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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, som e thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 ____ ® UMI BEFORE THE GREAT SOCIETY: LIBERALISM, DEINDUSTRIALIZATION AND AREA REDEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1933 - 1965 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Gregory S. Wilson, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2001 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor William R. Childs, Advisex Professor Susan M. Hartmann C£SJÙJU. Adviser Professor David Steigerwald Department of History UMI Number: 3011161 UMI UMI Microform 3011161 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the intersection between American liberalism, deindustrialization, and public policy through an analytical narrative of the Area Redevelopment Administration (ARA). Lasting from 1961 to 1965, the ARA provided federal assistance to community development groups in labor markets affected by deindustrialization and those in rural areas and Native American reservations. The dissertation examines the political context in which federal redevelopment policy emerged, particuakly the New Deal and post Second World War efforts at creating a full-employment economy. This work also explores the economic and social changes resulting from deindustrialization and underemployment at the local and state levels, and how federal pohcy developed out of these efforts. It accomplishes these two tasks by connecting the national policy narrative to the subnational narratives of four areas the ARA sought to help: smaller urban areas of Pennsylvania, the inner city of Cleveland, rural areas in the South, and Native American communities. While the ARA did not solve the crises of unemployment caused by deindustrialization or rural poverty, the ideas and policies of the ARA embodied portions of the three major eras of reform in the history of the modem United States: the Progressive era, the New Deal and the Great Society. The story of the ARA shows the continuation of reform liberalism in the Untied States, which sought to reconstruct the American political economy in order to limit the inequities of capitalism. This wing of liberalism emerged during the Progressive era and reached its height during the 1940s. In addition, the history of the ARA also revises the common understanding o f the process of deindustrialization. Most studies address one industry or community, or focus on the 1970s and 1980s. This dissertation broadens our understanding of the process by pushing the chronology back to the 1930s and integrating the local, state, and national responses to industrial transformation. Ill For Laura IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A product such as this is the result o f many hands. I thank first my adviser, William Childs, for his support and encouragement throughout my career at Ohio State. I also thank the other members of my dissertation committee, Susan Hartmann and David Steigerwald, for their valuable help and thoughtful comments. I am grateful for the stimulating discussions, feedback, and necessary diversions provided by many of my graduate school colleagues. Their insights and friendship beyond the classroom are appreciated. Valuable assistance came from the staffs at the archives and libraries I visited. I am particularly grateful to those institutions that provided necessary research grants, including the Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Presidential Libraries. The Graduate School at Ohio State provided a research award, as did the Department of History, which also funded me as a teaching assistant. I also thank Saul Cornell and John Tully for hiring me as Director of the History Teaching Institute at Ohio State. I thank the staff at the Ohio State Arts and Sciences Career Services Office for the privilege of working there as a counselor for two years. Their support and encouragement aided me in ways impossible to measure. I thank my family for their help and support. Finally, and most important, I thank my wife, Laura, for her continual love and encouragement. VITA 17 December 1966 ......................Bom — Kearny, New Jersey 199 3 ............................................M.A. History, George Mason University 1994 — present ........................... Graduate Teaching Assistant, The Ohio State University 2000 — present ........................... Director, The History Teaching Institute at Ohio State FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ..................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................v Vita..................................................................................... vi List of Figures .........................................................................................................................viii Chapters: 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 2. The Genesis of Redevelopment ...................................................................................20 3. Pennsylvania and the Emergence of Redevelopment Policy, 1933 - 1961 ............. 56 4. Creating the Area Redevelopment Administration, 1953 — 1961 ...........................106 5. Getting Started: The Structure of the ARA and a. Return to Pennsylvania ............ 154 6. The ARA and Cleveland, Ohio ..................................................................................190 7. Rural Economic Development: The South, Native Americans and the ARA... 239 8. Transition and Conclusions .................................... 287 List of References ............................................................... 308 V ll LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 BES Classification of Major Labor Market Areas .......................................... 46 3.1 Pennsylvania Anthracite Region ....................................................................... 59 3.2 PIDA Loan Information, 1955 - 1965 .............................................................. 95 3.3 PIDA Loans to Counties with. Redevelopment Areas, 1956 — 1961 .............. 96 3.4 National and Redevelopment Area Unemployment Rates, 1950 — 1960... 96 3.5 Products Supported Through PIDA Loans ...................................................... 97 5.1 ARA Organization Chart .................................................................................. 158 5.2 Approved ARA Section 6 Industrial/Commercial Loans .............................. 160 5.3 Approved ARA Sections 7/8 Public Facility Loans/Grants .......................... 161 5.4 ARA Approved Projects by State and Territory ............................................ 162 5.5 ARA Support by Region: Northeast and Great Lakes States ...................... 163 5.6 ARA Support by Region: Southeast and Appalachia ................................... 163 5.7 ARA Support by Region: Southwest and West ............................................. 164 5.8 ARA Support by region: American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico ................. 164 5.9 Labor Market Trends for Scranton, Pennsylvania .......................................... 171 5.10 Labor Market Trends for Wilkes-Barre/Hazleton .......................................... 172 5.11 Labor Market Trends in Altoona ...................................................................... 180 vm 5.12 Labor Market Trends in Johnstown ................................................................. 180 6.1 Cleveland’s Neighborhoods ................................................... 194 6.2 Cuyahoga County .............................................................................................. 195 6.3 Employment
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