Ribosomal Frameshifting and Transcriptional Slippage
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(LRV1) Pathogenicity Factor
Antiviral screening identifies adenosine analogs PNAS PLUS targeting the endogenous dsRNA Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) pathogenicity factor F. Matthew Kuhlmanna,b, John I. Robinsona, Gregory R. Bluemlingc, Catherine Ronetd, Nicolas Faseld, and Stephen M. Beverleya,1 aDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110; bDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110; cEmory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; and dDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland Contributed by Stephen M. Beverley, December 19, 2016 (sent for review November 21, 2016; reviewed by Buddy Ullman and C. C. Wang) + + The endogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus Leishmaniavirus macrophages infected in vitro with LRV1 L. guyanensis or LRV2 (LRV1) has been implicated as a pathogenicity factor for leishmaniasis Leishmania aethiopica release higher levels of cytokines, which are in rodent models and human disease, and associated with drug-treat- dependent on Toll-like receptor 3 (7, 10). Recently, methods for ment failures in Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania guyanensis systematically eliminating LRV1 by RNA interference have been − infections. Thus, methods targeting LRV1 could have therapeutic ben- developed, enabling the generation of isogenic LRV1 lines and efit. Here we screened a panel of antivirals for parasite and LRV1 allowing the extension of the LRV1-dependent virulence paradigm inhibition, focusing on nucleoside analogs to capitalize on the highly to L. braziliensis (12). active salvage pathways of Leishmania, which are purine auxo- A key question is the relevancy of the studies carried out in trophs. -
Comparative Molecular Characterization of Novel and Known Piscine Toti-Like Viruses
viruses Article Comparative Molecular Characterization of Novel and Known Piscine Toti-Like Viruses Liv Sandlund 1, Sunil K. Mor 2 , Vikash K. Singh 2, Soumesh K. Padhi 3 , Nicholas B. D. Phelps 3 , Stian Nylund 1 and Aase B. Mikalsen 4,* 1 Pharmaq Analytiq, 5008 Bergen, Norway; [email protected] (L.S.); [email protected] (S.N.) 2 Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6074, USA; [email protected] (S.K.M.); [email protected] (V.K.S.) 3 Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6074, USA; [email protected] (S.K.P.); [email protected] (N.B.D.P.) 4 Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Totiviridae is a virus family well known to infect uni-cellular organisms like fungi and protozoa. In more recent years, viruses characterized as toti-like viruses, have been found in pri- marily arthropods, but also a couple in planarians and piscine species. These toti-like viruses share phylogenetic similarities to totiviruses; however, their genomes also includes additional coding 0 0 sequences in either 5 or 3 ends expected to relate to more advanced infection mechanisms in more advanced hosts. Here, we applied next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and discovered Citation: Sandlund, L.; Mor, S.K.; three new toti-like viruses, one in wild common carp and one in bluegill from the USA and one Singh, V.K.; Padhi, S.K.; Phelps, in farmed lumpsucker from Norway. -
Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from Giardia Duodenalis Isolates
biomedicines Article Re-Discovery of Giardiavirus: Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from Giardia duodenalis Isolates Gianluca Marucci 1, Ilaria Zullino 1, Lucia Bertuccini 2 , Serena Camerini 2, Serena Cecchetti 2 , Agostina Pietrantoni 2, Marialuisa Casella 2, Paolo Vatta 1, Alex D. Greenwood 3,4 , Annarita Fiorillo 5 and Marco Lalle 1,* 1 Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (I.Z.); [email protected] (P.V.) 2 Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (L.B.); [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (M.C.) 3 Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] 4 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany 5 Department of Biochemical Science “A. Rossi-Fanelli”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; annarita.fi[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-06-4990-2670 Abstract: Giardiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis, is an intestinal diarrheal disease affecting almost one billion people worldwide. A small endosymbiotic dsRNA viruses, G. Citation: Marucci, G.; Zullino, I.; lamblia virus (GLV), genus Giardiavirus, family Totiviridae, might inhabit human and animal isolates Bertuccini, L.; Camerini, S.; Cecchetti, S.; Pietrantoni, A.; Casella, M.; Vatta, of G. duodenalis. Three GLV genomes have been sequenced so far, and only one was intensively P.; Greenwood, A.D.; Fiorillo, A.; et al. -
A Systematic Review of the Natural Virome of Anopheles Mosquitoes
Review A Systematic Review of the Natural Virome of Anopheles Mosquitoes Ferdinand Nanfack Minkeu 1,2,3 and Kenneth D. Vernick 1,2,* 1 Institut Pasteur, Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France; [email protected] 2 CNRS, Unit of Evolutionary Genomics, Modeling and Health (UMR2000), 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France 3 Graduate School of Life Sciences ED515, Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Paris VI, 75252 Paris, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-1-4061-3642 Received: 7 April 2018; Accepted: 21 April 2018; Published: 25 April 2018 Abstract: Anopheles mosquitoes are vectors of human malaria, but they also harbor viruses, collectively termed the virome. The Anopheles virome is relatively poorly studied, and the number and function of viruses are unknown. Only the o’nyong-nyong arbovirus (ONNV) is known to be consistently transmitted to vertebrates by Anopheles mosquitoes. A systematic literature review searched four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Lissa. In addition, online and print resources were searched manually. The searches yielded 259 records. After screening for eligibility criteria, we found at least 51 viruses reported in Anopheles, including viruses with potential to cause febrile disease if transmitted to humans or other vertebrates. Studies to date have not provided evidence that Anopheles consistently transmit and maintain arboviruses other than ONNV. However, anthropophilic Anopheles vectors of malaria are constantly exposed to arboviruses in human bloodmeals. It is possible that in malaria-endemic zones, febrile symptoms may be commonly misdiagnosed. -
Complete Sections As Applicable
This form should be used for all taxonomic proposals. Please complete all those modules that are applicable (and then delete the unwanted sections). For guidance, see the notes written in blue and the separate document “Help with completing a taxonomic proposal” Please try to keep related proposals within a single document; you can copy the modules to create more than one genus within a new family, for example. MODULE 1: TITLE, AUTHORS, etc (to be completed by ICTV Code assigned: 2010.001a-dF officers) Short title: : 3 new species in the new genus Trichomonasvirus, family Totiviridae (e.g. 6 new species in the genus Zetavirus) Modules attached 1 2 3 4 5 (modules 1 and 9 are required) 6 7 8 9 Author(s) with e-mail address(es) of the proposer: Max L. Nibert, M.D., Ph.D.: [email protected] Said A. Ghabrial, Ph.D.: [email protected] Raina N. Fichorova, M.D., Ph.D.: [email protected] Megan W. T. Talkington, Ph.D. Taylor S. Freret Russell P. Goodman, Ph.D. List the ICTV study group(s) that have seen this proposal: A list of study groups and contacts is provided at Before submitting this proposal to the ICTV- http://www.ictvonline.org/subcommittees.asp . If EC, we shared it with Reed B. Wickner, chair in doubt, contact the appropriate subcommittee chair (fungal, invertebrate, plant, prokaryote or of the Totiviridae study group, who expressed vertebrate viruses) his support. Co-proposer Said A. Ghabrial is a member of the Totiviridae study group. ICTV-EC or Study Group comments and response of the proposer: We were asked by the EC to provide a new, unrooted tree for Fig. -
Evidence to Support Safe Return to Clinical Practice by Oral Health Professionals in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Repo
Evidence to support safe return to clinical practice by oral health professionals in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: A report prepared for the Office of the Chief Dental Officer of Canada. November 2020 update This evidence synthesis was prepared for the Office of the Chief Dental Officer, based on a comprehensive review under contract by the following: Paul Allison, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University Raphael Freitas de Souza, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University Lilian Aboud, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University Martin Morris, Library, McGill University November 30th, 2020 1 Contents Page Introduction 3 Project goal and specific objectives 3 Methods used to identify and include relevant literature 4 Report structure 5 Summary of update report 5 Report results a) Which patients are at greater risk of the consequences of COVID-19 and so 7 consideration should be given to delaying elective in-person oral health care? b) What are the signs and symptoms of COVID-19 that oral health professionals 9 should screen for prior to providing in-person health care? c) What evidence exists to support patient scheduling, waiting and other non- treatment management measures for in-person oral health care? 10 d) What evidence exists to support the use of various forms of personal protective equipment (PPE) while providing in-person oral health care? 13 e) What evidence exists to support the decontamination and re-use of PPE? 15 f) What evidence exists concerning the provision of aerosol-generating 16 procedures (AGP) as part of in-person -
Evidence to Support Safe Return to Clinical Practice by Oral Health Professionals in Canada During the COVID- 19 Pandemic: A
Evidence to support safe return to clinical practice by oral health professionals in Canada during the COVID- 19 pandemic: A report prepared for the Office of the Chief Dental Officer of Canada. March 2021 update This evidence synthesis was prepared for the Office of the Chief Dental Officer, based on a comprehensive review under contract by the following: Raphael Freitas de Souza, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University Paul Allison, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University Lilian Aboud, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University Martin Morris, Library, McGill University March 31, 2021 1 Contents Evidence to support safe return to clinical practice by oral health professionals in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: A report prepared for the Office of the Chief Dental Officer of Canada. .................................................................................................................................. 1 Foreword to the second update ............................................................................................. 4 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 5 Project goal............................................................................................................................. 5 Specific objectives .................................................................................................................. 6 Methods used to identify and include relevant literature ...................................................... -
Review Article the CELL SURVIVAL PATHWAYS of the PRIMORDIAL
European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology 5 (2015) 1, pp. 25–43 Review article DOI: 10.1556/EuJMI-D-14-00034 THE CELL SURVIVAL PATHWAYS OF THE PRIMORDIAL RNA–DNA COMPLEX REMAIN CONSERVED IN THE EXTANT GENOMES AND MAY FUNCTION AS PROTO-ONCOGENES Joseph G. Sinkovics* St. Joseph’s Hospital Cancer Institute Affiliated with the H. L. Moffitt Comprehensive Cancer Center, Morsani College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA Received: December 2, 2014; Accepted: December 22, 2014 Malignantly transformed (cancer) cells of multicellular hosts, including human cells, operate activated biochemical pathways that recognizably derived from unicellular ancestors. The descendant heat shock proteins of thermophile archaea now chaperon oncoproteins. The ABC cassettes of toxin-producer zooxantella Symbiodinia algae pump out the cytoplasmic toxin molecules; malignantly transformed cells utilize the derivatives of these cassettes to get rid of chemotherapeuticals. High mobility group helix– loop–helix proteins, protein arginine methyltransferases, proliferating cell nuclear antigens, and Ki-67 nuclear proteins, that protect and repair DNA in unicellular life forms, support oncogenes in transformed cells. The cell survival pathways of Wnt–β-catenin, Hedgehog, PI3K, MAPK–ERK, STAT, Ets, JAK, Pak, Myb, achaete scute, circadian rhythms, Bruton kinase and others, which are physiological in uni- and early multicellular eukaryotic life forms, are constitutively encoded in complex oncogenic pathways in selected single cells of advanced multicellular eukaryotic hosts. Oncogenes and oncoproteins in advanced multicellular hosts recreate selected independently living and immortalized unicellular life forms, which are similar to extinct and extant protists. These uni cellular life forms are recognized at the clinics as autologous “cancer cells”. -
Efficient −2 Frameshifting by Mammalian Ribosomes To
Efficient −2 frameshifting by mammalian ribosomes to synthesize an additional arterivirus protein Ying Fanga,b,1,2, Emmely E. Treffersc,d,3, Yanhua Lia,3, Ali Tasc, Zhi Suna, Yvonne van der Meerc, Arnoud H. de Rud, Peter A. van Veelend, John F. Atkinse, Eric J. Snijderc,1,2, and Andrew E. Firthf,1,2 Departments of aVeterinary and Biomedical Science and bBiology/Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007; cMolecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases and dDepartment of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands; eBioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and fDepartment of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom Edited by Ian Mohr, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, and accepted by the Editorial Board September 10, 2012 (received for review June 29, 2012) Programmed −1 ribosomal frameshifting (−1 PRF) is a gene- (including polyprotein expression, subgenomic mRNA synthesis, expression mechanism used to express many viral and some cellu- ribosomal frameshifting, and leaky scanning) (Fig. 1A) to orga- lar genes. In contrast, efficient natural utilization of −2 PRF has not nize one of the most complex RNA virus replication cycles de- been demonstrated previously in eukaryotic systems. Like all nido- scribed to date (3–5). The replicative enzymes of nidoviruses are viruses, members of the Arteriviridae (a family of positive-stranded encoded in ORF1a and ORF1b, which occupy the 5′-proximal RNA viruses) express their replicase polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab three quarters of their positive-stranded RNA genome. ORF1a from two long ORFs (1a and 1b), where synthesis of pp1ab depends and ORF1b encode two large replicase precursor polyproteins, − on 1 PRF. -
Taro Vein Chlorosis Nucleorhabdovirus and Other Viruses of Taro In
TARO VEIN CHLOROSIS NUCLEORHABDOVIRUS AND OTHER VIRUSES OF TARO IN THE PACIFIC A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI’I AT MANOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES AND BIOENGINEERING NOVEMBER 2019 By Jarin Loristo Thesis Committee: Michael Melzer, Chairperson John S. Hu Michael Shintaku Keywords: Taro vein chlorosis nucleorhabdovirus , Taro-associated totivirus DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my family members who have been supportive of my journey, including my mom, dad, aunty, and uncle. Their influence and support are always an important reminder of what I should strive to achieve in my life, and my journey would be very different if they did not serve as role models that I needed to improve myself both professionally and scholastically. I am grateful for all the love, happiness, and memories that they have given to me over the years, and words cannot express how meaningful it is to be able to experience new things and learn more about myself, my family, and the many exploits that they achieved in their lives that allowed them to get to where they are and shape their perspective of the world as well as mine. I can never truly repay them for everything, but I can always work to live up to their expectations and prepare myself to be a good role model for my peers and my family-to-be. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This would not be possible without the gracious support from many of the people that I’ve met over the years. -
Viruses of Protozoan Parasites and Viral Therapy: Is the Time Now Right? Paul Barrow1*, Jean Claude Dujardin2, Nicolas Fasel3, Alex D
Barrow et al. Virol J (2020) 17:142 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-020-01410-1 REVIEW Open Access Viruses of protozoan parasites and viral therapy: Is the time now right? Paul Barrow1*, Jean Claude Dujardin2, Nicolas Fasel3, Alex D. Greenwood4,5,6, Klaus Osterrieder6,10, George Lomonossof7, Pier Luigi Fiori8, Robert Atterbury1, Matteo Rossi3 and Marco Lalle9* Abstract Infections caused by protozoan parasites burden the world with huge costs in terms of human and animal health. Most parasitic diseases caused by protozoans are neglected, particularly those associated with poverty and tropical countries, but the paucity of drug treatments and vaccines combined with increasing problems of drug resistance are becoming major concerns for their control and eradication. In this climate, the discovery/repurposing of new drugs and increasing efort in vaccine development should be supplemented with an exploration of new alternative/syn- ergic treatment strategies. Viruses, either native or engineered, have been employed successfully as highly efective and selective therapeutic approaches to treat cancer (oncolytic viruses) and antibiotic-resistant bacterial diseases (phage therapy). Increasing evidence is accumulating that many protozoan, but also helminth, parasites harbour a range of diferent classes of viruses that are mostly absent from humans. Although some of these viruses appear to have no efect on their parasite hosts, others either have a clear direct negative impact on the parasite or may, in fact, contribute to the virulence of parasites for humans. This review will focus mainly on the viruses identifed in protozoan parasites that are of medical importance. Inspired and informed by the experience gained from the application of oncolytic virus- and phage-therapy, rationally-driven strategies to employ these viruses successfully against parasitic diseases will be presented and discussed in the light of the current knowledge of the virus biology and the complex interplay between the viruses, the parasite hosts and the human host. -
Trichomonas Vaginalis Concurrently Infected by Strains of up to Four Trichomonasvirus Species (Family Totiviridae)
Clinical Isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis Concurrently Infected by Strains of Up to Four Trichomonasvirus Species (Family Totiviridae) The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Goodman, R. P., T. S. Freret, T. Kula, A. M. Geller, M. W. T. Talkington, V. Tang-Fernandez, O. Suciu, et al. 2011. “Clinical Isolates of Trichomonas Vaginalis Concurrently Infected by Strains of Up to Four Trichomonasvirus Species (Family Totiviridae).” Journal of Virology 85 (9): 4258–70. doi:10.1128/JVI.00220-11. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41542987 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, May 2011, p. 4258–4270 Vol. 85, No. 9 0022-538X/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/JVI.00220-11 Copyright © 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Clinical Isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis Concurrently Infected by Strains of Up to Four Trichomonasvirus Species (Family Totiviridae)ᰔ† Russell P. Goodman,1 Taylor S. Freret,1‡ Tomasz Kula,1‡ Alexander M. Geller,1‡ Megan W. T. Talkington,1 Vanessa Tang-Fernandez,2 Olimpia Suciu,2 Aleksander A. Demidenko,1 Said A. Ghabrial,3 David H. Beach,4 Bibhuti N. Singh,5 Raina N. Fichorova,2* and Max L. Nibert1* Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard