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Bangor University DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY Molecular Detection of Totiviruses in Medically Important Arthropods and Parasites Garziz

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Bangor University DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY Molecular Detection of Totiviruses in Medically Important Arthropods and Parasites Garziz Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Molecular Detection of Totiviruses in Medically Important Arthropods and Parasites Garziz, Ahmad Award date: 2021 Awarding institution: Bangor University Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 Molecular Detection of Totiviruses in Medically Important Arthropods and Parasites Ahmad Ali O Garziz School of Natural Sciences Bangor University A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2020 Declaration and Consent Details of the Work I hereby agree to deposit the following item in the digital repository maintained by Bangor University and/or in any other repository authorised for use by Bangor University. Author Name: Ahmad Ali O Garziz Title: Molecular Detection of Totiviruses in medically important arthropods and parasites Supervisor/Department: Dr Henk Ronald Braig\ Reader in Zoology (Molecular Ecology) in school of nature science Funding body (if any): ........................................................................................................................ Qualification/Degree obtained: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD in molecular virology) This item is a product of my own research endeavours and is covered by the agreement below in which the item is referred to as “the Work”. It is identical in content to that deposited in the Library, subject to point 4 below. Non-exclusive Rights Rights granted to the digital repository through this agreement are entirely non-exclusive. I am free to publish the Work in its present version or future versions elsewhere. I agree that Bangor University may electronically store, copy or translate the Work to any approved medium or format for the purpose of future preservation and accessibility. Bangor University is not under any obligation to reproduce or display the Work in the same formats or resolutions in which it was originally deposited. Bangor University Digital Repository I understand that work deposited in the digital repository will be accessible to a wide variety of people and institutions, including automated agents and search engines via the World Wide Web. I understand that once the Work is deposited, the item and its metadata may be incorporated into public access catalogues or services, national databases of electronic theses and dissertations such as the British Library’s Ethos or any service provided by the National Library of Wales. Statement 1: This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree unless as agreed by the University for approved dual awards. Signed ………………………………………….. (candidate) Date 30 March 2020 Statement 2: This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). All other sources are acknowledged by footnotes and/or a bibliography. Signed …………………………………………. (candidate) Date ……………………………………………. Statement 3: I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying, for inter-library loan and for electronic repositories, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed …………………………………………. (candidate) Date ……………………………………………. NB: Candidates on whose behalf a bar on access has been approved by the Academic Registry should use the following version of Statement 3: ii Statement 3 (bar): I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying, for inter-library loans and for electronic repositories after expiry of a bar on access. Signed …………………………………………… (candidate) Date ……………………………………………… Statement 4: Choose one of the following options a) I agree to deposit an electronic copy of my thesis (the Work) in the Bangor University (BU) Institutional Digital Repository, the British Library ETHOS system, and/or in any other repository authorized for use by Bangor University and where necessary have gained the required permissions for the use of third party material. b) I agree to deposit an electronic copy of my thesis (the Work) in the Bangor University (BU) Institutional Digital Repository, the British Library ETHOS system, and/or in any other repository authorized for use by Bangor University when the approved bar on access has been lifted. c) I agree to submit my thesis (the Work) electronically via Bangor University’s e- submission system, however I opt-out of the electronic deposit to the Bangor University (BU) Institutional Digital Repository, the British Library ETHOS system, and/or in any other repository authorized for use by Bangor University, due to lack of permissions for use of third party material. Options B should only be used if a bar on access has been approved by the University. In addition to the above I also agree to the following: 1. That I am the author or have the authority of the author(s) to make this agreement and do hereby give Bangor University the right to make available the Work in the way described above. 2. That the electronic copy of the Work deposited in the digital repository and covered by this agreement, is identical in content to the paper copy of the Work deposited in the Bangor University Library, subject to point 4 below. 3. That I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the Work is original and, to the best of my knowledge, does not breach any laws – including those relating to defamation, libel and copyright. iii 4. That I have, in instances where the intellectual property of other authors or copyright holders is included in the Work, and where appropriate, gained explicit permission for the inclusion of that material in the Work, and in the electronic form of the Work as accessed through the open access digital repository, or that I have identified and removed that material for which adequate and appropriate permission has not been obtained and which will be inaccessible via the digital repository. 5. That Bangor University does not hold any obligation to take legal action on behalf of the Depositor, or other rights holders, in the event of a breach of intellectual property rights, or any other right, in the material deposited. 6. That I will indemnify and keep indemnified Bangor University and the National Library of Wales from and against any loss, liability, claim or damage, including without limitation any related legal fees and court costs (on a full indemnity bases), related to any breach by myself of any term of this agreement. Signature: …………………………………......... Date: ………………………. iv Abstract The Totiviridae is a family of unsegmented, icosahedral, small dsRNA viruses in the realm of Riboviria, which has been historically characterised by host diversity, morphology and host impact on differences in strategies for transmission. Human hosts include parasites like Leishmania, the cause of leishmaniasis a widespread and sometimes fatal disease, Trichomonas, the cause of trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection, and Giardia, which causes giardiasis - an acute or chronic gastrointestinal disease. Eimeria causes serious diseases of domestic animals, particularly chickens, cattle and rabbits. Hosts from which they have been isolated included plant parasitic oomycetes, many yeasts and fungi, red macroalgae (seaweeds), diatoms (single celled algae), woodlice (terrestrial crustaceans), many insects such as flies, mosquitoes, ants and wasps and shrimp (marine crustaceans). However, also fish, freshwater snails that are intermediate hosts to parasites, and plants like papaya, notoginseng, maize, and wild petunias. The totiviruses increase the virulence of the parasites in Leishmania and Trichomonas (hypervirulence) and sometimes decreases fungal virulence (hypovirulence) such as in oats. Totivirus is myocarditis and myonecrosis in salmon, smelt and shrimp, and is asymptomatic in golden shiners. It is not infectious and vertically transmitted in Leishmania, Trichomonas, and other fungi and plants, while in Giardia it is transmitted horizontally by fish, shrimps, papaya. Totiviruses evolve so fast that there is currently no systematic method to search for them. The commercial antibody J2, specific for dsRNA, has been evaluated as such a tool to detect totivirus. While the sensitivity of the antibody was promising, the lack of specificity for dsRNA rendered it useless. To enable a systematic survey, conserved regions in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of individual virus species and lineages were identified and primers developed for Leishmaniavirus1, Leishmaniavirus2, Leishmania aethiopica virus, Giardiavirus, Eimeriavirus, and Trichomonasvirus. Outside of Leishmaniaviruses, PCR results were limited by the absence of available
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