlikely all their skill and enterprise to country is upon our Merchant of these dangers, it may be well And although our tanker fleet traditional maritime nations. But much would have been heard of combat the competition which Navy and upon the men who man to draw an outline of the present has increased, and will be in- the war showed them the danger it on this side of the Adantic. faces them from the three sides — our ships, but in fact we are just position. Since 1937 the world's creased further in the next few of too much dependence on ships In fact, during the early part from tradition maritime nations as dependent in peace time. It years by new buildings already that could be, and were, with- sea-borne trade has expanded by of the last war, the transfer of anxious, as we are, to retain anrf would be impossible to feed our contracted for, it has not grown drawn when their home countries nearly two-thirds, and the world's some U.S. ships to "flags of con- if possible enlarge their business, population or to maintain our as rapidly as has the world's sea- were assailed, and the lesson was tonnage of merchant ships by 63 venience" enabled them to carry from the new maritime nations manufacturing industries without borne trade in oil, or even as driven home by currency difficul- per cent. In the same period the supplies to this country at a time seeking to develop their merchant it. Imports would cost us more, rapidly as this country's imports. ties in later years. tonnage of British merchant ships when ships flying' the Stars and fleets and finally, and most if we could get them at all. Ex- This is a situation which no one This is a natural development has increased by only 12 per cent. Stripes were forbidden to do so severely, from those shipowners ports would yield us less. Our can regard with complacency. :o which we in Britain cannot by the terms of the Neutrality who have contracted in one way standard of living would inevit- What are the reasons for it? 'roperly object. What we may, "No Rod (rain" Act. or another out of national respon- ably be lowered. And our balance -nd do, object to is that the pat- In a time of such rapid expan- It is well first to recall the More recently a new use has sibilities, avoiding the burdens of of payments would be tipped tern of trade should be artificially sion, it was perhaps not to be ex- grievous losses suffered by the been found for these flags. Cer- taxation which fall on the rest of seriously to the wrong side. distorted and traffic forced into pected that the British share British Merchant Navy, in men tain shipowners have discovered us. and in ships, during the last war. these ships, as is happening in a that they can so order their affairs In recent years British shipping would be maintained, nor was it I believe that we shall compete, We honour the memory of nearly number of countries to-day. as to escape taxation in their own has earned annually in foreign ex- necessary that it should be. In- and compete successfully, pro- 35,000 men who gave up their It has recently been argued that countries, and by registering ships change about £250,000,000. It deed, looking further back to 50 vided not merely shipowners but lives. We do not always remem- this is not discrimination. With in Panama, Liberia, Honduras or ranks, therefore, as one of our years ago, Britain owned not far the whole nation realises what we ber to-day that nearly 11,000,000 respect to those who put this argu- Costa Rica (to name the four major export industries. What is short of half the world's tonnage, are up against and provided the gross tons of our merchant ship- ment forward, there is no other principal countries which offer the more, a decline in our shipping but in the years that followed, nation gives the support that is ping were sunk — well over half English word to describe it benefit of practically free registra- means not only that we lose these other countries, starting later in needed to the firm resolve of the United Kingdom merchant Nations who adopt this policy tion) they can trade them across valuable earnings, but that we the race, naturally grew faster British shipowners to maintain fleet as it stood in July, 1939. may seek to justify it, but they the world with little or no liability have to "import" shipping services than we did. and expand our Merchant Navy, really cannot deny that it is dis- to tax. Under these conditions the — that is, to employ foreign ships. But although we may have to Before expansion was possible, on which so much depends. crimination. tonnage of ships under the flags If we fail to sell our motor cars accept it as inevitable that the these ships had to be replaced. At •"Ffoin London Ntvy> THI NAVY J Its;. MARITIME NEWS S£A"CH «» 0,1 Continued from page Is Continued from page 24 it may have to go further. The "Cutty Sarfc" now the Ceylon Government to de- sea, in its changing moods, can Evolution of Naval Gunnery wreck equipment, take lives. But officially retired velop its fisheries. IfF.J. of one thing oilmen are certain: The Queen on June 26 declared OomoMl for ubulifluw it will demand huge expenditure open to the public the Cutt}' Sur^, AN learns by his mistakes early seventeen of shipping conferences on one of- the most costly engi- last of the tea clippers, now laid and although the shape of hundreds were neering projects of all time. up at Greenwich in a permanent Sir William Rootes, British guns and even their size, changed delving into the dry dock. motor magnate and chairman of A well, 63 miles off Galveston, little for several centuries, British mysteries of Texas, cost a million dollars for gunfounders did at least use their chemistry and The Queen thus began the offi- the Dollar Exports Council, wants drilling alone. Two companies experience in producing better physics, electri- cial retirement of a ship which in abolished shipping conferences operating in the Persian Gulf esti- guns, while the makers of gun- city and mecha- her heyday outsailed most of her which regulate sea freight rates. mate that their undersea test well powder found ways of making nics. rivals by days—even weeks—in In London last month, after he will cost them a total of 14 million better and more uniform powder. England, the China tea trade and the Aus- had returned from a six-month's dollars, and a company operating by 1770, had be- tralian wool run. export promotion tour of North The value of cannon became off Qatar, also in the Persian gun to be a great The Cutty Sar\ was launched and Latin America, Sir William better understood and whereas at Gulf, has spent already 21 million industrial power, in 1869. She once sailed 363 miles said: "Let the Government bring first, guns had been mounted with steam- dollars. in 24 hours, an average of more in the Restrictive Trade Practices wherever the shape of the ship driven engines in Act. her factories. than 15 knots. Wu I h while Gamble made it most convenient, it soon In her declining days—in the "Let us get some freedom and became evident that for the By 1820, she But oilmen consider the gamble 1920s—she served as a tramp un- before we know where we are we future, armament must in a large could claim to be worthwhile. Some experts believe der the Portuguese flag, and event- will be back as the leading ship- degree dictate the shape of war the workshop of that the underwater exploration ually became a Merchant Navy ping country. vessels, and naval architecture the world and as will eventually add 25 per cent, training ship. "What we want is a little cut- began to change accordingly. the leading naval throat competition in shipping." to known oil reserves, others pre- power, was seek- Four years ago a world-wide dict a doubling of present known By the time of Henry VIII, the ing every device appeal for £250,000 was launched importance of broadside fire had Turblns

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DE HAVILLAND AIRCRAFT (AUSTRALIA) PTY. LTD. AUSTRALIA'S MARITIME JOURNAL CONTENTS

VOL. 20. SEPTEMBER. 1957. No. 9.

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The New Defence Policy . 4 M,V. -UUNniOON '— 10.500 Ion.

ARTICLES: * " " MELBOURNE STEAMSHIP British Commonwealth Defence 6 CO. LTD. Studying The Waves 9 Hud Office: Operation Handcuff 15 31 KING ST.. MELBOURNE BRANCHES OR AGENCIES The Big Tanker Programme 17 AT ALL PORTS The Soviet's Sea Power 18 MANAGING AGENTS FOR Britain Builds Whaling Ships 25 HOBSONS BAY DOCK AND ENGINEERING CO. PTY. LTD. Work.: Willianutown, Victoria FEATURES: HODGE ENGINEERING CO. PTY. LTD. News Of The World's Navies 14 Work.: Sumx St.. Sydney, and Reviews 21 COCKBURN ENGINEERING Maritime News Of The World 23 PTY. LTD. Work* Hinee Rd.. mill Personalities 27 SHIP REPAIRERS. ETC. For Sea Cadets . 29-32

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September. I9S7. t THE NAVY LEAGUE OF AUSTRALIA

PATRON: Hit Excellency The Cover nor-Gcftenl.

FEDERAL COUNCIL: President: Rear Admiral H. A. Shower*. C.B.E. (Retd.). Deputy President: Cdr. R. A. Nettleford. D.S.C., V.R.D., R.A.N.R. Secretary: Rear Admiral C. D. Moore. C.B.E. (Retd.).

New South Wales Division: Patron: Mi* Excellency The Governor ol New South Walei. Preaident: Rear-Admiral H. A. Shower*. C.B.E. Secretary: Rear Admiral C. D. Moore, C.B.E. (Retd.). Hon. Treasurer- r E. Trigg. E*n

LARS HALVORSEN SONS PTY. LTD. Victorian Division: BUILDING YARD: Waterview Street. Ryde. WY 3248 Patron: Hu Excellency The Governor oi Victoria. BOAT SHED: Bobbin Head. JJ 2489 President: Captain J. P. WiUiaai. O.B.E. (Telegrams: "Halvorsens" Sydney) Secretary"! H. E. Touiel, 308 High Street. Preston. N.18. CALTEX PRODUCTS ALWAYS ON HAND South Australian Division: Patron: Hi* Excellency The Governor ol LH 10 OPMo Soiitu A -tralia Preeideat: Lieut.-Comdr. C. C. Shinkield. R.A.N.R. uetd. I. Hon. Sec.: K. W. Adcock. Eaq.. 131 Gren- fell Street, Adelaide.

Wilh. WILHELMSEN AGENCY Tasmanian Division: Patron: Vuc-Admiral Sir Cuy Wvatl. K B E.. C.B., R.N. (retd.). PTY. LTD. President: C. H. Hand. Eaq.. M.H.A. For lasting brilliance and current economy use Siemens Incandescent and Fluorescent Lamps Hon. Sec.: Comdr. G. E. W. W. Bayly. Obtainable everywhere. r O.B.E.. V.R.D., R.A.N.V.R. (retd). SYDNEY 8t MELBOURNE 726 Sandy Bay Rd.. Lower Sandy BUY. Hobart.

Western Australian Division: Petrow Hi* Excellency Tbe Governor ol Representative for: Western Australia. President: D. W. Brf*bane, Esq. KEMBLA Hon. Sec.-Hon. Tree*.: K. Olaon. Esq . WILHELMSEN LINES, OSLO 62 Blencowe St.. We*t Leederville. W.A.

Queensland Division: AUSTRALIA-WEST PACIFIC LINE. HELSINBORG Petrotu Hia Excellency Tbe Governor oi COPPER, BRASS AND Presidents Comdr. N. 8. Plxley, M.B.E.. AMERICAN PIONEER LINE, NEW YORK V.R.D.. R.A.N.R. (retd.). Ryan House. OTHfcR NON-FERROUS Eagle Street. Briabane. HOB. Sec.I Lkut.-Comdr. O. C. McDonald. SCANDINAVIAN AIRLINES SYSTEM, STOCKHOLM R.A.N.V.R. (retd ). Box 144IT. G.P.O . WIRE CABLES & TUBES Briabane. . • ; • - Australian Capital Territory Division: Preaident! Hie Excellency, G. E. L. Alderton. C.M.G. (High Commisaioner METAL MANUFACTURES LTD, (or New Zealand). PORT KfiMBtV N.S.W. For the Best Soft Drinks Hon. Sec. • Hon. Trees.: Comdr. A. D McLachlan, R.A.N. (Retd.), 49 Froggatt St.. Turner. Canberra. A.C.T. Phone SEIUNG AGENTS , Always say . . . J 2311. t.iU, m rit SIMM) »

AUSTRALIAN SEA CADET COUNCIL Tubes a bkass wwr wute & cables MARCHANT'S Mepresentatives of the Naval Board- KNdX SCHLAPP PTY, LTD. BRITISH INSULATED Director ol Naval Reserve*. Capt. A. W. L. McNicholl. C.B.E., C.M.. R.A.N. • CALLENDER'S CABLES (Chairman). Collins House,.Melbourne LTD. ft PLEASE ! Comdr. P. R. lames, R.A.N. Representatives of The Nery L 84 WUlkm St., Melbourne j Office SC Factory: 54 YORK ST., RICHMOND, VICTORIA Comdr. R. A. Nettldo•foldi . DSC. V.R.D.. R.A.N.V.R. Ketabl. Building, Sydney. O™^ •Phone: JA 1151. L. G. Pear*on. Eaq.; L. Portytbe. Esq . Lieut (S) P G Evan*. R.A.N.V.R. Hon. Secretery: R. Nril Walford.

14 THE NAVY S«pt»mb«r,19 (7.I S ^pUmb.f, 19*7, in the fleet by the middle of next year, and the new all-weather fighter, the Sea Vixen, is coming along well. Its armament includes air-to-air guided Australia's weapons. A new naval strike aircraft, the NA ?9, will have long range and ability to carry an atomic bomb. Considerable numbers of Whirlwind helicopters will be in service this year. Their main role is for anti-submarine operations, but they can also carry troops. The first guided weapon ships of Britain's Royal Navy will be a new design of fleet escorts, larger than the present destroyer. They will have long endurance and a very powerful armament, including the guided missile. "Sea Slug." The Navy's guided weapons, and the

1 4 THE NAVY S«pt»mb«r, 19(7. IS British Commonwealth Defence

Britain's Minister for Defence, Mr. Duncan Sandys, last month visited Australia for talks with the Prime Minister, Mr. Menzies, and senior Cabinet Ministers on joint defence measures. The following is a talk which Mr. Sandys gave in the A.B.C.'s Guest of Honour programme after the talks. By Hie Right Honourable DUNCAN SANDYS British Minister /or Defcncc

' I 'HF. main purpose of my visit Pact; and South East Asia, in This system of regional alliances to Australia has been to con- which you are particularly in- in Europe, in the Middle East and tinue the talks on defence which terested, by SEATO. in South East Asia provide de- were begun a few months ago Britain has felt it her duty to fensive strength on the spot and when your Prime Minister, Mr join and contribute forces to all they are a warning to all of our Menzies, and your Defence Minis- these three alliances. In fact, we determination to resist attack. ter, Sir Philip McBride. came to are the only country in that posi- The forces assigned to them are London for the Commonwealth tion. sufficient to withstand limited acts Conference-. Under NATO wc have to-day of aggression within the area and, if necessary, they can be rapidly In the last ten years the prob- some 90,000 British soldiers and reinforced. lem of defence has completely airmen in Germany. changed in almost every' aspect. In Cyprus and in the Arabian Conventional Forces Peninsula, we are maintaining However, we must recognise The present threat from Rus- forces of all three services avail- that these defence systems, which sia. which has replaced the earlier able to support the Baghdad Pact. are composed primarily of con- threat from Germany, is in every- As our contribution to the de- ventional forces, could not by way far more formidable. The fence of S.E Asia, we have at themselves withstand, for more danger of war. instead of being present about 40,000 troops of the than a limited period, a full-scale centred primarily in Europe, now British Army and Air Force in all-out attack by Russia and extends right round the world. Malaya and Singapore. China, with their immense superi- With the vast territory and If you add to that the Austra- ority in numbers and in conven- population of the Soviet Union lians and New Zealanders serving tional arms. and Communist China and their in Malaya, there arc altogether But fortunately our conven- huge armaments, both conven- close on 43,000 Commonwealth tional forces, vitally important as tional and atomic, they are in a troops in that theatre. they are, do not have to hear the position to attack almost any In two world wars, we learnt strain alone. Behind them stands country they wish. But I do not to admire and respect the fighting the deadly power of massive nu- believe there is any real likelihood qualities of the Australians and clear retaliation. of a direct large scale military at- New Zealanders, anu I can assure So long as the free worb' ,JOS- tack upon the free world so long you that we are very glad indeed scsses this power, and shows that, as all of us (each country accord- to have your men serving alongside if need he. it will not shrink from ing to its capacity) coi tinuc to ours in this critical area, the de- using it. Russia, even though she maintain together an effective sys- fence of which is so vital for the tixi possesses nuclear weapons, tem of collective defence. whole free world and perhaps will assuredly hesitate to start a most of all for Australia. For to-day, with the greatly in- war (which must inevitably result creased range and power of mod- With the successful progress of in the wholesale devastation of her ern weapons, no country-, however the operations against the Malayan .•ties and the annihilation of a large or strong, can hope to de- terrorists, we shall he able to with- large part of her population). fend itself, except in combination draw some of the units which are At present, this nuclear deter- with others. That is why. in the now engaged on internal security rent is provided almost wholly by last few years, we have built up duties. But it is our intention to the United States,' with its im- a chain of defensive alliances cov- continue to keep substantia! land mense stock of atomic and hydro- ering all the most critical areas. and air forces in that area, in ad- gen bombs and its chain of air The British Minister for Defence, Mr. Duncen Sandys (right), with the U.K. High Commissioner io Europe is guarded by NATO: dition to our Far East Fleet, based bases stretching around the globe. Australia, Lord Carrington, on his arrival by air at Sydney Airport. the Middle East by the Baghdad on Singapore. Continued on pig* 8 September, 19S7. * THE NAVY can be restored, the way will be| A TASK IN THE INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR IS . . . COMMONWEALTH DEFENCE open for disarmament and real Continued from page 6 peace; once released from the fear of war and the burden of arma- 14 STUDYING THE WAVES The fact that wc enjoy pfcace delivering nuclcar weapons over ments. there is scarcely any limit and freedom to-day is largely due long distances. But, in due course, to the progress which man can By PROFESSOR J. C. JAEGER to the nuclcar strength of, the the manned bomber will un- hope to achieve in this scientific From an ABC. Tal\ Americans, to whom wc are all doubtedly be replaced by the long- age profoundly grateful. range ballistic rocket. •-pHE study of tides and waves But we in Britain, as the second We are pressing ahead with the * in the oceans is one of the Four now tonkcrs largest military power in the free development of these rockets in .dest and most important join BP fleet world, with our Coirmonwcalth close co-operation with the Aus- i ranches of sciencc but you would links and other obligations and in- tralian Government. With the in- Four new tankers have recentl\| surprised to know how little terests, have not felt it right to creasing range of the weapons to been added to the BP. fleet — twe we really know about the details remain entirely dependent upon be tested, the vast area and unique of NS.DOO tons s.d.w. and two ol i how waves behave near the another country, however friendly, facilities which Australia has pro- 32,000 tons s.d.w. •'lore and about the way in which for this vital nuclcar element of vided at Woomera will be su- The 16,000-ton British Renown they arc generated at sea. modern defence. premely valuable; and, when I was built by J. L. Thompson One reason for this is that the That is why, soon after the war, went there last week, I was glad Sons of Sunderland. It was taken waves wc sec on the beaches Britain decided herself to enter to see the splendid progress made over from the builders on June 17 usually come from storm centres the nuclear field. since my visit four years ago. This. The British Vigilance, also of many hundreds of miles away in We have completed the develop- I think, is another fine example of 16,000 tons, was built by Sid io open sea. ment of a powerful atomic bomb. co-operation between Australia James Laing & Sons of Sunder To study the way in which This is now in regular produc- and Britain, within the framework land. It was taken over on Junq . o.in waves are generated you tion; and we have already built of the British Commonwealth. 21. :vc to go to these storm ccntrcs up a reasonable stockpile of these The Commonwealth, like all The 32,000-ton British Valour nJ they are not altogether picas- weapons. living organisms, is constandy built by Swan. Hunter ff Wighanij. 'Pt places. We are now, therefore, in a evolving and adapting itself to the Richardson of Wallsend-on-Tynej Vaughan Cornish, who was one changing circumstances of the was taken over on July 11. position to make a limited contri- • the great early observers, writes du'n^^'p^t "nlo^Rortloti* Sphe° bution to the nuclear deterrent world. The British Glory, also ni ! such an experience: "Several either from bases in Britain, or It is impressive to-day to see 32,000 tons, was built by VickerA hips sank with all hands and our ...mpl. „f .oHd-wid. scientific co-operetion in the history from bases overseas. how wide this association of free Armstrong at Barrow-in-Furness|line r was for a time in peril until We have been much assisted in nations has become. It was taken over on June 8. rought around with great diffi- obsenretions for e common poo! of knowledge. the development of the atomic Sharing as it does our British ulty to face the waves which had bomb by the testing facilities pro- parliamentary traditions and our truck her abeam. With just vided by Australia—first at Monte British standards of justice, the OM Rauioa botrte ships luugh steam to hold her bows Belln Island and now at Mara- Commonwealth provides a unique to be wrapped id-on to the sea. the ship was linga. link between nations, large and The old Russian battlesh pt hove-to until one o'clock in LTD. INCORPORATING Your help has been quite in- small, of different raccs and creeds, O^tyabrs^aya Reuolutsui is to e afternoon of this memorable valuable and wc greatly appreciate spread over the surface of the scrapped and the Sevastopol ill y The opportunity for which I your co-operation. f^lobe. expected to follow her. . J- longed IUfoIr years nahaad arrived PENGUIN HEAVY LIFTING PTY. LTD. As tfie world saw at Hiroshima, In the difficult world of to-day, Only the ex-Italian J\[°vorosjisi J at last I had a stationary post the atomic bomb is a weapon of in which there is so much sus- in the Black Sea remains of th« observation amidst the great devastating power. But, since then, picion and mistrust, the British Soviet armoured fleet, and witA ves of the ocean." PENGUIN PTY. LTD. hydrogen bombs, hundreds of Commonwealth can, I believe, the Chilean Altnirante Latorri Clearly he was a real enthusiast ALL CLASSES OF STEAM DIESEL times more powerful, have been make a very special contribution and Turkey's Yavuz. represent thi a cast ,ron stomach and he AND GENERAL ENGINEERING evolved. to international understanding. last survivors of the first "DreaJ Vs on to describe how he sat in BOILERMAKERS, OXY-ACETYLENE Britain successfully tested her The influence and leadership of nought" decade of 1906-16. i; dcck chair with his stop-watch AND ELECTRIC WELDERS first hydrogen bomb at Christmas its members in different continents The Petropaviosl( has been lai hserving the waves, PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL WORK Island a few months ago, and we and among different groups of na- up for a long time as a traintn Hls Krca, jiffi,^^. was that FLOATING CRANE AVAILABLE AT ALL TIMES (20 TON CAPACITY) intend to manufacture a stock of tions may well play a material part ship without her forecastle, whic ljp ^bing about in a high !k„ ALL CLASSES OF MARINE EQUIPMENT FOR SALE these also. in restoring confidence to the was badly damaged by air attac a very p|ace from which to For quite a number of years world. No nation wants war and 10-20 WESTON ST., BALMAIN EAST in 1941. ct accurate observations of waves. ahead,, manned aircraft will con- war can serve no nation's interest. The Poltava was broken up i ni] jt is on]y |n t),e iast fcw years Phones: WB 3121 — 3 lines tinue to be the primary method of If only this essential confidence After hours: UM 9485, WM 3225, FM 5708. 1923. Continued on peg* 10

THE NAVY S«pt»mb«r, 19(7. IS be studied in the International name given to the study of prac- Because of this growing interest, that we have been able to make Geophysical Year and on which tical problems such as the preven- the co-operative study of tides and measurements with instruments scientists in the University of tion of flooding and erosion by waves is one of the most import- fitted in ships. Queensland have been working tides and waves and it can be of ant activities of the International The height of the wave relative for some time. enormous financial importance. Geophysical Year. to the ship can be measured by a So far I have been talking about But it must be based on sound Australia, New Zealand, France pressure-sensitive element and the the way in which waves are gen- theory and observation of tides and the United States are trying motion of the ship measured by an erated in the deep oceans, but and long and short period waves. to get as complete a cover as pos- accclerometcr so that the actual when they reach the coast things sible in the Pacific. shape of the waves the ship is liecome much more complicated. Scientists were very interested in these subjects in the nineteenth Most of the phenomena I have passing through can be recorded. The theory of water waves is century but they became un- been mentioning, including tidal The waves travelling in differ- much more difficult than that of fashionable when the vogue of the surges and sometimes long waves, ent directions can be studied by other types of wave motion such atom set in. show up on tide recorders and, in steaming on various courses. as light or sound. addition, wc are installing a num- Storms at sea arc associated This is because the effect of the Recently, with the possibility of ber of long wave recorders which with meteorological disturbances depth of the water on the speed of making large scale observations are specially sensitive to periods of such as cyclones or cold fronts; the waves is rather complicated. with modern apparatus there has about 5 minutes and do not react they arc often several hundreds of been a revival of interest in them. to waves of short periods. miles across and move at speeds of In deep water, the water move- the order of thirty miles an hour. ment due to the waves dies out To a great extent this has been These instruments are mostly The level of the sea within the rapidly with increasing distance due to the work of the large being installed near lighthouses storm area changes like an inverted from the surface and the speed of Oceanograpluc Institutions such as and are looked after by the barometer so that if the barometer the waves is independent of the Scripps and Wood's Hole in the keepers and, in fact, without the falls by one inch the sea level will depth and depends only on the United S:ates and the National friendly co-operation of the Light- A view taken from the control desk of Iritein'i redio telescope now neering com- period of the waves. rise by about a foot. pletion at Jodrall Bank in Cheshire. It is by fer the lergest in the world end hes Institute of Oceanography in Eng- house Service we could not have been designed to follow eutomaticelly e ster in its course across the heavens, But when the length of the land. done very much. Within the storm area there taking into account the movement of Hie earth round its eiis end round the sun. will be squalls of wind gusting at waves, that is the distance be- speeds of up to sixty miles an hour The telescope is constructed of steel and weighs 2000 tons. The reflector bowl. tween successive crests, is greater which rotetes on two greet trunnions, elone weighs 750 tons. than the depth of the water, the or more. The telescope will be able to reech out into speco to e distance of 1000 million These squalls build up waves, light years. It will be eble to send radio pulses to the plenets end receive beck bottom begins to make its influence essentially, by push'ng on their echoes from which it mey be possible to deduce velueblo informetion. It con elso felt and to slow up the waves so be used to frock earth satellites. crests until, they are moving with that in shallow water the speed of EZD A almost the same speed as the wind. the waves depends on the depth. The height of the waves de- The long rollers which come in- Their origin was a puzzle for For waves coming in from the ZINC BASE DIE CASTING ALLOY pends on the time for which the to our surf beaches have periods many years, and they were attri- oceans, this slowing up begins at squall blows: the longer the time, of about 10 seconds and so they buted to many causes such as the the edge of the continental shelf conforming in composition with move with speeds of about 35 pounding of surf on beaches. But the higher the waves. Thus a storm and tends to turn the waves so as British Standard Specification 1004 produces a confused system of miles per hour in deep water. it has recently been shown that to face inwards towards the shore. waves moving in all directions and The waves which come out from when two sets of occan waves, of And as the water gets shallower produced by with periods of up to 15 or 20 a storm centre have, for the most the same period but travelling in the slowing up becomes more im- seconds. part, periods of between 5 and 10 opposite directions, collide, the portant and ultimately leads to the seconds but those with shorter floor of the ocean is set into vibra The period of a wave is the breaking of waves on sloping ELECTROLYTIC ZINC COMPANY periods die away more rapidly so tion with half the period of the time of one up and down oscilla- beaches. tion, and periods of 5 to 10 sec- that the cffect at a distance of a waves. OF AUSTRALIA LIMITED thousand miles or so is that of Thus the common waves of ten The story is not so simple as onds predominate in the waves 360 COLUNS STREET, MELBOURNE. coming out from the storm area. about ten seconds period travelling seconds period would cause micro- this since many other effects occur away from the storm. On this, of seisms of five seconds period. in shallow waters. For example, To follow the progress of these is used in the production of waves you have to know a little course, there will be superimposed These vibrations of the ocean floor you may have noticed that the more about the way in which chop or shorter waves whipped up are transmitted along it and re- iiighest waves on a surf beach high quality die castings water waves move. by the local winds. corded on seismographs near thf vcur in groups at intervals of a lew minutes. In deep water the speed of the Another important effect caused coast. by members of waves depends only on their by storms at sea is the small oscil- Since microseisms often origi- These groups arc called surf- THE ZINC ALLOY DIE CASTERS' ASSOCIATION lations which frequently appear on nate in cyclone centres it is pos- period, and there is a rough rule heats and are associated with long OF AUSTRALIA. that the speed in miles per hour seismograph records sible to use them to track the waves of the same period. is three and a half times the period Seismologists call those micro- movement of cyclones at sea. "Coastal engineering" is the in seconds seisms. This is one problem which will September, 1957. II 10 THE NAVT Sir, and all the sea Kingstons are Petersen had joined me as I boot is at full buoyancy. The OPERATION HANDCUFF shut." He fingered his face. watched the whaler pulling to- Anschluss compass is not work- "Well done, Chief." I was re- wards Lowestoft. ing. My engineer will obey your By LIEUTENANT-COMMANDER C. W. TAYLOR. O.RE.. D.S.C.. R.D.. R.N.R. IR«H.) lieved to hear that any risk of "Not your fault. Captain." I orders." His report was concise their scuttling the boat had been replied, "I'll send him in the next and complete, well in keeping with HE lay low in the water. At four 3-in. guns, manned and "Where is your Captain?" I catered for. "What happened to boat load." The destroyer's Aldis the man himself. asked. He pointed to the conning S times her conning tower trained on the U-Boat looked very your face?" started to blink. Miller was read- I felt a surge of sympathy for reassuring. tower. I made my way aft, push- seemed to have no substance with "There's a nasty piece of work ing it aloud. him. He must be going through the long black shape that was her Unstrapping the holster of my ing past the assembled crew stand- down there, a real Nazi. I fixed "Heard firing, any trouble?" I hell inside himself. I tried to vis- hull. I found myself counting the pistol, I turned my attention to ing on the casing. him with a spanner." there was a admired Hunter's brevity. ualise myself in his place. I re- figures assembling on her dcck, in cur objective. It was going to be HEY looked as if they hadn't note of satisfaction in his reply. "Reply. 'Spot of temper, cx- member hoping I would have the obedience to the order just broad- awkward boarding her in that seen the sun tor months. They I glanced at Miller. He looked T pcct one German casualty in next same dignity. cast through the loud hailer from swell. probably hadn't, the submarine green with envy. boat. Situation normal'," I said Lowestoft. I decided that there I dccidcd we should go along- had a Schnorkel. "Au/ leiedersehen. Captain, and "Where is this fellow, now?" I and Miller reluctantly laid down thank you," I held out my hand. were still some of her ship's com- side her port bow and benefit by "Kapitan Lieutenant Petersen." asked. his gun and started semaphoring He shook it firmly and turned pany below. I turned to Comman- >vhat little lee she was giving us He saluted. I returned the salute "The Hun Skipper was giving my message. away. I watched him glance up at der Hunter, who was gazing in- from the wind. and studied the man. I liked what him hell in the control room when the White Ensign which was now tently at the U-Boat as she rode "Cox'n, you remain in the boat I saw. He was fair haired, with Petersen. I suddenly noticed, I came up to report to you. Sir." flying above the Rcichkriegflagg, lazily in the low Atlantic swell, with the two destroyer lads and calm blue eyes. I felt he was had changed into his No. I uni- replied Sellers. before he got into the boat. I was barely two cablcs' length away fend her off. When the Huns get younger than he looked. He wore form and looked the complete Ger- I nodded. I hoped that was all glad to sec that Coxswain Kelly, from us. into the boat, let them do the row- the Iron Cross 1st Class and sev- man Naval officer. I became very ing. You'll have to make several the trouble we were going to have. conscious of my own rather fadeds standing on the deck of the U- "I think wc should board her eral other decorations. trips, I cxpcct. Let them make the "Chief, start getting these fel- khaki shirt and shorts. Boat, saluted him as he went over now. Sir, my blokes arc all ready." "You understand. Captain, that L.st trip without you. I want you lows into the boat, and tell Kelly the side. I pointed to the destroyer's whaler you arc to surrender your sub- "How many men are still down for the passage." to take as many as he can. they as it hung at the height of the marine to me and obey my orders. below?" I asked him. I wished I had remembered to "Aye, aye. Sir," replied Kelly. can double bank on the oars." I lower deck, on its davits, manned I shall hold you responsible for "Only the Engineer and two bring a bos'un's pipe. He was as phlegmatic as the day watched Sellers shepherding the by two of the Lowestoft's ship's the safety of my boarding party," Obcrmaschinists." he replied. —From "TKo London Navy." he joined Vampire before launch- Jerries into the boat. company. I said. He glanced at Miller, close "Good, please tell some of your ing at Vickers nearly two years behind me, who I felt sure was ship's company to put that man in My in members "f Vampire's 'T'HEY seemed docile enough. I ago. __ fingering his Tommy gun. the boat," I said, pointing to the ship's company, in their submarine wondered how many men "Miller, you stick by mc and rather deflated looking product of sweaters, were standing in the "I understand. I have my orders were still Mow and was about to don't use that Tommy gun unless the Third Reich, sitting clutching waist, ready to slide down the from Admiral Docnitz. I shall call down the hatch when I heard I tell you." Leading Seaman Miller obey them. There will be no his leg at a safe distance from Mil- manning ropes as soon as the boat shouting and noise coming from gnnncd and patted the weapon by trouble." He shrugged his shoul- ler. who had retaken possession of hit the water. down below. Thirsty! his side. Miller's wife had been ders. His English was excellent. his beloved Tommy gun. It occurred to mc at that mo- A German appeared at the top killed in East London by a direct "Good," I replied. "You will As the U.Boat commander Take the ment that this was a very fitting of the ladder closely followed by hit on their house. I wondered leave on board one Engineer Offi- supervised the moving of the climax to our somewhat arduous the Captain. Before anyone could whether I was wise to let him have cer and two engine men. The rest casualty into the boat, which had necessary and exciting commission of nearly do or say anything this new arrival the gun. of you will go to the destroyer." just returned alongside, I lit my 18 months in the Mediterranean. came right up to mc and spat in first cigarette since we had left Wc bumped alongside the U- I pointed in the direction of Low- my face. Lowestoft and glanced at my Our moan at having our V.E. Boat and I jumped for the casing. estoft. He seemed surprised. watch. Only 45 minutes had celebration interrupted was a thing I mis-timed the lift of the swell "Your men will not understand "English pig!" he snarled. There elapsed since we had lowered the of the past. and stumbled, not quite falling flat the Untcrsecboot." he said. was a sudden burst of fire and he whaler. It seemed longer, some- "Right, you can get cracking as on my face. Someone helped me "I am a British Submarine Com- clutched his leg. Miller stood with how. soon as you like." The tall, slim to my feet. I saw the lads running mander." I replied, "and these are the Tommy gun smoking in his Commanding Officer of Lowestoft along the deck towards the con- my men." He suddenly smiled for hand. grinned at me. "Good luck," he ning tower, led by C.P.O. Sellers. the first time and held out his Petersen went over to the man OETERSON came back on the * conning tower. added, "bring 'em back alive!" We had rehearsed this many hand. I took it. and let forth a torrent of German at him. I got the impression he "I will go now." he said, and "Heil Hitler." I murmured and times. I had no worries. They all "You will give me 10 minutes to was not being sympathetic. I saluted mc. standing very straight. slid down the ladder to the lower had their specific jobs to do and get ready?" he asked. I nodded wiped my beard and shouted down I noticed he had a large auto- deck. providing there was no opposition, and he disappeared down below. C.P.O. Sellers emerged from the for someone to get some bandages. graphed portrait of Docnitz in his Three minutes later we were U-J4I should bo in our hands in hatch. He had a large bruise on his The man was bleeding badly from hand. "I have naturally destroyed pulling towards U.S41. The swell no time. I turned my attention to check. his left leg. my codc books. The navigation I ScKwopporvotconco ImH teemed steeper now we were ac- the German officer standing beside tko wtiolo drink through. "Everything O.K. down below. "I regret this. Kommandant." books are safe and the Untersee- tually in it. I looked back. The me.

THE NAVY Soptombor, 1957. II 12 from the Administration giving This is particularly so in the Sydney by Captain J. S Mesley, evidence before the Senate Appro- Pacific. Since the War, the Royal M.V.O.. D SC., R A N. NEWS OF THE WORLD'S NAVIES priations Committee. Australian Navy has taken a far The three ships will pay their Admiral Radford said the cost greater share than formerly in the visit to South Australia following would be "staggering" if the U.S. security of the Southern Pacific, the conclusion of Fleet exercises in had to increase its manpower but it is the opinion of Admiral the Jervis Bay area. Germany salvages M.T.B.s from Great Britain; one intensive pfBVing trials before" strength. Stump, the Commander-in-Chief wartime submarines suh-chascr and six sweepers from going into general squadron "We could adopt a 'Fortress of the United States Pacific Fleet, Men U.S. carrion to The West German Navy's first the U.S.A.; and five sweepers scrvicc. America' concept," he said. that Australia's forces in the Paci- use mirror system from France. The flight is commanded by submarine UW20 was put afloat "In the world we live in to-day, fic should be ten times as strong The decklanding-by-mirror sys- Lieutenant • Commander J. §. at Kiel, recently. such a concept is entirely negative as they are. tem, invented for British aircraft French Naval Sproulc, R.N., who invented the She is the former U2365 of 250 and would merely mean that wc carriers, is to be installed on more movements Sproulc Tcscue net and other heli- tons which was scuttled off the postponed an ultimate and violent R.A.N. aircraft carriers United States ships and naval Fleet escorts Casabianca. Maille copter devices and equipment. Danish coast in 1945. salvaged showdown with international will visit S.A. bases. Breze, Guepratte and Du Chayla The helicopters with their log about a year ago. and now recon- Communism or, in the long run, The Royal Australian Navy air- The U.S. Navy has found it has have been commissioned. books were handed over to ditioned for training purposes. would capitulate." craft carrier Melbourne will visit cut the accident rate for planes The escort vessel Le Bourguig- Lieutenant - Commander Sproulc Adelaide from October 24 to landing on carriers by more than The following notice, which non, built in France under the and his pilots at Yeovil by Mr. E. South Africa's navy October 28, accompanied by the half — from 2.4 per thousand appears at intervals in a German Off-Shore Programme, was finally C. Whceldon. Managing Director is growing fast anti - submarine frigate landings to 0.98. monthly naval paper, throws a transferred in June by the U.S.A. of Westland Aircraft, Limited. side light on one way in which the Queenborough. The frigate La Cnnfiance (ex- Nations of the Commonwealth In this it was aided by another Germans arc managing to build up TonJtinois, cx-H.M.S. Movola) re- Helicopters transfer are making an increasing contribu- The aircraft carrier Sydney, the British invention, the angled deck. their Navy again: "Hints from places the ageing sloop Dumom stares at sea tion to British naval strength. Fleet training ship, will visit Port A U.S. naval spokesman has former naval personnel have led to D'Urville in the Pacific. An interesting operation took The South African Navy, at Lincoln at the same time. announced that the mirror landing our locating and salvaging U'l At the same time, the cx-U.S. place on the Ar\ Royal's return present, has ships valued at The Melbourne flagship of the system is to be installed in an (ex U-2i56) amongst others. He minesweepers Zinnia and Petunia to the United Kingdom. £20,000,000 under construction or Australian Fleet will be wearing additional 14 American aircraft who gives us such hints will par- replace their sister ships Lotus at In the approaches to the Eng- on order at British shipyards. the flag of the Flag Officer Com- carriers and on the runways of 60 take of the pecuniary advantage Tahiti and Tiare at Nouema. lish Channel, a team of helicopters This was made known by Briga- manding the Fleet (Rear Admiral naval air stations. resulting from such salvages." dier H. S. Cilliers. military adviser D. H. Harries. O.B.E.) and will They will be renamed after transferred the entire effects — Under this British system the The salvaging of L/-1 was fol- to the South African High Com- be commanded by Captain O. H. their predecessors. several tons of equipment, heavy pilot focuses on a spot of light lowed by the recovery of L/-2, missioner in the United Kingdom, Becher, D.S.O.. D.S.C. and Bar. The fishery protection vessel stores, personal luggage and main- reflected in a large curved mirror both of Type XXIII. and some ( at the launching ceremony of one Ailette, ex-German minesweeper tenance crews — o one of Ar\ The §ueenborough will be on the flight deck and is thus weeks ago another boat of Type of the ships, the coastal mine- M.24, has been replaced by the Royal's squadrons to H.M.S. commanded by Captain C. M. guided to follow a path which XXI (the peroxide design) was sweeper Windhoek, from the yard frigate L'Escarmouche. ex-H.M.S. Bulwark Hudson, R.A.N., Captain (F.) brings the plane safely to the detected by means of electro- of Messrs. John Thornycroft, at Frame. The opera Hon was done in 50 1st Frigate Squadron, and the deck. acoustic equipment in Flensburg- "lifts" as the ships steamed two Southampton. Fohrde. north of Kiel. New helicopters cables apart. "In a few years." said Briga- Although undamaged, it is far A/S wort dier Cilliers. "we will be able to Food tastes better ... doubtful if she will be allowed to The first deliveries of a new U.S. may have to play our part in ensuring the free commission in Germany as her dis- Mark of Whirlwind helicopter, increase maapnwsr passage of shipping not only placement exceeds the 100 ton designed for anti-submarine opera- U.S. Admiral Arthur Radford round the strategically important limit allowed for submarines. tions, have been made to the gave a warning last month that Cape of Good Hope, hut through waters surrounding Southern By the end of this year it is Royal Navy by Westland Air- the United States might have to Africa, should the need arise." hoped that four boats, all salvaged craft Ltd. increase its own defence strength and reconditioned, will be in ser- The Mark VII Whirlwind, as it "so that nearly every able-bodied In 1939, the South African vice at a cost of less than one- is known, is the first to be built in young man of military age would Naval Forces consisted of two third of newly built vessels. Britain specifically for submarine spend several years in military ser- officers, one rating and half a ship, The Germans aim to muster warfare. vice overseas." plus the services or" a fishing sur- vey vessel for approximately six two mineships, 18 destroyers, 40 It has been designed to carry This, Admiral Radford said, months of the year. To-day the M.T.B.s. 54 sweepers. 10 escort equipment and weapons capable would he the alternative if Con- strength of the South African ships, 12 submarines. 36 landing of detecting, seeking out and des- gress refused to grant the full Navy is 2,000 officers and men. craft and 58 aircraft. troying its foe. foreign aid programme asked for The defence committee of the The first of the new Whirl- by President Eisenhower. Encouraging as this may be, economic and security factors call Bundestag has agreed to the pur- winds were delivered to the heli- Admiral Radford, former chair- FOSTER'S LAGER ABBOTS LAftER chase of seven "Hunt" and "Black copter flight of No. 700 Squadron man of the U.S. Joint Chiefs-of- for a rapidly increasing contribu- MELBOURNE RI|TTER VICTORIA BITTER Swan" class frigates and three with whom they will undergo Staffs, was one of a delegation tion from the Commonwealth

S«pt»mb«r, 19(7. 14 THE NAVY IS PREPARING FOR THE SAILING SEASON THE BIG TANKER PROGRAMME Where Does the Money Come From? As the oil companies expand their trade, tanker-building orders are rising spectacularly

By a Special Correspondent

TPHE other week, a major oil is the essentially international extend from North America and company in Britain announced basis upon which the petroleum Latin America through Europe to another new tanker-building pro- industry is founded. Oceania and the Far East. gramme — covering 26 tankers It stresses that despite the fact "This vast distribution of in- totalling about 1,150.000 dead- that in some areas, such as Persia, terest in the international petro- weight tons — the cost of which expediency has dictated a measure leum industry brings in its wake will approximate £80 million at of co-ordination of effort, the correspondingly large gross earn- prevailing prices. international character of the oil ings to companies operating on a This announcement followed industry docs not imply any agree- world-wide scale—and since these hard upon the statement by an- ment between the major oil com- companies are almost entirely self- other oil-company cxccutivc that panies on mutually convenient financing, finding 80 per cent, or during the next four or five years production or marketing spheres more of their working capital the petroleum industry would of interest. from their own resources, only spend about .£300 million annually >-pHE Petroleum Information large-scale earnings arc adequate on tanker construction exclu- Bureau states: "Competition if future financial requirements sive of any accompanying expen- in every single phase of the in- arc to be met. diture on this work in the U.S.A. dustry's operations, from the "TT has been said that if the and the U S S R, by the nationals securing of rights to explore for •*• petroleum industry made the of these countries. fresh oil resources to extended same proportionate call upon the For countries such as Britain, outlets for finished products, is public money markets as is made whose industrial activities include fiercely — if healthily — keen. A by some other major enterprises, shipbuilding as a substantial company holds its place through there would be a grave risk of undertaking, the envisaged tanker one merit only — efficiency. these markets collapsing under the programme must be of great "No comfortable 'agreement' strain with a crippling shortage of potential value. In the case of the cushions it against opposition from capital all round. U.K., for example, tanker build- its rivals. "As the industry is now spend- ing has habitually accounted for "In this connection, Britain fur- ing, in all currencies, the equiva- between 45 per cent, and 55 per nishes an excellent example. Des- lent of £3,000 million annually on cent, of all work reaching its pite her substantial participation its varied development projects, it yards during the past ten years. in oil refining. Britain has only a is easy to appreciate the drain that The prospect of an indefinite relatively token output of crude might he made on the public continuation of such specialist oil itself (currently running at the money markets if the oil compa- work will be wholeheartedly wel- rate of about 65.000 metric tons nies were to adopt a less provi- comed. annually). dent policy over the husbanding Yet even as the thousands of "Yet British interests, including of their earnings. shipyard employees swarm about their association in certain areas "The average net profit (whole- the new vessels taking shape on with Dutch partners, are now con- sale) per gallon on all finished the stocks, they can hardly help cerned in oil production in over products is less than one penny. but wonder from time to time as 20 different countries and with It is these humble coppers, in their to how the money is raised by the these partners, are responsible for almost countless millions, that With the Jailing season opening this month, hundreds of enthusiast, have been busyagetting their oil companies wherewith to pay the recovery of well over 100 mil- form the great bulk of the indus- for so prodigiously costly pur- lion metric tons of petroleum a try's working capital. Some of craft ready. At the Balmoral 12-foot Sailing Club the White family, from Mosman, spent one chases. year. them will go to pay for the new Sunday last month scraping their Moth-class Taeping. From the left they are: Sabina 181, Dinah The Petroleum Information "Equally widespread are the re- tankers whose construction is so fining and marketing operations of largely helping to keep British (13), Camilla (10) and Nicky 161. Bureau in Sydney says that the first fundamental to be understood these interests — operations which shipyards fully occupied."

THE NAVY September, 1957. 17 CRUISERS AND DESTROYERS Vladimir under the commawJ it War, in 1863, six Russian cruisers It seems also probable that the Captain Boutlkov, achfcwd the and gun-boats left the Baltic for transfer of cruisers built in the sinking of *Ven Turkish Merchant New York, and six others belong- THE SOVIET'S SEA POWER Baltic to the Arctic and from ships and the capture wi two more. ing to the Pacific fleet anchored at there with the help of icebreakers San Francisco. ' By J. MEISTER Thi* raid, h«*iever, took place via the Northern Sea Route to the before the -Anglo-French armies The Russians believed, and still! Pacific, will continue and further lart&d near Sevastopol and before believe, that this "show of force'" INCE the end of World War Besides the Russian effort to only, because roughly two-thirds strengthen the Soviet Pacific fleet, tkf naval base was closely block- kept England from actively help- II, the Soviet Navy has been construct cruisers, the build-up of of the existing NATO warships S which may soon reach 45 per cent, aded. ing the Southern States against the much expanded, and this develop- the destroyer force deserves men- are laid up in reserve, while in of the total tonnage of Ruwiati In the Far East the Russians had Union. ment is bound to intrigue and dis- tion. At the end of the war, the the Soviet Navy even in peacetime naval forces. three frigates and four transports, turb the Western nations and Soviets were left with about 40 no major warships are decommis- As a result of the Crimean. Another fossihle mow mly be which restricted themselves to the above all Britain who depends so destroyers of prewar design. sioned. War, Russia's Black Sea fleet was the creation a 'Russian Mediter- defence of Nikolaiev on the Amur hound not to exceed six warships much on her sea-borne trade. Fifty years ago, when the battle- They soon added about a dozen ranean fleet ((which existed be- and Petropavlovsk. of more than 800 tons and four It must nevertheless nut be over- ship was still the "capital ship" units of the "O" class of 1,800 tween »he eighteenth century and of 200 tons, but after 1870 Rus- looked that several times in the and when naval actions were won At the latter place they gained tons, followed by the "Skory" 1914 almost without interruption) sai started to build up a stronger past the Russian N.ivy has already by gunfire and naval wars by the some success when they helped to class of 2,200 tons. The "Skorys," of a few bruisers, destroyers, sub- navy, which was not yet ready held a position second-to-none, outcome of a few such engage- repulse an Allied landing opera- of which more than 70 were built marines and depot ships. when the Russo-Turkish War of after the Napoleonic Wars for ments, Russia's sea-power was tion on 4th September 1854; and between 1950 and 1955, were the Such a fleet could, like the U.S. 1877-78 broke out. example. The Crimean War and much hampered by the fact that a year later, when the British first Soviet-built "ocean-going" '6th fleet, cruise between Jugo- the conflict with Japan, however, geography imposed the mainten- Navy tried to blockade the port, The materially stronger Turkish destroyers. slavia, Albania, Syria and Egypt, led to the almost complete down- ance of separate fleets in the Bal- they were able to break through fleet, although commanded by a The Soviets have since produced Maying a few weeks in each fall of Muscovite sea-power. tic, the Black Sea and the Pacific. and to escape with the whole gar- British naval officer, made a rather two further improved and heavier country and creating additional rison to the Amur River. poor show. Besides two unsea- To-day, Soviet Russia is again types, the "Tallin" class of at least Russia, being above all a land- political and psychological troubles worthy circular batteries, four old the second naval power after the 3,000 and the "Kotlin" class of power, could not afford to keep and problems in the Balkans and Surprisingly enough, the Rus- corvettes and some odd gun-boats U.S., but only so far as tonnage of more than 3,100 tons. strong enough fleets overywhere, the Near East. sians never tried to send cruisers, sloops or even armed merchant- and sloops, the Russians armed 15 warships is concerned, and not if nor was she able to concentrate •But if we look at what the Rus- one considers fighting value. While the classic armament of men from Archangel or Petropav- merchant ships and attacked on a these latest additions to the "Red her three main fleets without in- sians were able to do in past wars As a matter of fact, Russia has lovsk into the open spaces of the few occasions Turkish war and Navy" is rather weak (four 3.9- terference from the enemy. with cruisers and raiding forces, so far not a single aircraft carrier Adantic and the Pacific, where merchant ships. inch, 12 or 16 37-mm. guns, 10 This was one of the primary the picture looks far less danger- (against over 110 among NATO they could have secured many vic- The armed steamer Great Du\e torpedo tubes and mines) it is sus- causes of the loss of the war ous! powers) nor any modern battle- tims before being hunted down by Constant! sank at least four small pected that they may have, or re- against Japan 1904-05. Besides "showing the flag" ship (against 18 among the Allied the slow, if numerous. Allied Turkish ships, the Czar's circular ceive, a retractable armament of cruisers were always built to scout nations). But under to-day's conditions of cruisers. yacht Livadavia another one, and launching platforms for guided for battle fleets, to destroy the Since the war Russia has com- naval warfare, which do not call During the American Civil the steamer Vesta (1,880 tons, five missiles and A. A. rockets. for any concentration of heavy commerce of the enemy and to missioned at least 21 cruisers, protect their own seaborne trade. while a few more may still be warships, the peacetime distribu- Wm* A/S equipment While scouting for battle fleets building. tion of the Soviet naval forces may has almost ceased, A.A. gunfire Among the surprising features prove rather advantageous for the The Soviet Navy has actually support for aircraft carrier task WAILES DOVE BITUMASTIC PRODUCTS of the new Soviet cruisers and Russians. six prewar-built cruisers of forces as well as shore bombard- destroyers is the reliance upon The geographical conditions BITUROS SOLUTION & HARD ENAMEL "Kirov" type, five cruisers of ments have been added. How did both radar and optical gunsights, favour the break-out of cruisers "Tchapajev" type, the keels of the Russians get on with these strong torpedo armament, and very based upon Murmansk-Polaranoje THE WORLD'S BEST PROTECTION which were laid down before the tasks in the past? war but which were not completed weak anti-submarine equipment. and Petropavlovsk into the Atlan- let During the Crimean War, before 1948-49, and at least 16 tic and Pacific, and it may, there- FRESH WATER DUNKING TANKS. Against about 150 modern Rus- 1854-56, the Russians had in the postwar-built cruisers of the fore, prove more difficult to sian destroyers, which might be Baltic 10 and in the Black Sea "Sverdlov" type. used in offensive operations, the "bottle-up" potential Soviet raid- ers than was the case with the eight steam-driven cruisers or, as One former German cruiser, an- Allies possess more than 460 such German commerce destroyers dur- they were then called, frigates. J. WHDMKE & SINCLAIR PTY. LID. other of Italian origin, and two units, ocean-going, fast and power- ing both world wars. While the ships in the Baltic re- 97 PITT ST., SYDNEY, N.S.W. very old cruisers built for the ful. mained very passive behind the MELBOURNE BRISBANE Czarist Navy complete the picture. Nevertheless, it must be stressed The actual distribution of Soviet mines and guns of the fortresses Against these 31 Soviet cruisers, that in peacetime and during the surface ships may be as follows: AGENTS: of Kronstadt and Sveaborg, the the NATO nations have over 100 first few months of a third world Arctic Uric Heck S_ IWMc ADELAIDE . . . GIBBS BRIGHT ft CO. cruisers of the Black Sea fleet tried cruisers, including 21 heavy U.S. war, the Allied supremacy would PERTH . . . FLOWER, DA VIES ft JOHNSON. Cruisers 6 11 8 6 a few short forays, but only one, cruisers with 8-inch guns. remain a matter of paper strength HOBART ... R. L. MUXIGAN. Destroyers 30 60 20 40 executed in July 1854 by the

It THE NAVY September. Iff7. It V i CRUISERS AND DiSTROYERS ^^ Peci&t Root Vladimir under the commMttt W War, in 1863, six Russian cruisers ' it seems also probable that the Captain Boutlkov, acMevftl the and gun-boats left the Baltic for transfer of cruisers built in the sinking of seven Turkwfc Merchant New York, and six others belong- THE SOVIET'S SEA POWER Baltic to the Arctic and from ships and the capturt (rf two more. ing to the Pacific fleet anchored at 1 there with the help of icehrcakers San Francisco. •y J. MEISTER Th* raid, h«»ever, took place via the Northern Sea Route to the hefoni the -Anglo-French armies The Russians believed, and stilf Pacific, will continue and further Uitoleel near Sevastopol and before believe, that this "show of force'" INCE the end of World War Besides the Russian elfort to only, because roughly two-thirds strengthen the Soviet Pacific fleet, tfci naval base was closely block- kept England from actively help- II, the Soviet Navy has been construct cruisers, the build-up of of the existing NATO warships S which may soon reach 45 per cent, aded. ing the Southern States against the much expanded, and this develop- the destroyer force deserves men- are laid up in reserve, while in of the total tonnage of Russian In the Far East the Russians had Union. ment is bound to intrigue and dis- tion. At the end of the war, the the Soviet Navy even in peacetime naval forces. three frigates and four transports, As a result of the Crimean turb the Western nations and Soviets were left with about 40 no major warships are decommis- Another fiossibli move :mky be which restricted themselves to the War, Russia's Black Sea fleet was above all Britain who depends so destroyers of prewar design. sioned. the creation •of -a :R*issian Mediter- defence of Nikolaiev on the Amur bound not to exceed six warships much on her sea-borne trade. Fifty years ago, when the battle- They soon added about a dozen ranean fleet ((which existed be- and Petropavlovsk of more than 800 tons and four It must nevertheless not be over- ship was still the "capital ship" units of the "O" class of 1,800 tween alhe eighteenth .Sfntury and of 200 tons, but after 1870 Rus- looked that several times in the and when naval actions were won At the latter place they gained tons, followed by the "Skory" 191-4 almost without iriferruption) sai started to build up a stronger past the Russian Navy has already by gunfire and naval wars by the some success when they helped to class of 2,200 tons. The "Skorys," of a few "Cruisers, destroyers, sub- navy, which was not yet ready held a position second-to-none, outcome of a few such engage- repulse an Allied landing opera- of which more than 70 were built marines and -depot ships. when the Russo-Turkish War of after the Napoleonic Wars for ments, Russia's sea-power was tion on 4th September 1854; and between 1950 and 1955, were the -Such-a fleet could, like the U.S. 1877-78 broke out. example. The Crimean War and much hampered by the fact that a year later, when the British first Soviet-built "ocean-going" '6th flfcet, cruise between Jugo- the conflict with Japan, however, geography imposed the mainten- Navy tried to blockade the port, The materially stronger Turkish destroyers. slavia, Albania, Syria and Egypt, led to the almost complete down- ance of separate fleets in the Bal- they were able to break through fleet, although commanded by a The Soviets have since produced staying a few weeks in each fall of Muscovite sea-power. tic, the Black Sea and the Pacific. and to escape with the whole gar- British naval officer, made a rather country and creating additional two further improved and heavier rison to the Amur River. poor show. Besides two unsca- To-day, Soviet Russia is again Russia, being above all a land- political and psychological troubles types, the "Tallin" class of at least worthy circular batteries, four old the second naval power after the power, could not afford to keep and problems in the Balkans and Surprisingly enough, the Rus- 3,000 and the "Kotlin" class of corvettes and some odd gun-boats U.S., but only so far as tonnage of strong enough fleets overywhere, •the Near East sians never tried to send cruisers, more than 3.100 tons. and sloops, the Russians armed 15 warships is concerned, and not if nor was she able to concentrate sloops or even armed merchant- While the classic armament of •But if we look at what the Rus- merchant ships and attacked on a one considers fighting value. her three main fleets without in- men from Archangel or Petropav- these latest additions to the "Red sians were able to do in past wars few occasions Turkish war and As a matter of fact, Russia has terference from the enemy. lovsk into the open spaces of the Navy" is rather weak (four 3.9- with cruisers and raiding forces, merchant ships. so far not a single aircraft carrier Adantic and the Pacific, where inch, 12 or 16 37-mm. guns, 10 This was one of the primary the picture looks far less danger- (against over 110 among NATO 1 they could have secured many vic- The armed steamer Great Du\e torpedo tubes and mines) it is sus- causes of the loss of the war ous! powers) nor any modern battle- tims before being hunted down by Corotdtin sank at least four small pected that they may have, or re- against Japan 1904-05. Besides "showing the flag" ship (against 18 among the Allied the slow, if numerous. Allied Turkish ships, the Czar's circular ceive, a retractable armament of cruisers were always built to scout nations). But under to-day's conditions of cruisers. yacht Livadavia another one, and launching platforms for guided for battle fleets, to destroy the naval warfare, which do not call During the American Civil the steamer Vesta (1,880 tons, five Since the war Russia has com- commerce of the enemy and to missiles and A.A. rockets. for any concentration of heavy missioned at least 21 cruisers, protect their own seaborne trade. while a few more may still be warships, the peacetime distribu- Weak A/S equipment While scouting for battle fleets building. tion of the Soviet naval forces may has almost ceased, A.A. gunfire Among the surprising features prove rather advantageous for the The Soviet Navy has actually support for aircraft carrier task WAILES 00VE BITUMASTIG PRODUCTS of the new Soviet cruisers and Russians. six prewar-built cruisers of forces as well as shore bombard- destroyers is the reliance upon The geographical conditions BITUROS SOLUTION ft HARD ENAMEL "Kirov" type, five cruisers of ments have been added. How did both radar and optical gunsights, favour the break-out of cruisers "Tchapajev" type, the keels of the Russians get on with these THE WORLD'S BEST PROTECTION which were laid down before the strong torpedo armament, and very based upon Murmansk-Polaranoje tasks in the past? Ik war but which were not completed weak anti-submarine equipment. and Petropavlovsk into the Adan- During the Crimean War, before 1948-49, and at least 16 tic and Pacific, and it may, there- FRESH WATER DUNKING TANKS. Against about 150 modern Rus- 1854-56, the Russians had in the postwar-built cruisers of the fore, prove more difficult to sian destroyers, which might be Baltic 10 and in the Black Sea "Sverdlov" type. used in offensive operations, the "bottle-up" potential Soviet raid- ers than was the case with the eight steam-driven cruisers or, as One former German cruiser, an- Allies possess more than 460 such they were then called, frigates. J.' m\BRIDG E & SINCLAI R PTY. 1.TD . units, ocean-going, fast and power- German commerce destroyers dur- other of Italian origin, and two While the ships in the Baltic re- 97 PITT ST., SYDNEY. N.S.W. ful. ing both world wars. very old cruisers built for the mained very passive behind the MELBOURNE BRISBANE Czarist Navy complete the picture. Nevertheless, it must be stressed The actual distribution of Soviet mines and guns of the fortresses AGENTS: Against these 31 Soviet cruisers, that in peacetime and during the surface ships may be as follows: of Kronstadt and Sveaborg, the ADELAIDE . . . GIBBS BRIGHT « CO. the NATO nations have over 100 first few months of a third world Arctic VI tk Bfact 3M Pacific cruisers of the Black Sea fleet tried PERTH . . . FLOWER, DAVIE S ft JOHNSON. cruisers, including 21 heavy U.S. war, the Allied supremacy would Cruisers 6 11 8 6 a few short forays, but only one, HOBART . . . R. L. MILLIGAN. cruisers with 8-inch guns. remain a matter of paper strength Destroyers 30 60 20 40 executed in July 1854 by the

THE NAVY September, INT. it DISREGARD PREVIOUS FRAME BLURRED PRINT 6-inch guns, 12 knots) or. the 23rd were three Japanese transports; merchant vessel Le Rhone, and she July 1877 had a sharp fight with and the sinking of the unescorted To replace the destroyed Paci- was taken over and converted into the Turkish armoured cruiser Hitachi Maru with the heavy artil- fic fleet, Russia despatched from what was, perhaps, euphemisti- Fetchi Boulend (1.760 tons, five lery for the siege of Port Arthur the Baltic the so-callcd "Second cally called a patrol vessel. 11-inch guns, 13 knots) and was (18 11.1-inch howitzers) on board, Pacific Squadron," which besides She was commanded, and able to escape. delayed considerably the conquest eight battleships, three coast de- largely manned, by Frenchmen of the fortress and cost the Japan- fence vessels and nine torpedo Still, the Russians did not harass who were given British noms de ese army terrible loss of life. boats included one armoured ITALIAN NAVAL OPS. Axis submarines were suffering Turkish trade and coastal shipping guerre and official naval ranks and cruiser, four large and three small heavy losses in .nc Atlantic, as much as they should and could The longest Russian raid took Submarines Attaching, by Admi- ratings. She sailed under the cruisers, one armed yacht and six Docnitz agreed that Italian crews have done. three cruisers from the 18th to the ral Aldo Cocchia; published by White Ensign. should man certain of the new 30th July 1904 through the Tsu- auxiliary cruisers. William Kimbcr (U.K.). So much wc know. We know, When the Russo-Japanese War U-boats provided the seven Italian garu Strait into the Pacific olf While en route, they captured Submarines Attaching is not, as too. that she was torpedoed at the broke out in February 1904. tin- submarines which had been Tokio, and nine ships were des- two British merchant ships which its name implies, a narrative end of 1942 while sailing with a Russian Pacific fleet consisted of operating from Bordeaux were troyed or captured. carried contraband. mainly about submarine opera- convoy, her final destination being seven battleships, four armoured used as blockade runners to the But during the next raid. Japan- Shortly before the battle of Tsu- tions, hut a record of various the Eastern Fleet. cruisers, seven other cruisers, two Far East. ese forces caught up with the Rus- shima the auxiliary cruisers Kuban encounters between the British There were no survivors from auxiliary cruiscrs, 35 torpedo boats Five of the seven actually sian ships and sank the armoured and Terek were detached from the and Italian naval forces during the ship herself, though a few who and 12 gun-boats. started with valuable cargoes for cruiser Rnrilt after a brave fight. main fleet to make a diversion off the Sccond World War. had been earlier embarked in a Singapore, but only three reached The cruiser Varjag was sunk by Two more cruiscrs of the Vladi- the east coast of Japan, but their The author, though himself a launch were rcscucd. the Japanese at Tchemulpo, others their destination. vostok squadron suffered acciden- behaviour was so "discret." that naval officcr, took only a minor The rest of the story is told in were scuttled at Port Arthur, some The Armistice with Italy inter- tal damage, and cruiser warfare- the Japanese never knew that they part in the incidents described and this book. gunboats interned in China and vened before they could make the faded out. were there! makes no attempt to deal with the It does not. in truth, amount to two cruiscrs in Indo-China. return voyage and they were The Russian Admiralty there- On the 25th May 1905. the technical or tactical aspect. very much apart from the vivid taken over by the Germans at Only one neutral merchant ship fore ordered the auxiliary cruiser auxiliary cruisers Oniepr and Rion He is concerned solely with the characterisation of the Fidelity's Singapore. had been captured in the Yellow Lena (11,000 tons, six 4.7-inch were sent into the Yellow Sea to human side and has selected parti- amazing Commanding Officer, a Sea. and six 3-inch guns, 20 knots) to conduct cruiser warfare. cular incidents which illustrate the They carried 150 tons of cargo Corsican named Costa, whose which necessitated the removal of The four cruisers based on Vla- procced from Vladivostok to the Altogether, these four armed patriotism and bravery of Italian British pseudonym was Jack Lang- their entire armament and a sec- divostok undertook altogether 10 Pacific and to carry on cruiser liners sank six Japanese and neut- nav.il personnel. lais, and the rather mysterious tion of their batteries. raids against Japanese shipping, warfare; but, owing to the mutin- ral merchant ships and returned Admiral Cocchia clearly wrote Madeleine Guesclin. who was sinking 15 enemy merchant ships ous state of her ship's company, afterwards unmolested to Euro- his book with Italian readers in The book is illustrated with transformed into First Officer Bar- , and transports and capturing three she had to be interned at San pean ports. mind. It contains neither maps some excellent photographs and is clay and was lost with the ship. well translated. But it should be more. Francisco on the 12 th September During the battle of Tsushima, nor charts of any sort and the Indeed, the book is worth read- bought for light reading and not Among the ships encountered 1904. five cruisers and the auxiliary majority of the names of the ing for this characterisation alone, as an accurate record of events.— cruiscrs Ural were sunk (besides Italian officers and ships men- for they were truly an extraordi- G.P.T. almost all the other vessels of the tioned arc quite unknown in this nary pair.— P.KK. GLOBEX IS GOOD FOR EVERYBODY! Second Pacific Squadron); three country, except to the historian. more cruiscrs escaped into Manil- We arc all, however, well aware SPECIAL SERVICE UNDERWATER HERO Use it for Beef Tea, Soups, Stews, Gravies la; and only the armed yacht AI- of the brilliant and sometimes suc- H.M.S. Fidelity, by Marcel Jul- V.C., by Ian Fraser; maz and two torpedo boats reached Globex builds sturdy young frames; brings renewed cessful efforts of the Italian lian. published by Souvenir published by Angus & Robert- strength to the sick and aged. To all it gives extra resistance Vladivostok! human torpedoes to destroy or Press (U.K.). son. to chills and ills. Globex is the pure extract of Australia's Russian attempts to capture damage our ships at Alexandria, For some years there have been The midget submarine com- primest beef. Use it for flavouring, for hot drinks; use neutral ships with contraband in Gibraltar and Malta, and the it for sandwiches; use it in many ways for the extra nourish- vague reports of a naval vessel manded by Lieutenant- the Mediterranean and the Red author might well have described ment it gives you. Globex costs less, goes farther! during the last war which carried Commander Ian Fraser attacked a Sea met with sharp protests from these episodes in greater detail. a First Officcr in the Women's big Japanese cruiser that was ' England and Germany. The emphasis is all on the pre- Royal Naval Service as part of apparently resting on the bottom, Actually, the armoured gunboat liminaries — on the way, for her normal complement. so that there was no possibility to Khabry had stopped a British example, the Italian frogmen Gradually, other small details sctle under her keel, yet this great GLOBEX steamer in the Mediterranean, and established and built up their base of this ship gained currency, adventure resulted in the destruc- P U It I BICF EXTRACT during July 1904 the armed liners at Algeciras unknown to the though there was little enough tion of the cruiser and the con- Smolensk and Saint Petersburg, Spanish authorities. known of her full story. ferring on Fraser of the V.C. which had left the Black Sea un- All 6foc«n and Chmiiti. in ioi. 4-01 One of the most interesting This story is now told in His other activities in a tank at and l-ot. ion and tint armed, mounted guns when in the chapters deals with the decision to H.M.S. Fidelity, written from Manchester and in more serious Red Sea and there captured one provide a number of German U- reports of former members of her operations make this book a must i "A DELICIOUS SPREAD" British and two German merchant- boats with Italian crews. complement by Marcel Jullian. for every high-spirited boy in the men. Continued on page 22 In the spring of 1943, when the The Fidelity was the French land —H.B.

THE NAVY Sopt.mb.r, 1957. \

minesweeper and a naval auxiliary THE sim un ? SEA POWER in the Irben Strait, but they were MARITIME NEWS OF THE Continued from page 20 driven back by the inferior Ger- man vessels. , Ahoiicther Russian attacks strangled the important coal trade Another attack by a destroyer against the Japanese shipping, up- from Zunguldak to the Bosporus. against a German convoy ^as on which depended both the life This good record, due above all thwarted by German M.T.B.s; and of Japan and the supply of its to the dynamic personality of the a fight between German mine- armies fighting in Manchuria, had Russian Admirals Eberhardt and sweepers and two destroyers, sup- completely failed. Koltchak. was soon destroyed by porting four M.T.B.s, ended with WORLD "Hicy had cost the Russians, the Revolution; and during the the destruction of one Soviet From our Correspondents in however, 11 cruisers and two aux- civil war and the Allied interven- M.T.B. LONDON and NEW YORK iliary cruisers lost, six interned! tion the Bolsheviks made no use Afterwards, and until the end In the 10 years between the of their opportunities to attack the of the war. the surviving Soviet By Russo-Japanese and the First shipping of a dozen nations. destroyers and cruisers lay at AIR MAIL World War, the Russians made A single Estonian merchant ship Kronstadt and Leningrad, from notable efforts to build up a new was seized by the destroyer Spar- time to time shelling the German Lloyd's report shows accomplished by that country dur- ticket may travel from Sydney to navy, both in material and in at the end of 1918 in the Bal- positions around the beleaguered age of tankers ing the WP- years. San Francisco By an Orient liner, spirit, and some results were ob- tic. town, but never daring to go out While there has been this and return by at Matson liner. tained. During the winter war between to attack the very weak German- An interesting examination of unmistakable emphasis on "youth" Although only making a single But in 1914 the few cruisers of Finland and Russia. 1939-40, the Finnish naval forces which guard- the ages of the various vessels in the composition of the world journey with each company he the Vladivostok squadron failed to numerically stronger Soviet Navy ed the minefields and nets in the comprising the world's oil tanker tanker fleet, it is also interesting will receive a round-trip con- protect the Russian shipping off was quite unable to stop Finnish Gulf of Finland! fleet was recently made in the to note how recurrent pressure on cession. this port against the Emden, and shipping along the coast of the annual report of Lloyd's Register Gulf of Finland or across the Black Sea engagement of Shipping. available tonnage appears to have at Penang the cruiser Jemtchug preserved that small proportion of Bothnian Gulf, or to destroy Fin- In the Arctic, only one fight Of this fleet, which approxi- Strange craft launched was surprised and sunk by the obsolete or near-obsolete vessels nish coastal fortifications. took place, on the 17th December mated some 42 million deadweight in Germany same famous German raider. that ordinarily would have been But the worst show Russian sur- 1941, when four German des- tons at July, 1956 (the date to Adma Enterprise is the name unlikely to have survived in face forces ever put up took place troyers fell upon two Soviet des- which the examination relates), given to a strange craft launched The Baltic 1914-1918 servicc. during the Second World War. troyers at the entrance to the the report estimates that no less at Audorf, on the Kiel Canal, In the Baltic the Russian cruis- In 1941 there were two battle- White Sea. In a sharp action with than 58 per cent of the tonnage Into this category come tankers recently. ers undertook several minelaying ships, two modern cruisers and guns and torpedoes at short range represented vessels of post-war of 20 years old or over. At the The word Adma stands for raids deep into the central part about 30 destroyers in the Baltic, one Soviet vessel was probably construction. time of the survey they comprised Abu Dhabi Marine Areas, a com- of the German-controlled sea and one battleship, two modern sunk. Moreover, a further 27 per cent 8 per cent of the world fleet. pany two-thirds owned by BP and lanes, and on one occasion, on the and three older cruisers and up to In the Black Sea, the Russians was between 10 and 14 years old, one-third by Compagnie Francaise 2nd July, 1915, after a confused 25 destroyers in the Black Sea. were about 10 times superior to into which age-group came ton- Shipping lines offer des Petrolcs. action with German cruisers and In the Arctic there were also the German-Roumanian naval for- nage constructed during the war combined tickets torpedo boats, they drove the dam- Adma Enterprise is not a ship about a dozen destroyers, and from ces which were running convoys as and which survived the hostilities. aged German minelayer Albatross Two major Pacific shipping in the ordinary sense of the word 1944 on, one lend-lease former far as the North Caucasian ports ashore in Sweden, where she was Within the overall picture of companies are now offering com- — it is a drilling barge which will British battleship, one former and the Bosporus. interned. the respective age-groups of the bined return tickets for Pacific be used to pursue submarine od. American cruiser and nine des- Nevertheless, the Soviets were fleet, there were some interesting travel. Although successful, these raids Its creation was a combined troyers. only once able to overtake one of comparisons to be seen. Mr. John L. O'Brien. Passenger operation and very much an inter- were not undertaken often enough During the whole war, neither these convoys, on the 14th Decem- For the U.K., which owned Traffic Manager in the South national affair. With Anglo- to have a decisive influence upon in the Arctic, the Baltic nor the ber 1942 off Sulina. within a very little of 20 per cent Pacific for Matson Lines, and Mr French ownership, it was designed the war at sea. Black Sea, did Soviet Russian The convoy consisted of three of world tanker tonnage, the age John D. Bates, General Manager by the DeLong Corporation of Only four enemy merchant battleships, cruisers or destroyers Roumanian steamers, one Rouma- analysis showed a pattern close to in Australia for the Orient Steam New York and built by the Ger- ships were captured. sink any Axis war or merchant nian torpedo boat and four Ger- that of the world fleet as a whole. Navigation Company Limited, man Company. Gutehoffnung- ships, not even small craft! At the But in the Black Sea the nu- man minesweeping launches. Norway, as a result of substan- have announced that their compa- shutte Sterkrade Aktiengesell- same time, about 50 Soviet des- merically superior Russian naval They were attacked by two tial wartime losses and post-war nies will issue combined tickets schaft of Sterkrade-Oberhausen. troyers, one cruiser and one battle- forces were able to inflict heavy Soviet destroyers, and while the acquisitions, had a higher-than- from Australia and New Zealand and will be operated by Abu ship were lost! losses upon Turkish coastal ship- four Roumanian ships escaped, the average number of vessels under to Honolulu and North America, Dhabi Marine Areas Limited. ping off the Anatolian coast. Cru- Very few naval actions took four minesweeping launches, with and return. 10 years old. It is designed to operate in sers and above all destroyers and place, all of them disastrous for 20 mm. A.A. guns and a smoke The U.S.A. had a large num- They said the tickets would water up to 80 ft. deep. Its torpedo boats often shelled the the Soviets. screen, fought the Russian vessels ber of ships coming within the represent a saving of about 10 per dimensions are approximately 200 little Turkish ports, annihilated On the 6th July 1941 two des- for more than one hour at a range 10-14 year age group — betoken- cent on two single fares. ft. x 100 ft. x 15 ft., its weight several small c o n v o v s . and troyers encountered a German Continued on page 24 ing the prodigies of shipbuilding A passenger with a combined being 4,200 tons and when water- 22 THE NAVY September, 1957. borne has a draught of 10 ft. in the open spaces of the oceans. 6 ins. THE SOVIETS SEA POWER It seems that some still unidenti- BRITAIN BUILDS After its trials, the barge will Continued from peg* 22 fied large ships are actually build- WHALING SHIPS be towed to the Persian Gulf and ing in Russia. They may he will operate in an area some 22 of about 3.000 yards, until the be a few more still to be commis- cruisers, aircraft carriers or even By 6. A. ALLAN —la Laodaa miles from Das Island. Soviets had had enough and re- sioned? Originally. Stalin had guided missile vessels; but what- ordered the construction of most The high quality of tha passangar liners, cargo vassals of all types It is equipped with four retract- tired. ever they may be will they of these ships after the Sccond and that, and oil tankers made in Britain's shipyards it well known. able legs of 10 ft. in diameter and One is forced to conclude that influence or change the historical, World War. when he hoped to Lass is known about tha special ships built for tha deep-sea 160 ft. in length. These legs can during World War II the Soviets geographical and psychological wage a series of "minor" and Whaling industry be elevated or lowered by eight did not make any reasonable use shortcomings o f Russian sea "local" wars to secure domination DcLong hydraulic ja.-ks. of their cruisers and destroyers. power? g •T^HESE vessels are mainly of pany Ltd.. of Aberdeen, Scotland. Allied naval officers in the Arc- over Korea. Greece. Turkey and —From "TK. London Navy." A drilling unit will be installed two types; factory ships, The whaling factory ships built tic came to much the same conclu- the Scandinavian nations. with pipe racks, drill pipe and usually of substantial tonnage, by the Furness Shipbuilding Com- sion when observing the Soviet storage facilities for the cement, Fortunately, the Allied inter- with broad decks for the easy dis- pany are the Southern Venturer destroyers which came out to meet chemicals, mud. etc.. required for vention and. above all. N A T O., Now vassals to Hft memberment of the whales and and Southern Harvester, for the the Murmansk convoys. the drilling operations on the site. and finally, the dictator's timely deep tanks for receiving and South Georgia Company, subsi- The record of the Czarist Navy carrying the oil, and small, fast Comfortable air conditioned liv- death, prevented the execution of diary of Chr. Salvesen and Com- was not always brilliant, but that Between 1938 and 1953 the catching ships for pursuing the ing accommodation will he pro- this project pany; the Norhuol and the Kor- of the Soviet Navy was even British herring catch decreased by whales and killing them with vided for 50 people. But the strength of Soviet sur- mos V for Norwegian owners. poorer. 28 per cent but the Dutch catch modern and relatively painless face and submarine forccs in the The Southern Venturer, con- increased by 68 per cent. harpooning equipment. The Russians were definitely not Baltic and Black Sea gives the structed for the carriage of whale gifted leaders from the point of In an effort to halt this British Russians, in case of war. suprc In addition to the traditional oil, incorporates more than 1,000 view of cruiser warfare and the drift, a Yarmouth firm, Henry macy over the fleets of all other barbed harpoon and the explosive tons of steel. She is an excellent handling of raiders. The Russian Sutton Ltd., is introducing Dutch nations bordering these waters. harpoon, electrocution is now example of the modern whaling character and the dull Soviet sys- type drifter - trawler - processing tanker with the addition of a As long as the N.A.T.O. practised by some whalers. This tem do not favour the develop- vessels. They are being built in between-deck 22 feet high, powers keep control of the method is claimed to stun the vic- ment of naval officers with initia- Poland because British yards could arranged to accommodate the Danish- and Turkish-controlled tim immediately. tive. willing to take responsibility not guarantee delivery before whaling factory equipment. The idea of a mobile factory and able to cruise for month after straits, this is not so dangerous; about three years. ship, in which the whale carcases Her principal dimensions are month without detailed instruc- but if ever the Russians should Reporting this, Fishing News could he cut up and processed 550 feet in length, 74 feet in tions. take these key positions, the whole says that Henry Sutton is paying with the most efficient equipment breadth and the loaded dead-, Therefore, and because no situation would be much improved for one ship. The second will be and the oil, extracted from the weight tonnage is 20,500. THOMAS foreign bases are for the time for the Soviets. purchased by the Herring blubber, bones and meat, with .the The nine cargo tanks, with a being available, and because the In the Arctic and the Pacific Industry Board and chartered to minimum of delay, originated total capacity for about 19,000 land-based Soviet naval air force the Russians must, even in case of ROBINSON ft Sutton's. after World War I. tons of oil, are divided into 36 cannot replace the missing aircraft war. carry supplies by sea to such The modern whale factory ship compartments. carriers, it may be assumed that places as island outposts, or the If the ships are successful, Sut- SON PTY. LTD. makes it unnecessary for the car- the Soviets do not intend to big naval base at Petropavlovsk. ton's intend to order more under • the Board's grants and loans cases to he landed on Antarctic The cruiser-type stern has an undertake ocean raiding operations These convoys form interesting scheme. islands for dismemberment and opening in the centre leading to on a very large scale. targets for Allied submarines, air- brings back the oil, meat and by- the sloping slipway, carried Though a few armed merchant craft and surface forces. The British herring vessels are hav- products in the best possible through the engine casing to the ships (raiders) may be used, not Russians hope to run these con- ing to go further afield for their FLOUR MILL AND condition. level of the upper deck, to that much is to be expected from such voys under the protection of the catches, and the new ships will Five United Kingdom firms, all the whale carcases can be hauled measures. But the Soviets may shore-based air force, with a close have a range of some 4,000 miles WOOD-WORKING well known in general shipbuild- up to the flensing deck where they intend to despatch some merchant escort of anti-submarine vessels, and will carry enough fuel, water ing, have made something of a are stripped of their blubber and ENGINEERS, ships, loaded with light arms and and a seaward task force of and provisions for 22 days. speciality of whaling vessels. They then cut to pieces. a few hundred men and political modern cruisers and destroyers to They will be diesel ships with arc: Inglis (A. and J.) Ltd., of The upper deck is clear of all commissars to overseas countries ward off Allied ships. a cruising speed of nine knots and Glasgow. Scotland; the Furness obstructions to facilitate the hand- and colonies, where they could When attacked in the past, the will be 113 ft. overall. Shipbuilding Company Ltd., of create political and economic ling of the heavy carcascs, and Russian ships have always fought Crew will number sixteen, Havcrton Hill, County Durham, 160 SUSSEX ST.. troubles. efficient drainage is provided. Hie very stubbornly, and for this accommodated in two 4-herth and England; Harland and Wolff Ltd., blubber, meat and bones are SYDNEY, reason naval operations in Soviet one 6-berth cabins, each skipper of Belfast, Northern Ireland; passed through hatches to the Wkdt purpose? N.S.W. coastal waters may reflect far more having his own cabin. Central Smith's Dock Company Ltd., of extraction plant in the vestel't fac- So. what purpose may the 31 impact of Soviet sea power than heating will be installed through- Middlesbrough, Yorkshire, Eng- tory section. operations which might take place land; and Hall Russell and Com- Russian cruisers serve? And may- The extracting and refining 14 THE NAVY S«pt»mb«r, 19(7.IS machinery for the producing of operating in Antarctic waters whale oil, before it is piped to the since her completion by Harland PORT LINE main tanks below, is situated in and Wolff for the well-known LIMITED the main between-decks. Norwegian whaling firm of A/S COCKATOO DOCKS Thor Dahl. Of about 21,000 tons APPOINTED A.D.CSS TO In addition to the conventional Regular sailings for: deadweight carrying capacity, this A ENOINCIRINA rendering equipment, special plant vessel is 560 feet long and pro- THE QUEEN UNITED KINGDOM is installed for the extraction of CO. PTY. LTD. pelled by two six-cylinder diesel and CONTINENT, liver oil and the preparation of Captain E. H. Leiteh, C.B.E., R.A.N., at present engaged engines. On the flensing deck are • TAKING WOOL, meat and bone meals. on special duties at Navy Office, Melbourne, has boon REFRIGERATED two steam winches for hauling the appointed an aide-de-camp to the Queen. Westland S.55 helicopters are and whi^c carcases up the sloping slip- Contractors to . , . GENERAL CARGO used by Chr. Salvcscn and Com- way in the stern on to the deck OMMANDER G. S. H. mobilised as a Sub-Lieutenant and H.M. AUSTRALIAN NAVY ALSO LIMITED pany, of Leith, Scotland, with for dismemberment. C served in that rank and as Lieu- NUMBER SALOON their Antarctic whal- Ship-builders. The world's largest whaling Champion, R.D., R.A.N.R. tenant in H.M.S. Kanimbla until PASSENGERS. ing operations. Marine ship, originally named the Juan (S), has also been appointed an mid-1942. These aircraft, two of which and For further particulars apply: Peron, and now renamed the aide-de-camp. After carrying out anti-submar- are based on each of the floating Cruz del Sur, was built by Har- Until recently Captain Leitch General Enqmeerj. PORT LINE LTD., factories Southern Venturer and ine and other courses, he took land and Wolff for the Compania was supply officer at Flinders command of small vessels in light Inquiries Invited. 1-7 BENT ST., SYDNEY Southern Harvester, operate from Argentina de Pesca. Naval Depot, Crib Point (V.). (Inc. in England) coastal forces and in 1944 com- flight decks specially constructed Of 25.324 tons deadweight Before he was appointed to that at the stern of the vessels. manded the 1st New Guinea flo- Or Agents: carrying capacity, she is similar in post in May, 1955, he was sec- tilla of Fairmiles. GIBBS BRIGHT Si CO., Helicopters are very suitable for general layout to the Thorshavet retary for seven years to Vice Ad- COCKATOO ISLAND miral Sir John Collins, K.B.E.. After about 1| years in Fair- 37 PITT ST., SYDNEY this type of work as their vertical and the T^orhval. SYDNEY take-offs and landings eliminate Another Harland and Wolff C.B.. when he was First Naval miles he transferred to corvettes Aln M any necessity for launching ship, the Bdlaena, built for United Member of the Australian Com- and was later in command of BRISBANE, MELBOURNE, H.M.A.S. Lithgow and for a short Phono: WB 1941 ADELAIDE, PERTH, apparatus. Whalers Ltd., of London, acts as monwealth Naval Board and period H.M.A.S. Roc^hampton. and NEWCASTLE Another British-built factory a "mother-ship" to a fleet of about Chief of the Naval Staff. (It llssool He received several M.I.D's during ship, the Thorshavet. has been ten catching vessels. Captain Leitch served with dis- 1945. After demobilisation in Jan- tinction in the Second World War uary, 1946, and having obtained a and was on the bridge of mate's and mastre's foreign-going H.M.A.S. Australia with Vice certificate, he rejoined the E. (f A. Always ask for . . . 28,579 WHALES KILLED Admiral (then Commodore) Col- Company in November, 1946. lins when the ship was attacked by EN ANTARCTIC a Japanese "suicide" pilot in the operations in Leyte Gulf. WENTY whaling fleets in The average oil yield was SHELLEY'S T the Antarctic this year, 128.1 barrels per B.W.U., com- Both he and Commodore Col- Mr. John L. O'Brien has been yield of 313,753 tons, worth pared with 120.9 in 1956 and liris were severely wounded. appointed as passenger traffic manager for Matson Lines in the 28,579 baleen whales for an oil 117.3 in 1955. He jointed the Royal Australian FAMOUS DRINKS South Pacific. about £A30 millions. The figures are from the Navy in 1919. He was promoted Norwegian Whaling Gazette. captain in 1946. This is a new post which the In 1956, 19 fleets, with 259 Obtainable from leading The 28,579 whales killed in company says it has created to catchers, killed 28,547 whales 1957 comprised 25,687 fin, meet the increasing demand of shops and saloons. for 295,525 tons of oil. Commands Nankin 1,504 blue, 711 sei, and 677 passenger traffic for South Pacific Commander Champion is at The 1957 catch was equal to humpback. travel. present in command of the E. 6? 14,736.8 B.W.U., compared A table shows how the catch A. Line's >Jan^in. He was formerly general sales The future of flMm for marine purposes ivith the target ceiling of was shared by the national it mot by the lotoit lebcock dovalop- He joined the A.U.S.N. Co. manager, passenger traffic depart- CORDIAL FACTORY menH, which, in turn, are becked by 14,500. fleets. ment, at San Francisco. Before Whale. Oil Oil< Ltd. as a cadet in January, 1935. over SO yoert' toe experience. At >00, Fleets Catchere World War II he was in charge at on land, time hoi oroved the service (torn) per B.W.U.) In 1936-37 he did seven months' PTY. LTD. of a Matson subsidiary in Sydney of lobcock toiler Plant Norway - 9 94 11,980 142,893 138.1 training as a , Japan 5 54 6,662 69,892 117.4 — the American Railroad Travel MURRAY STREET, BABCOCK A WILCOX R.A.N.R. (s). serving in H.M.A. U.K. 3 35 4,702 50,955 132.3 and Information Bureau. MARRICKVILLE. OP AUSTRALIA Ml. LIHITSD ships Australia and Vendetta. He U S S R. .. 1 18 2,428 21,856 111.1 then returned to A.U.S.N. and He served in the U.S. Army N.S.W. N'lands .. 1 14 1,289 14,607 129.2 MM Mice t Hoiks •'.••nil Pin n S B shortly afterwards transferred to Air Corps from 1942 to 1945, Sfaedi Officii ,«d * g..cl,i la all Stela, S. Africa _ 1 10 1,518 13,550 114.3 the E. (f A. Line. and was then appointed Matson 'Phone: LA 3461. On the outbreak of war he was Lines' general agent at Chicago. 14 THE NAVYS«p t»mb«r, 19(7. IS September. ITt7. For Sea Cadets BULBAR BIBLE AT CHURCH SERVICE NINETY FATHOMS By B. HARPER TT seemed an age before I sur- I decidcd that I could well do fussy, inhibiting sisters. He had ^ faced into the sunshine from without the boots. It was quite a been the jaunty young sailor who that dark-green hissing world. job unlacing them, but eventually had left the street for a man's life, I had never realised that a slide they were released. It was then his cap set back on his head and if some 20 feet down a tilting that 1 became obsessed with the his mind throbbing to the belief -hip's side would plunge mc so gravity of the situation. that all the girls knew he was off Jeep. After all, I had been down There were my boots, on their to Singapore in a cruiser. many of those swimming pool way down through ninety fathoms Poor old "Stripey" — that it chutes, but, of course, they turn of green silence to that sunless, should comc to this. He was some- up at the ends, throwing you on muddy bed below me, a bed which, where inside that gaunt column of to the water, not into it. with less good fortune, might have steel, with mess-deck equipment Without thinking too much been my own There was I, sus- breaking loose all around him and about what I was doing I struck pended in water 500 feet above the water greedily cascading in, out for the open, away from the the ground, and my boots were rushing and bubbling through black carpet of oil which was al- sinking slowly from me, never every crevice of his dark tomb. ready spreading away from the again to be seen by man, only to The stern of the ship, blown off men who were thrashing about be sniffed at by curious fish or by the direct hit on the the after with so much vigour, but with so waved at by friendly fronds of oil tanks, had up-ended and was little apparent aim. Yes, this was seaweed. There was something floating apart, gradually sinking like the baths again, getting away sinister in the idea. as the air fought its way out as trom the shrieking kids in the The ship was going now. . . . big foaming bubbles. The two -hallow end to the cool, quiet huge propellers showed themselves -wimmers in the deep. Like a Cenotaph to me, rather shamefacedly, for After about ten minutes I Her fore-end was standing ver- the first time. Those screws, which turned on my back and trod water tically in the sea like a cenotaph, had pushed us on many a convoy idly. Nearby, spaced over the which — in a sense — she was. mission, had slid us furtively up water like marking buoys at a Somewhere inside was "Stripey" Narvik Fjord, and had hastened regatta, were the heads of other Adams, who had burst into tears us to the evacuation of France, shipmates, shouting greetings to after we had been hit and col- were now, it seemed, raising their each other like exuberant school- lapsed on the mess-deck floor, hands in resignation and saying, boys. howling like a child and stub- "This is not our doing. . . "Good old 'Arpie.' What a bornly resisting all entreaties to The water bobbed with heads caper this is!" save himself. He couldn't swim. and debris. One single Carley float I waved back, but decided that Poor old "Stripey," he'd been a was loaded with black figures, t was no time for shouting. It real swashbuckling sailor in har- coughing the oil from their stom- vas, as he had so aptly put it, a bour, full of the big talk and pro- achs. Here and there hards caper." To be demoted from the fanity, desperately keen to impress clutched frenziedly at the air, but lately glory of a destroyer's bridge newcomers and the youngsters it couldn't support them and they into the middle of the North Sea with' his knowledge of Navy disappeared in a swirl of foam. itself, and there to be left swim- ways. But Hitler had found him Some men shouted. Some tried to ming aimlessly and feeling ridicu- out in the end. "Stripey" couldn't joke, others swore. One group was lous, was, indeed some caper. stand up to the very thing for singing—"When this bloody war As I trod water, I realised that which the Navy had trained him is over, oh how happy we shall ' Was still fully dressed. True, I for some fifteen years, although, be. . . A service to commemorate the centenary of the jinking of the "Dunbar" off South Head (Sydney) lud dropped my respirator and I suppose, he would never have And the bombers—they would on August 21, 1857, was held in St. John's Church of England, Darlinghurst, last month. All but steel helmet at the bottom of the thought of it that way. already be planing low over Hol- bridge ladder, but I was still wear- one of the 112 people on the "Dunbar" were drowned. The picture above shows the Rev. Dr. A. He had probably joined to es- land on their way back to base. ing bell-bottoms, two roll-neck cape from a rotten home, a They would soon be reporting a W. Morton, rector of St. John's, showing the Bible from the "Dunbar" to Sir James Biswtt. sweaters and my heavy boots, and drunken parent, or a gaggle of successful mission; one destroyer

THE NAVY S»pf»ml»r, 1957. n For Sea Cadets sunk, another damaged. They would also need to report the loss of two of their squadron, for in the midst of the attack, after they Sailing the Seas Lone-handed had swept on us from the western •y T. J. GRENSON horizon, wc had seen two fall crazily into the sea. **ANY have set out in the But the beys who, even now. hope of conquering the THE QUEEN AT GARTER CEREMONY would he approaching the runway, Seven Seas lone-handed. Last year would be feeling good. And I, Mr. Edward Allcard left Ply- aimlessly treading water twenty' mouth on a solitary voyage round miles from the Dutch coast, could the world in his 10-ton ketch Sea understand their elation. Wanderer, and he expected to be away four years. We had felt the same when we had pom-pommed those German He had already made three At- troops near Narvik and seen them lantic crossings in small boats, but spreadeagled on the snow among the Seven Seas are a much bigger the birches. Wc had cheered when proposition, and those who have we sank that U-boat off the Irish successfully accomplished the cir- Coast, sent it slowly down to a cumnavigation of the globe alone much deeper grave, to the fish and (this cuts out two-man voyages, which are more numerous) can be the seaweed—like my boots. British motor racing driver Stirling Moll ii lean Kara baing fittod into the "teilor- listed on the fingers of one hand: This war was, after all, an im- made" cockpit of the specially designed M.G. racing car in which he established five new world speed records at Bonneville Salt Flats. Utah. United States, lest month. Captain Slocum, Alain Gerbault, partial affair. God wasn't taking Harry Pidgeon, Louis Bernicot, sides. He wasn't even referecing; and Monsieur Jacques-Yves Le Bohemian party, with men in all "Wc hope to have our minds He was merely in a ring-side seat. Toumelin. The stern had gone now. but states of undress talking excitedly clearer during the second half of Such voyages are necessarily the bows still stood to attention, and swaying unsteadily, mug in this year." cambles, and their issue depends though not as tall as before. hand. on the possession not only of a Away to the north, the other When I went up on deck again, BRITISH AIRCRAFT staunch vessel, but of unlimited destroyer lay motionless, heeled twenty minutes later, our ship had SETS NEW RECORD resource, courage, and endurance. over at an alarming angle with her gone. The sea was calm again, In some ways the most famous her- HE British experimental funnels hissing steam. And the though oil-stained, but down in mit of the Seven Seas who suc- fighter aircraft PI A signalised fussy little minesweepers, convert- that green, silent world lay our T ceeded in rounding the globe was its first appearance before world ed fishing trawlers from Grimsby, ship—and my boots. Captain Slocum of Nova Scotia. The Queen end Prince Philip walk in the procession of Knights of the Sartor to St. George's Chepel, Windsor, for the Garter Installation Service. Eerlier, Her where nosing in and out picking —Prom "The Sea Cadet,'' London. press representatives on July 17 by He was just over fifty years old flying faster than the world's Mejesty hed invested Lord Ismey, former Secretary-General of NJk.T.O., and Lord up survivors. The scene was when he set off on his lone voyage Middleton, Lord Lleutonent of the East Riding, es Knights Compenions of the Most quieter now. The game was over record air speed of 1,132 m.p.h.— of adventure. Employment at sea Noble Order of the Gorter. and it only remained to clear up Nuclear propulsion far the record held by Britain's Fairey ".'as scarce, so in 1892 he pur- Attending the ceremony were representatives from thirteen N.A.T.O. countries. the litter. merchant ships Delta II. chased the Spray, an ancient sloop For instance, the difficulties of Eventually I was near enough The managing director of the The exact speed attained by the "f a mere 13 tons, and set to work day, the old Boer held that the 1 navigation in the Straits of Magel- world was flat. to the William Wesney to swim Industrial Group of the U.K. PI is still a secret. ' rebuild her. The job meant over across and grasp the rescue net. A lan were added to by the hostility The captain's account of his Atomic Energy Authority. Sir The makers, however, revealed year of arduous labour and cost seaman leaned over the side, of the natives. Full of resource, he trip is one of the classics of the sea, Christopher Hinton, has stated that it was achieved during nor- •'bout £125, but by then she was grasped the scat of my trousers freely sprinkled his deck with tin- and this is also true of the story that British scientists soon should mal testing and no attempt was perfectly seaworthy. and lfited me head-ovcr-heels, on tacks, and one night he was awak- of another lone-handed epic of settle the problem of nuclear pro- being made on the record. A to the deck. I was as weak as a Then he set off from Boston for ened by the howls of the savages the oceans. Of all the one-man pulsion for average sized merchant spokesman said the aircraft was kitten, but lurched down the lad- Gibraltar and the Azores; thence as they leapt on (and off) them. voyagers of recent times Alain ships. still accelerating when the pilot der into the mess-deck, where a to the South American ports and Slocum met with many notable Gerbault is the most celebrated, throttled back. dozen other survivors were strip- A rcactor of a new design might on to Australia, and he eventually people, including Mrs. R. L. Ste- for he ga« his life to wanderings. ping off their sodden clothes and be necessary to power Jiips of The pilot said after the flight rounded the globe. It sounds venson, Lord Milner, and Presi- In 1923 this intrepid hermit of the padding about in search of bor- 15,000 tons or less. that the PI was unique among simple enough, but the veteran dent Kruger. The last-named Seven Seas, fresh from triumphs rowed towels. A keg of rum had "At the moment feasibility supersonic fighters in its man- captain met with sufficient adven- firmly refused to discuss sailing as a tennis champion, forsook been broached and the mess-deck studies are going on at Harwell oeuvrability and in tight turning, tures to satisfy the most daring. round the world. For, to his dying civilisation and set sail from took on the appearance of a wild, on this," he said. both at low and high speeds. Ssptember, I9S7. 31 THE NAVY Cannes on the Riviera in a 10-ton tor was Monsieur Jacques-Yves Le repair widi his own resources—a yacht, the Firecrest, built thirty Toumelin, who rounded the globe remarkable achievement for a man years earlier. between 1949 and 1952. He set with no professional training as a The little craft was sound, but out from Le Croisac without an- sailor. JOIN THE her sails were rotten, and through- nouncing his intentions, in the Finally, Captain Bernicot's soli- NAVY LEAGUE out the 142 days of the run to Kurun, which he designed himself. tary voyage round the world in his New York he was occupied in For most of his voyaging he was 41-ft. cutter Anahita belongs now patching them. Gales were so fre- alone, except for two stowaways— to the history of seafaring, for it quent that he could get little sleep, and not human ones. They were was in 1936 that this middle-aged, and living mainly on condensed a lizard and a frog! After an un- retired sea captain started out milk, potatoes and water, it is not fortunate fight with a hand in from his native Brittany to cross The ob,ect of the Navy League ,n Australia, giving technical sea training to and instilling like its older counterpart, the Navy League in naval training in boys who intend to serve in surprising that his health suffered. Morocco he decided to sail alone, the Atlantic, the Pacific, the In- Britain is to insist by all means at its disposal Naval or Merchant .ervices and also to those He was once unconscious for some finding complete solitude the dian Ocean, and so round the upon the vital importance of Sea Power to the sea-minded boy« who do not intend to follow . forty-eight hours, an example of sweetest. For the most part he fol- Cape and back to home waters British Commonwealth of Nations. The League sea career, but who, given this knowledge, will lowed Gerbault's route, and visit- after just about twenty-one months the terrible perils experienced by sponsors the Australian Sea Cadet Corps by form a valuable Reserve for the Naval Service. the lone traveller. By the time he ed his grave at Bora-Bora. cf lonely navigation. made port he had traversed 5,000 Yet another remarkable lone- As long as the world and the The League consists of Fellows (Annual or Life) and Associates. iniles. handed voyage of like nature was indomitable spirit of man endure All British subjects who signify approval to the objects of the League are eligible. In November, 1924, Gerbault made by Harry Pidgeon. He built there will be adventurers like those M Y V E ASK Y0U TO JOIN ond swe,t our resumed his voyage via the Pana- his own boat, a 34-foot yawl, at a over whom the oceans cast an ir- * . *' members so that the Navy League in Australia may bo ma Canal, and then sailed boldly cost of £200, and a year and a resistible spell, and against which widely known and exercise an important influence in the life of the Australian Nation? they are prepared to,, pit their on across the Pacific to Port half of hard work. He sailed from For particulars contact The Secretary, 83 Pitt Street, Sydney, N.S.W. Moresby in New Guinea, which Los Angeles in November, 1921, strength, and if needs be their or The Secretary, 443 Little Collins Street, Melbourne CI, Victoria, he reached eighteen months later and for six weeks never sighted lives. after almost losing his vessel on a smoke or sail. He crossed the Paci- —From "Th. S.« C.d.t," London. or one of the Hon. Secretaries at: • 27 Hackett Terrace, Marryatville, S.A. in the Wallis Group. He fic, went on to Australia, India, Canadian fisherman must • Box 144 IT, G.P.O., Brisbane, Queensland • 62 Blencowe St., West Leederville, W.A. pushed on through the Indian South Africa, Panama, and so have life-jackets • 726 Sandy Bay Rd., Lower Sandy Bay, Hobart • 49 h-oggall St., Turner, Canberra, A.C.T. Ocean, rounded the Cape of Good home. Fishermen whose work exposes Hope, and then sailed north to The voyage took him a fort- them to "a serious risk of drown- the North Atlantic, reaching Le night under four years, during ing" must now be supplied with Havre during July 1929. He had which time he never arrived in self - inflating life - jackets, says completed 40,000 miles and was port complaining of hunger or Western Fisheries (Vancouver). THE UNITED SHIP SERVICES rightly given a tumultuous recep- shortage of water. From first to Approved devices must have tion. last his little boat, the Islander, "buoyant effect sufficient to main- PTY. LTD. The most recent world-naviga- sustained no damage he could not tain his head above water with- out any effort on his part." This has been ordered by the JAMES PATRICK & CO. PTY. LTD. 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