An Exhibition Produced by the

CALIFORNIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY

The days following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor were dark days of the American spirit. Unable to strike back effectively against the Japanese Empire, Ameri- cans in the Western states lashed out at fellow citizens and resident aliens of Japanese ancestry. Executive Order 9066, signed by President Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, was the instrument that allowed military com- manders to designate areas "from which any or all per- sons may be excluded." Under this order all Japanese and Americans of Japanese ancestry were removed from Exhibition Designed by Western coastal regions to guarded camps in the interior. Maisie & Richard Conrat Executive Order 9066 is an image distilled by Maisie Exhibition prints were made by General and Richard Conrat from some 25,000 photographs of Graphic Services of San Francisco from the experience of 110,000 American Japanese. About negatives pro- vided by The National Archives and Rec- one-third of the photographs in this exhibition were made ords Service. by the great Western photographer Dorothea Lange.

APRIL 5•MAV21 PASADENA ART MUSEUM ORANGE GROVE & COLORADO BLVD. Hours: 1O a.m. - 5 p.m./Tues.-Sat. Museum Admission: $1.00 12 noon - 5 p.m./Sunday Students: 50¢/Children: Free

Presented in cooperation with The Associated Historical Societies of Los Angeles County

Panel 1 - DOROTHEA LANGE, WRA, Panel 7- PHOTOGRAPHER UN - Panel 8- PHOTOGRAPHER UN - Hayward, Calif., May 8, 1942: Evacu- KNOWN, from R. Suzuki, The Devel- KNOWN, from "Prominent Americans ation day. opment of the Inter-Mountain Japa- Interested in Japan and Prominent nese Colonies (Denver, n.d.}: A Japanese in America", Japanese in Panel 3 - DOROTHEA LANGE, WRA, secretary from the Japanese California (San Francisco, 1903). , Calif., July 3, 1942: Young Embassy (seated with white hat) man at Manzanar Relocation Center. together with members of the Japa- Panel 9- PHOTOGRAPHER UN - His Caucasian wife is living with him nese community in Cheyenne, KNOWN - from Yusen Kawashima, in the camp, together with their small Wyoming, c. 1915. "i History of the Settling of California child. (Tokyo, 1932): Cal ifornia berry farmer, c. 1925. Panel 5 - DOROTHEA LANGE, WRA, Manzanar, Calif., July 2, 1942. Panel 10 - PHOTOGRAPHER UN- KNOWN, from Sydney Gulick, The Panel 6- PHOTOGRAPHER UN- American Japanese Problem (New KNOWN, from Yusen Kawashima, York, 1914): "The mother and son ... Kariforunia Kaika lbun (Tokyo, 1932): '({{I\ are pure Japanese. The mother came California farmer near Lemoore, Kings as a young girl to California, where Co., c. 1920. the son was born." Panel 26 - DOROTHEA LANGE, Panel 33- DOROTHEA LANGE, Panel 53 - CLEM ALBERS, WRA, Sa- Panel 63 - , Manza- WRA, Hayward, Calif.. May 8, 1942: WRA, San Francisco, Calif., April 6, linas, Calif., March 31 , 1942: Salinas nar Relocation Center, October, 1943, " Grandfather and grandchildren 1942: " Labeled, checked against the Assembly Center, with U.S. Army air- from Born Free and Equal (New York, awaiting evacuation bus. The grand- master list, this evacuee is ready to planes overhead. 1944): Interior view of the barracks father conducted a dyeing and clean- leave th.e assembly point for Santa quarters of the Yonemitsu family. The ing business. The family unit is pre- Anita Assembly Center."-Tolan Com- Panel 55 - DOROTHEA LANGE portrait is of their son Robert, who is served during evacuation and at War mittee Report, 1942. WRA, Stockton, Calif.. May 19, 1942.'. serving in the U.S. Army's Japanese Relocation Authority centers ..." "This family just arrived in the Stock- American Combat Team. Next to his Panel 35 - RUSSELL LEE, FSA, Los ton Assembly Center this morning. portrait are some of the letters he has Panel 27 - RUSSELL LEE, FSA, Los Angeles, Calif., April, 1942: Waiting The mother and the children wait at written to his sister. Angeles, Calif., April, 1942. for the train to Manzanar Relocation the door of the room in the barracks Center. to which they have been assigned, Panel 64 - R. H. ROSS, WRA, Newell, Panel 28 - DOROTHEA LANGE, while the father is at the baggage Calif., March 20, 1946: Tu le Lake Re- WRA, Woodland, Calif., May 20, 1942: Panel 36 - DOROTHEA LANGE, depot where the bedding and cloth- location Center. " Tenant-farmer of Japanese ancestry WRA, Turlock, Calif., May 2, 1942: ing are being unloaded and inspected who has just completed settlement of Turlock Assembly Center. for contraband." Panel 65 - CLEM ALBERS, WR A, his affairs. Everything is packed, Manzanar, Calif. , April 2 , 1942: ready for evacuation the following Panel 37 - SEATTLE POST-INTELLI- Panel 56 - DOROTHEA LANGE " Evacuees on their way to clear land morning ... " GENCER, Bainbridge Island, Wash., WRA, San Bruno, Calif., April 29: of brush at the Manzanar Re location March 30, 1942. 1942: "'Help Wanted ' sign displayed Center." Panel 29-CLEM ALBERS, WRA, Los for the newly arrived evacuees at Tan- Angeles, Calif.. April 11, 1942. Panel 39 - DOROTHEA LANGE, foran Assembly Center. There was Panel 66 - J. D. BIGELOW, WRA, WRA, Centerville, Ca lif., May 19, much work to be done, because the Newell, Calif., June 24, 1944: " Trans- Panel 30- DOROTHEA LANGE, 1942. Center had been opened only since planting cabbage from hotbeds at the WRA, Centerville, Calif., May 9, 1942. the previous day. Three weeks later, Tule Lake Center. Panel 41 - RUSSELL LEE, FSA, Los there were 8000 persons of Japanese Panel 31 - CLEM ALBERS, WRA, Los Angeles, Calif., April, 1942. ancestry in this center." Angeles, Calif., April, 1942.

Panel 32- DOROTHEA LANGE, Panel 11 - DOROTHEA LANGE, Panel 19 - DOROTHEA LANGE, WRA, Oakland, Calif., April, 1942: WRA, Flaring, Calif., May 11, 1942: WRA, Woodland, Yolo County, Calif., " Following evacuation orders, this "A soldier and his mother in a straw- May 20, 1942: "Ten train cars are store was closed. The owner, a Uni- berry field. The soldier, age 23, vol- now filled with evacuees and the versity of California graduate of Japa- unteered July 10, 1941, and is sta- doors are closed. Caucasian friends nese descent, placed the_,, AM AN tioned· at Camp Leonard Wood, Mis- and WCCA staff are watching their AMERICAN" sign on the store front souri:· He was furloughed to help his departure from the platform. Evac- on December 8, the day after Pearl mother and family prepare for evacu- uees are leaving their homes and Harbor." ation. He is the youngest of six chil- ranches, in a rich agricultural district, dren, two of them volunteers in the bound for Merced Assembly Center, U.S. Army. The mother, now 53, came 125 miles away." from Japan 37 years ago ..." Panel 21 - SEATTLE POST INTELLI- Panel 12 - DOROTHEA LANGE, GENCER, Bainbridge Island, Wash., WRA, Centerville, Calif., April 7, 1942: March 30, 1942: Evacuation day. Interior view of Japanese-American Citizens League headquarters. Panel 22 - SEATTLE POST-INTELLI- GENCER, Bainbridge Island, Wash .. Panel 14 - DOROTHEA LANGE, March 30, 1942. WRA, San Francisco, Calif., April 20, 1942: " Pledge of at Rafael Panel 24 - DOROTHEA LANGE, Panel 43 - FRED CLARK, WRA, Pos- Weill Elementary School, a few weeks WRA, Haywar.d, Calif., May 8, 1942. ton, Arizona, June 28, 1942: Colorado Panel 57 - DOROTHEA LANGE, prior to evacuation." River Relocation Center. WRA, Manzanar, Calif., June 30, 1942: Panel 25 - UNITED PRESS INTER- "More land is being cleared of sage- Panel 15 - SEATTLE POST INTELLI- NATIONAL, Kent, Wash .. /\(larch 2, Panel 44 - DOROTHEA LANGE, brush at the southern end of the proj- GENCER, Bainbridge Island, Wash .. 1944: " G. S. Hantf, barbershop pro- WRA, Turlock, Calif., May 2, 1942: ect to enlarge this War Re location March 23, 1942: Soldier posting Ci- prietor ... At the beginning of the war, Turlock Assembly Center. Authority center ... " Panel 68 - DOROTHEA LANG E, vilian Exclusion Order No. 1. large numbers of Japanese were WRA, San Bruno, Ca lif., June 16, evacuated from Kent, near Seattle. Panel 46 - CHARLES MACE, WRA, Panel 58 - UNITED PRESS INTER- 1942: "Old Mr. Kanda in his barrack Panel 16 - DOROTHEA LANGE, Rumor has it that the Japs may be Newell, Calif., Sept. 25, 1943: Arriv- NATIONAL, Phoenix, Arizona, Feb. 6, apartment, Tanforan Assembly Cen- WRA, Byron, Calif., May, 1942: "Field allowed to return to their homes when ing at Tule Lake Center. 1935: " Signs such as this indicated ter, after supper. He lives here with laborers of Japanese ancestry from a the war is ended." by Floyd Hawkins, rancher, adorn his two sons, his married daughter large delta ranch have assembled at Panels 47, 48 - TOYO MIYATAKE, some parts of the ranch and farm and her husband. They share two Wartime Civilian Control Authority Manzanar Relocation Center: The area surrounding Phoenix ... " small rooms together. His daughter Station to receive instructions for photographer was an evacuee when is seen behind him, knitting. He has evacuation which is to be effected in these pictures were made. Pane l 60 - DOROTHEA LANGE, been a truck farmer and raised his three days under California Exclusion WRA, San Bruno, Calif., June 16, fam ily who are also farmers, in Cen - Order No. 24. They are arguing to- Panel 50- PHOTOGRAPHER UN- 1942: " Tanforan Assembly Center. terville, Alameda County, where his gether over whether or not to return KNOWN, Bureau of Public Relations, These barracks were formerly horse children were born." to the ranch to work for the remaining War Department, Hunt, Idaho, Sept. stalls. Each family is assigned two days before evacuation, or whether 25, 1943: Evacuees being transferred small rooms. The interior one has Panel 69- PHOTOGRAPHER UN- they shall spend that time on their from Minidoka Relocation Center to neither door nor window." KNOWN , WRA, Hunt, Idaho: Funeral personal affairs." . . . ; the Tule Lake Center, Newell, Calif. service at the Minidoka Relocation ..:.....- J ":- Pane l 61 - DOROTHEA LANGE, Center. Panel 17 - DOROTHEA LANGE, ' ".. .. J!lt. • Panel 51 - PHOTOGRAPHER UN- WRA, San Bruno, Calif., June 16, WRA, Oakland, Calif., Feb. 27, 1942. ! 4t' r KNOWN, WRA, Hunt, Idaho, June 29, 1942: " A close-up on an entrance Panel 70- PHOTOGRAPHER UN- . ' . 1944 . to a family apartment at Tanforan KNOWN , WRA, Parker, A rizona, Panel 18 - DOROTHEA LANGE, Assembly Center. Note that the win- c. 1945: Sign on a barbershop in this WRA, San Francisco, Calif., April 7, Panel 52 - CHARLES MACE, WRA, dows in this unit have been enlarged. small town near the Colorado River 1942. Newell, Calif., Sept. 28, 1943. Five people occupy two small rooms." Relocation Center. Panel 79 - PHOTOGRAPHER UN- KNOWN, WRA, Heart Mountain Relo- cation Center, Wyo.

Panel 80- PHOTOGRAPHER UN- KNOWN, WRA, Gila River Relocation Center, Arizona: Memorial service for Japanese-American servicemen killed in action.

Panel 72 - DOROTHEA LANGE, Panel 82 - PHOTOGRAPHER UN- WRA, Manzanar, Calif., June 29, KNOWN, WRA, Topaz, Utah, July, 1942. 1945.

Panel 73 - PHOTOGRAPHER UN- KNOWN, WRA, Hunt, Idaho: Mini- doka Relocation Center. Serviceman visiting his parents.

Panel 75 - FRANCIS STEWART, WRA, Newell, Calif., Feb. 2, 1943. Panel 83- DOROTHEA LANGE, Panel 77- PHOTOGRAPHER UN- WRA, Manzanar Relocation Center, KNOWN , WRA, Seattle, Wash., Nov. July 3, 1942. 24, 1945: Japanese repatriates em- barking for Japan. Panel 84 - DOROTHEA LANGE, WRA, San Francisco, Calif., April 16, Panel 78 - DOROTHEA LANGE, 1942: A Japanese laundry and dry Richmond, Calif., 1945: From the cleaning business preparing for the Oakland Museum collection. impending evacuation.

Interested private citizens of generous conviction have donated the money to prepare Executive Order 9066:

Mr. Shirley C. Burden of Los Angeles

Mrs. Martha A. Gerbode of San Francisco

Mr. & Mrs. Peter Haas of San Francisco

The cost of maintaining this exhibition and sending it to museums, universities, historical societies, libraries, and galleries throughout the United States is assisted by a grant to the California Historical Society from

The San Francisco Foundation

EXECUTIVE ORDER 9066 by Maisie & Richard Conrat

Executive Order 9066 contains nearly all of the photographs shown in this exhibition. In addition to the photographs, the book carries an introduction by Edison Uno, a prominent member of San Francisco's Japanese American community who was himself a prisoner in the camps, an historical essay by Donald G. Pike and Roger Olmsted, and a telling epilogue by Retired United States Supreme Court Justice Tom C. Clark, who was in 1942 Civilian Coordinator of the relocation. soft cover $4.95 hard cover $12.50 Published by the California Historical Society Distributed by Scrimshaw Press 149 Ninth Street, San Francisco, Ca. 94103

' "