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John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, and the Quasi-War with France
John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, and the Quasi-War with France David Loudon General University Honors Professor Robert Griffith, Faculty Advisor American University, Spring 2010 1 John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, and the Quasi-War with France Abstract This paper examines the split of the Federalist Party and subsequent election defeat in 1800 through the views of John Adams and Alexander Hamilton on the Quasi-War with France. More specifically, I will be focusing on what caused their split on the French issue. I argue that the main source of conflict between the two men was ideological differences on parties in contemporary American politics. While Adams believed that there were two parties in America and his job was to remain independent of both, Hamilton saw only one party (the Republicans), and believed that it was the goal of all “real” Americans to do whatever was needed to defeat that faction. This ideological difference between the two men resulted in their personal disdain for one another and eventually their split on the French issue. Introduction National politics in the early American republic was a very uncertain venture. The founding fathers had no historical precedents to rely upon. The kind of government created in the American constitution had never been attempted in the Western World; it was a piecemeal system designed in many ways more to gain individual state approval than for practical implementation. Furthermore, while the fathers knew they wanted opposition within their political system, they rejected political parties as evil and dangerous to the public good. This tension between the belief in opposition and the rejection of party sentiment led to confusion and high tensions during the early American republic. -
Sources and Bibliography
Sources and Bibliography AMERICAN EDEN David Hosack, Botany, and Medicine in the Garden of the Early Republic Victoria Johnson Liveright | W. W. Norton & Co., 2018 Note: The titles and dates of the historical newspapers and periodicals I have consulted regarding particular events and people appear in the endnotes to AMERICAN EDEN. Manuscript Collections Consulted American Philosophical Society Barton-Delafield Papers Caspar Wistar Papers Catharine Wistar Bache Papers Bache Family Papers David Hosack Correspondence David Hosack Letters and Papers Peale Family Papers Archives nationales de France (Pierrefitte-sur-Seine) Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Série AJ/15 Bristol (England) Archives Sharples Family Papers Columbia University, A.C. Long Health Sciences Center, Archives and Special Collections Trustees’ Minutes, College of Physicians and Surgeons Student Notes on Hosack Lectures, 1815-1828 Columbia University, Rare Book and Manuscript Library Papers of Aaron Burr (27 microfilm reels) Columbia College Records (1750-1861) Buildings and Grounds Collection DeWitt Clinton Papers John Church Hamilton Papers Historical Photograph Collections, Series VII: Buildings and Grounds Trustees’ Minutes, Columbia College 1 Duke University, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library David Hosack Papers Harvard University, Botany Libraries Jane Loring Gray Autograph Collection Historical Society of Pennsylvania Rush Family Papers, Series I: Benjamin Rush Papers Gratz Collection Library of Congress, Washington, DC Thomas Law Papers James Thacher -
' United States Statutes at Large 1955
' UNITED STATES STATUTES AT LARGE CONTAINING THE LAWS AND CONCURRENT RESOLUTIONS ENACTED DURING THE FIRST SESSION OF THE EIGHTY-FOURTH CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1955 AND PROCLAMATIONS VOLUME 69 IN ONE PART UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1955 ^ 0^' PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF LAW UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE ADMINISTRATOR OF GENERAL SERVICES BY THE FEDERAL REGISTER DIVISION, NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS SERVICE For sale by the Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. Price $9 (Buckram) CONTENTS Page LIST OF PUBLIC LAWS v LIST OF PRIVATE LAWS xxv LIST OF CONCURRENT RESOLUTIONS xxxix LIST OF PROCLAMATIONS xli PUBLIC LAWS 3 PRIVATE LAWS A3 CONCURRENT RESOLUTIONS B3 PROCLAMATIONS c3 SUBJECT INDEX i INDIVIDUAL INDEX xcv iii LIST OF PUBLIC LAWS CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME THE EIGHTY-FOURTH CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES FIRST SESSION, 1955 Public Law Date Page 1 Internal Revenue Code of 1954, amendment. AN ACT To amend section 7237 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 Jan. 20, 1955-.- 3 2 Commission on Governmental Operations. JOINT RESOLU TION To provide for the continuation in office of certain members of the Commission on Governmental Operations Jan. 20,1955— 3 3 Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Act, 1955. AN ACT Making appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1955, and for other purposes - Jan. 25,1955— 4 4 ___ Formosa and Pescadores. JOINT RESOLUTION Authorizing the President to employ the Armed Forces of the United States for protecting the security of Formosa, the Pescadores and related positions an d territories of that area Jan. -
LABORS and EXPERIENCES of Laura S. Haviland
Library of Congress A woman's life-work Shine for the oppressed Laura S. Haviland Woman's Life-Work: LABORS AND EXPERIENCES OF Laura S. Haviland. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Aug 16 1883 m No. 16750 CITY OF WASHINGTON. CINCINNATI: PRINTED BY WALDEN & STOWE, FOR THE AUTHOR. 1882. E450 .H38 Copyright by LAURA S. HAVILAND, 1881. DEDICATION. TO My Two Sons, and Four Daughters, and Families; ALSO TO THE Home and Foreign Missionaries ARE THESE PAGES DEDICATED. The Author. PREFACE. In presenting the following pages to the public, without the trace of an excellent scholar or eloquent orator, I fully realize my inability to compete with writers of the nineteenth century. With this incompetency in view, I have hesitated and delayed until three-score and thirteen years are closing over me. Yet as I am still spared to toil on a little longer in the great field so white to harvest, praying the Lord of the harvest to arm and send forth more laborers, because they are too few, I ask an indulgent public to allow my deep and abiding sympathies for the oppressed and sorrowing of ever nation, class or color, to plead my excuse for sending forth simple, unvarnished facts and experiences, hoping they may increase an aspiration for the active doing, instead of saying what ought to be done, with excusing self for want of ability, when it is to be found in HIm who is saying, “My grace is sufficient for thee, for my strength is perfect in weakness.” LAURA S. HAVILAND. A woman's life-work http://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbum.24792 Library of Congress October, 1881. -
Elias Hill and The
RAC0010.1177/0306396815608357Race & ClassKelly 608357research-article2015 SAGE Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington DC Jubilee and the limits of African American freedom after Emancipation BRIAN KELLY Abstract: Scholarship generated in the post-civil rights US underpins a growing consensus that any honest confrontation with the American past requires an acknowledgment both of the nation’s foundations in racially-based slave labour and of the critical role that the enslaved played in ending that system. But scholars equally need to examine why the end of slavery did not deliver freedom, but instead – after a short-lived ‘jubilee’ during which freedpeople savoured their ‘brief moment in the sun’ – opened up a period of extreme repression and violence. This article traces the political trajectory of one prominent ex-slave and Republican party organiser, Elias Hill, to assess the constraints in which black grassroots activists operated. Though mainly concerned with the dashed hopes of African Americans, their experience of a steep reversal is in many ways the shared and profoundly significant legacy of ex-slaves across the former plantation societies of the Atlantic world. Brian Kelly, reader in US history at Queen’s University Belfast, has published widely on the prob- lem of racial antagonism and its impact on working-class politics in the US. His first book, Race, Class and Power in the Alabama Coalfields, 1908–1921 (Illinois, 2001), won the Isaac and Tamara Deutscher Memorial Prize. Former director of the After Slavery Project, he is co-editor with Bruce Baker of After Slavery: race, labor and citizenship in the Reconstruction South (Florida, 2013), and is completing an extended monograph on grassroots black political mobilisation in Reconstruction South Carolina. -
The Judicial Branch
Chapter V THE JUDICIAL BRANCH The Judicial Branch . 341 The Supreme Court . 342 The Court of Appeals . 353 Michigan Trial Courts . 365 Judicial Branch Agencies . 381 2013– 2014 ORGANIZATION OF THE JUDICIAL BRANCH Supreme Court 7 Justices State Court Administrative Office Court of Appeals (4 Districts) 28 Judges Circuit Court Court of Claims (57 Circuits) Hears claims against the 218 Judges State. This is a function of General Jurisdiction the 30th Judicial Circuit Court, includes Court (Ingham County). Family Division Probate District Court Municipal Court (78 Courts) (104 Districts) (4 Courts) 103 Judges 248 Judges 4 Judges Certain types of cases may be appealed directly to the Court of Appeals. The Constitution of the State of Michigan of 1963 provides that “The judicial power of the state is vested exclusively in one court of justice which shall be divided into one supreme court, one court of appeals, one trial court of general jurisdiction known as the circuit court, one probate court, and courts of limited jurisdiction that the legislature may establish by a two-thirds vote of the members elected to and serving in each house.” Michigan Manual 2013 -2014 Chapter V – THE JUDICIAL BRANCH • 341 THE SUPREME COURT JUSTICES OF THE MICHIGAN SUPREME COURT Term expires ROBERT P. YOUNG, JR., Chief Justice . Jan. 1, 2019 MICHAEL F. CAVANAGH . Jan. 1, 2015 MARY BETH KELLY . Jan. 1, 2019 STEPHEN J. MARKMAN . Jan. 1, 2021 BRIDGET MARY MCCORMACK . Jan. 1, 2021 DAVID F. VIVIANO . Jan. 1, 2015 BRIAN K. ZAHRA . Jan. 1, 2015 www.courts.mi.gov/supremecourt History Under the territorial government of Michigan established in 1805, the supreme court consisted of a chief judge and two associate judges appointed by the President of the United States. -
Life Cut Short: Hamilton's Hair and the Art Of
Life Cut Short: Hamilton’s Hair and the Art of Mourning Jewelry December 20, 2019 – May 10, 2020 Selected PR Images As a token of affection or a memorial to a lost loved one, human hair has long been incorporated into objects of adornment. Life Cut Short looks at the history of hair and mourning jewelry through a display of approximately 60 bracelets, earrings, brooches, and other accessories from New-York Historical’s collection. Also on display: miniaturist John Ramage’s hair working tools and ivory sample cards with selections of hair designs, period advertisements, instruction and etiquette books, magazines, and illustrations of hair-braiding patterns. Unidentified maker Mourning ring containing lock of Alexander Hamilton’s hair presented to Nathaniel Pendleton by Elizabeth Hamilton, 1805 Gold, hair New-York Historical Society, Gift of Mr. B. Pendleton Rogers, 1961.5a Hair from prominent figures was collected and given to friends and close associates. This ring contains the hair of Alexander Hamilton. While on his deathbed, Hamilton’s wife Elizabeth clipped locks of his hair to preserve as mementoes for herself and her husband’s close friends. Letter from Elizabeth Hamilton to Nathaniel Pendleton, June 21, 1805, regarding presentation of the ring Patricia D. Klingenstein Library, New-York Historical Society In 1805, Elizabeth Hamilton presented the ring above to Nathaniel Pendleton, one of the executors of Hamilton’s will and the statesman’s second in the famous duel. In this letter, she requests that Pendleton wear the ring “in Remembrance of your beloved friend a precious Lock of his hair.” John Ramage (ca. -
Board of Registration in Medicine
PUBLIC DOCUMENT . No. 56. NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ¡ova, Board of Registration in Medicine. J a n u a r y , 1903. BOSTON : WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 18 P ost Offic e Square. 1903. APPBÎ>VjM> BY BÓARft’ Of/ P iTb t rt\iT j&n (ÌGmmnntomllf} of litas saxjjtisitls B o a r d o f R egistration in M e d ic in e , S t a t e H o u s e , D ec. 31, 1902. To His Excellency W. M u r r a y C r a n e , Governor. Sir : — The number of persons applying for registration this year is 390, all of whom except 6 have been examined. The number of applicants on the rejected lists of this and previous years who have been re-examined this year is 96, a small per centage of whom have been registered. The whole number of individual examinations given during the year is 480. The result of the several examinations is shown in tabular form, as follows : — Examined. Registered. Rejected. P ercentage rejected. March examination,.............................................. 96 54 42 44 May e x a m i n a t i o n , ............................................... 52 35 17 32 Ju ly exam ination...................................................... 178 133 45 25 September exam ination,..................................... 75 50 25 32 November exam ination,..................................... 79 49 30 38 T o ta ls ,................................................................. 480 321 159 33 In the following tabulated statement a few applicants who failed in their original examination this year, but who were successful in a re-examination, are included : — Y ear of N um ber N um ber Graduation of Name of Institution. -
Challenges and Solutions for National Park Service Civil War Sites Working with African American Communities
Stephen F. Austin State University SFA ScholarWorks Electronic Theses and Dissertations Spring 5-12-2018 CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS FOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE CIVIL WAR SITES WORKING WITH AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES Rolonda Teal Stephen F. Austin State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/etds Part of the Forest Sciences Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Repository Citation Teal, Rolonda, "CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS FOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE CIVIL WAR SITES WORKING WITH AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 165. https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/etds/165 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS FOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE CIVIL WAR SITES WORKING WITH AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This dissertation is available at SFA ScholarWorks: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/etds/165 CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS FOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE CIVIL WAR SITES WORKING WITH AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES By ROLONDA DENISE TEAL, Master of Science in Anthropology Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Stephen F. Austin State University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY May, 2018 CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS FOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE CIVIL WAR SITES WORKING WITH AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES By ROLONDA DENISE TEAL, Master of Science in Anthropology APPROVED: _______________________________________ Dr. -
The Stamp Act Crisis (1765)
Click Print on your browser to print the article. Close this window to return to the ANB Online. Adams, John (19 Oct. 1735-4 July 1826), second president of the United States, diplomat, and political theorist, was born in Braintree (now Quincy), Massachusetts, the son of John Adams (1691-1760), a shoemaker, selectman, and deacon, and Susanna Boylston. He claimed as a young man to have indulged in "a constant dissipation among amusements," such as swimming, fishing, and especially shooting, and wished to be a farmer. However, his father insisted that he follow in the footsteps of his uncle Joseph Adams, attend Harvard College, and become a clergyman. John consented, applied himself to his studies, and developed a passion for learning but refused to become a minister. He felt little love for "frigid John Calvin" and the rigid moral standards expected of New England Congregationalist ministers. John Adams. After a painting by Gilbert Stuart. Adams was also ambitious to make more of a figure than could Courtesy of the Library of Congress (LC- USZ62-13002 DLC). be expected in the local pulpits. So despite the disadvantages of becoming a lawyer, "fumbling and racking amidst the rubbish of writs . pleas, ejectments" and often fomenting "more quarrels than he composes," enriching "himself at the expense of impoverishing others more honest and deserving," Adams fixed on the law as an avenue to "glory" through obtaining "the more important offices of the State." Even in his youth, Adams was aware he possessed a "vanity," which he sought to sublimate in public service: "Reputation ought to be the perpetual subject of my thoughts, and the aim of my behaviour." Adams began reading law with attorney James Putnam in Worcester immediately after graduation from Harvard College in 1755. -
Horses: the Army’S Achilles’ Heel in the Civil War Plains Campaigns of 1864- 1865
Horses: The Army’s Achilles’ Heel in the Civil War Plains Campaigns of 1864- 1865 (Article begins on page 2 below.) This article is copyrighted by History Nebraska (formerly the Nebraska State Historical Society). You may download it for your personal use. For permission to re-use materials, or for photo ordering information, see: https://history.nebraska.gov/publications/re-use-nshs-materials Learn more about Nebraska History (and search articles) here: https://history.nebraska.gov/publications/nebraska-history-magazine History Nebraska members receive four issues of Nebraska History annually: https://history.nebraska.gov/get-involved/membership Full Citation: James E Potter, “Horses: The Army’s Achilles’ Heel in the Civil War Plains Campaigns of 1864- 1865, Nebraska History 92 (2011): 158-169 Article Summary: Civil War armies relied heavily on horses. Armies in the field equipped with artillery, cavalry, and supply trains required one horse or mule, on average, for every two men. Horses fit for service became scarce by the war’s final years. Far from the major eastern battlefields, regiments such as the First Nebraska Volunteer Cavalry felt the brunt of the equine shortage. Cataloging Information: Names: Henry Sibley, Alfred Sully, Robert B Mitchell, Robert Livingston, Patrick Connor, Grenville Dodge, August Scherneckau, John Pope, Henry Halleck Place Names: Fort Kearny and Fort Cottonwood, Nebraska; Fort Leavenworth, Kansas; Julesburg, Colorado; Fort Laramie, Wyoming; St. Louis, Missouri Keywords: Grenville Dodge, John Pope, First Nebraska Volunteer Cavalry, supply lines, Confederacy, Union, Powder River Expedition Photographs / Images: Custer’s supply train, Black Hills Expedition, 1874; Pvt. Luther North, Second Nebraska Volunteer Cavalry, 1863; “Cavalry Charge of Sully’s Brigade at the Battle of White Stone Hill, September 3, 1863,” Harper’s Weekly, October 31, 1863; District of Nebraska commander Brig. -
Columbia, South Carolina A
THE SEPTEMBER 2015 LEGIONARY A Publication of the Sons of Confederate Veterans Lt. Gen. Wade Hampton Camp No. 273 Columbia, South Carolina www.wadehamptoncamp.org Charles Bray, Acting Editor A FRATERNAL ORGANIZATION OF SOUTHERN MEN SPEAKER’S BIO AND TOPIC WADE HAMPTON CAMP MONTHLY MEETING SEPTEMBER 17, 2015 Our next Camp meeting on the 17th will be presented by Jim Ridge. Jim will reinvigorate each of us in a program titled, Southern Heritage Explained. Jim will remind us of our rich Southern heritage and culture. You will be enlightened, enriched and entertained. COMMANDERS CORNER TERRY HUGHEY What next? What do we do now? Will it ever stop? I want each of us to think of our current struggle to preserve our Confederate soldier’s good name, as well as our southern virtues and culture, along with our Christian faith as a 15 round world championship title bout. The first round, summer of 2015, we were knocked down hard. Yes, we were staggered as the blow was an unexpected mass murder perpetrated by a mad man which resulted in what has to be as the most perfect media storm ever seen. As we strive to fight back into round 2, and tried to regain our composure we were struck several more times to our chin, our stomach and several illegal blows to our groin. Our own corner tried to throw in the towel, as they abandoned us in the fight of the Century. Yes, we have made it to round 2 and have thrown some punches of our own. Our first punch landed on Saturday, August 29 with a 80 vehicle flag caravan around Columbia two times.