MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE July-September, 1936 CONTENTS OREGON : a symposium with 27 illustrations The New Oregon Trail: a Symposium JOHN C. BURTNER MARGARET SULLIVAN FRANK M. BYAM JOHN F. DURR J. CHRISTOPHER O'DAY and others John Bull Through Chinese Eyes DR. LIN YU- TANG The Los Angeles Museum With LI illustrations , DR. WILLIAM ALANSON BRYAN, Director, Los Angeles Museum Penguin Politics Keyed to Cooperation THOMAS R. HENRY Pearling Is Thirsty Business `,A/ th illustration Fishes of the American Northwest LEONARD P. SCHULTZ and ALLAN C DELACY Published for the PAN-PACIFIC UNION, 1067 Alakea Street HONOLULU, HAWAII All members at Me Fan-Pacific Union receive this magazine os one the privileges of meniberThio. SINGLE COPIES, POSTAGE PAID, 50c Horric of A le za ndt, & Baldwi n, Ltd 1 1.111. } ■:C , A 11~:1-t Ili X 11 N111, 1•.„. 1 ■1\ it 11,111711l11 Hiluh S(••„1:11 ', 1 ,..,1;11; , 1 • \ , 11 II, .111 1 1•1•Ii • PIW 11:1 1\ LIT 1■ 11. , .11 1 I 1 1 ^11111 111111, 111 I 111.11:111 0 ■111H111( 1 -. 1 11/ ,111 .1111-111.11.11t, .111:-.1 I I 1 ' 1111 .11 .t1, 1111 !II ( 11,11 ,11111 )1; :1)111/11, 111111, 1111 - .11 k II,H1p:11)\ ( 1 11 I 1 , 1(•7, L1 \1111111i111 11H 111r, 1`.1.111,1t I 1111,1)1:H10 1. i ■ 1111 11, , L1111111, 11', -.1 11 ■ H 1 1.111- 1' 111■ 111\1 1 1. 1:1111 11I,1.1 Fl?. (1 111,1' 1,1 i 11,11111111 111\ , 1111 1111-.111,11,, 111-. ■ 111111t 1 C1' 1111 1'1° ;c11■ 1'1111 11,111 (1,, The Mid-Pacific Magazine of th e PAN-PACIFIC UNION GEORGE MELLEN, Editor Published quarterly by Alexander Hume Ford for the Pan-Pacific Union, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Post Office under Act of Mar. 3, 1879. All members of the Pan-Pacific Union receive the magazine as one of the privi- leges of membership. Single copies 50 cents, mailed to any address in the world. [From the Honolulu Star-Bulletin press.] VOL. XLIX JULY-SEPTEMBER NUMBER 3 The New Oregon Trail A Symposium Oh, Susanna; don't you cry for me! I'm going off to Oregon with my banjo on my knee. How Oregon Became American REGON—a word of magic; the coast, named the land New Albion the name of a new land of op- and claimed it for Queen Elizabeth of portunity, of hope, of happi- England. Spain's De Fuca in 1592, Se- ness. Those who had seen the bastian Vizcaino and Martin Aguilar in fabled country returned with 1603, and Admiral Fonte in 1640, sailed wondrous tales of fertile valleys, vast up the coast and mapped the country sweeps of forests, kindly climate, rivers to the 55th parallel but made no attempt and lakes fed by mountain snows, game to explore the hinterland nor establish and fish enough for easy sustenance. colonies. Then fearing that either Eng- The confirmation of these stories started land or Russia might beat them to it, the covered wagons rumbling on to Spain sent Juan Perez in 1774 and Oregon. Bruno Heceta in 1775 to sail up and Spain might be the owner of Wash- down the entire Oregon coast. Heceta ington, Oregon and California today took possession of all land up to the and Spanish the official language had 54th parallel for Spain, but did no more the early Spanish navigator, Bartolome than Drake had done nearly 200 years Ferrelo, been more perspicacious when before. he sailed up the Pacific coast in 1543. Captain James Cook was looking for He had his eyes open for a land that the northwest passage in 1778 when he looked more like quick riches than the discovered the Columbia River and uninhabited stretch of country he could sailed 80 miles upstream before he be- see—no palaces, no gold. His reports came convinced that the river would not inspired no exploratory parties from take him into the Atlantic Ocean. Spain, at that time engrossed in the After the Revolutionary War, the profitable Far East trade. American merchant marine extended its In 1579, Sir Francis Drake discovered field of operations everywhere, even up 1 64 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1936 On the old Oregon Trail, the first explorers, Highway Commission. Wallowa Lake (op- troppers and pioneer settlers passed the posite page), in the Switzerland of Amer- Wallowa Mountains of northeastern Oregon, ica, favorite spot of Joseph, chief of the now a magnificent recreational area. One Nez Perces. The hereditary home of the of the young campers deems it suitable to tribe lay in the Valley-of-Winding-Waters, apply a touch of make-up before facing this with its shining lakes and lofty peaks. Re- view of Eagle Cap peak, with Moccasin Lake luctantly they gave it up when the white in the foreground. Photo from Oregon State man forced them to move. Ager photo. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1936 165 the Pacific Coast to buy fur from Indian his new acquisitions. Congress appro- trappers and sell it in China. New Eng- priated $2500 for the purpose and never land merchants sent Captain Robert was money better spent, for it gave the Gray, with sea letters from George United States a strong claim to the new Washington, to explore the region. territory. In 1806, the party returned Gray sailed up the Columbia River, in with a glowing story of the magnificent 1792, named it after his ship, and claim- country they had explored. ed all the territory drained by it for the However rosy the prospects in Ore- United States. gon, the trek to the new country did not The next year the North West Com- begin immediately. First of all, there pany, British fur traders, explored the was the vast Mississippi-Missouri Val- land; by 1808 had several trading posts ley to be settled. Meanwhile, John in Canada, and in 1811 built a few Jacob Astor, intent on obtaining the fur south of the 49th parallel, the present trade, organized the Pacific Fur Trade boundary line between Canada and the Company and sent the sailing ship Ton- United States. quin around the Horn. The ship reach- When France sold Louisiana to the ed the Columbia River in 1811, and the United States, she very generously in- crew erected a log fort on the present cluded in the purchase the Oregon Ter- site of Astoria. During the War of ritory to which she lay claim by virtue 1812, the fort was sold to the North of the voyages of French navigator West Company who named it Fort Laperouse, 1786. Thomas Jefferson lost George. It was not until 1818, after no time in sending out a party of ex- prolonged argument between Great plorers under Captains Meriwether Britain and the United States that a Lewis and William Clark to explore treaty of joint occupation was made REET I NG: On behalf of the peo- ple of Oregon, I extend greet- G ings to all the readers of The Mid-Pacific Magazine and in- vite you to visit our state. Oregon has a definite and vital interest in Pacific affairs, in the commerce between countries touched by the Pacific, in the entire social and economic struc- ture of this section of the world. It is interested in the problems of its neigh- bors, and always welcomes opportunity to know them more intimately. Like- wise it is concerned in any move among the nations and peoples who are made neighbors by the vast Pacific. I appreciate this opportunity to voice my best wishes and greetings to all of you and to invite you to visit our state where our people may extend the hand of fellowship and goodwill to you. CHARLES H. MARTIN, Governor of Oregon. CHARLES H. MARTIN Governor of Oregon between the two countries and the Rev. Jason Lee and his brother, Daniel, American flag once more raised over the and others who established the Oregon fort. The treaty was renewed in 1927. Manual Labor School in the Willamette In 1819, Spain ceded her somewhat valley near the present site of Salem, nebulous rights to the United States, and taught little Indian children the probably for good measure with the word of God. Others joined them and Florida Purchase. In 1824, Russia in 1840, there were 52 adults and 20 agreed to stay north of 54° 40', which children. In 1847, the mission dis- left only the United States and Great banded, but the missionary families Britain in the disputed territory. were so enamored of the place that they Hudson's Bay Company, great fur remained as settlers. traders of Canada, absorbed the North In the annual trip of 1836, the Ameri- West Company in 1821 and laid down can Fur Company escorted a company a policy of discouraging colonization. of Presbyterian workers, headed by Dr. They sent Dr. John McLoughlin to rule Marcus Whitman, 2300 miles from the company's properties and so well Missouri, to start a mission among the did he perform his duties that he was Indians of eastern Oregon. In 1837, 20 called The Father of Oregon. He after- more missionaries arrived to help make wards became an American citizen. Christians of the Indians and establish From 1834 to 1844, little groups of civilization in the Far West. It is easy sturdy men and courageous women to understand why schools started plodded and fought their way across springing up in the clearings hewn out the prairies, deserts and wilderness to of the mighty forests.