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View Full Report Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) October 2007 Final 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Spawning, Early Life Stages, and Early Life Histories of the Osmerids Found in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Johnson C. S. Wang 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT National Environmental Science, Inc., Central Valley Project/Tracy NUMBER Fish Collection Facility, 6725 Lindemann Road, Byron CA 94514 Bureau of Reclamation, Tracy Fish Collection Facility, TO-412, Volume 38 6725 Lindemann Road, Byron CA 94514 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) Operations Division, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield VA 22161 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE 14. ABSTRACT Delta smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus; surf smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus; longfin smelt, Spirinchus thaleicthys ; and wakasagi, Hypomesus nipponensis are observed in the upper Sacramento-San Joaquin River Estuary (Delta, including Suisun Bay). This report provides drawings, photographs, and information of early life stages and early life histories and updates the Interagency Ecological Program Technical Report No. 9 published in 1986 (Wang). Delta smelt is a euryhaline fish and is endemic to the Delta. Spawning occurs at the lower reaches of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and extends further upstream to the Central and South Delta during dry years. Spawning also occurs in Suisun Bay and Napa River but may descend further downstream to other tributaries during wet years. Spawning locations mainly occur above the entrapment zone and changes with Delta outflow. The delta smelt population fluctuates annually, but recruitment occurs in the estuary in all types of water years. Surf smelt, a coastal marine species, uses the estuary as an extended nursery ground. Juveniles are found in the Delta occasionally. Longfin smelt spawn mainly in Suisun Bay but they also spawn in Cache Slough, an inland spawning location. Longfin smelt is the most abundant smelt species in the study area, although its population size appears to be decreasing. Wakasagi, an introduced species from Japan, descended from the reservoirs and established a reproductive population in the Delta in the early 1990s. Their distribution is known principally in freshwater. Their spawning information is scarce and abundance trends have not been observed . 15. SUBJECT TERMS smelt, spawning, embryology, eggs, larvae, juveniles, life history, Delta. 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES Doug Craft a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT a. THIS PAGE 110 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code) 303-445-2182 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 Tracy Fish Facility Studies California Spawning, Early Life Stages, and Early Life Histories of the Osmerids Found in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California Volume 38 by Johnson C.S. Wang1 Illustrations and Photography by René C. Reyes October 2007 U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Mid-Pacific Region 1 National Environmental Science, Inc. Central Valley Project/Tracy Fish Collection Facility 6525 Lindemann Rd. Byron CA 94514 MISSION STATEMENTS The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation’s natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to Indian tribes and our commitments to island communities. ________________________ The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. SERIES EDITOR Doug Craft U.S. Department of the Interior – Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Fisheries and Wildlife Resources Group, 86-68290 PO Box 25007 Denver CO 80225-0007 COVER Fish photography by René Reyes, Tracy Fish Collection Facility, Tracy, California. Design by Doug Craft. DISCLAIMER Mention of commercial products does not constitute endorsement. Tracy Series Volume 38 J.C.S. Wang TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract........................................................................................................................... viii Preface............................................................................................................................... ix Executive Summary......................................................................................................... xi Introduction........................................................................................................................1 Methodology .......................................................................................................................1 Specimens Examined..................................................................................................1 Laboratory Equipment ................................................................................................3 Species Accounts ........................................................................................................3 Expanded Life History – Delta Smelt.......................................................................10 Sexual dimorphism ..........................................................................................11 Field and Laboratory Observations of Spawning .....................................................13 Delta smelt embryology............................................................................................15 Spawning water temperature ...........................................................................15 Fish E&L sampling in the upper Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, 1988–1995 .......................................................................................................17 1992 (Critically-dry year in Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers) .................17 1993 (Average year in Sacramento River and wet year in San Joaquin River).........................................................................................17 1994 (Critically-dry year in Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers) .................18 1995 (Wet year in Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers).................................18 Observations and discussions of delta smelt....................................................19 Delta smelt major spawning locations......................................................................20 Lower Sacramento River, Cache Slough, and Lindsey Slough.......................20 The Lower San Joaquin River, Lower Mokelumne River, and South Delta .............................................................................................21 Comments on Lower San Joaquin and South Delta spawning habitat......................................................................................................23 West Delta, Suisun Bay and Suisun Marsh .....................................................24 Napa River .......................................................................................................25 Comments on delta smelt spawning strategy............................................................25 Expanded Life History – Surf Smelt.........................................................................32 Observations of spawning................................................................................32 Observations of surf smelt larvae and juveniles ..............................................32 Observations of surf smelt adults and sexual maturity ....................................33 Tracy Fish Facility Studies ▪ Page iii Tracy Series Volume 38 J.C.S. Wang Table of Contents—continued Page Expanded Life History – Longfin Smelt...................................................................38 Sexual dimorphism ...................................................................................................38 Male longfin smelt ...........................................................................................38 Female longfin smelt........................................................................................38 Observations of longfin smelt spawning ..................................................................38 Observations of longfin smelt
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