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European Neighbourhood Policy. EU and Ukraine: Neighbour, Partner

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European Neighbourhood Policy. EU and Ukraine: Neighbour, Partner KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT LEUVEN FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY. EU AND UKRAINE: “Neighbour, Partner, Member?” * Apostolos Nikolaidis** * This paper is only a part of the dissertation as submitted in order to obtain the MA in European Politics & Policies. The final study (as submitted) includes also an economic dimension analysis. ** Mr. Apostolos Nikolaidis holds a BA in Political Studies & Diplomacy (University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece), a MA in European Politics & Policies (University of Leuven, Belgium) and follows a MA of Conflict & Sustainable Peace Studies (University of Leuven, Belgium) CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 1. Introduction 4 2. The EU Relations with Ukraine 7 2.1. Evaluation of the Bilateral Relations 8 2.2. An Overview of Ukraine’s Policy towards the EU 10 3. More than Neighbours: The Political Dimension 14 3.1. The strategic importance of Ukraine 15 3.2. Mutual concern on regional security and stability 17 3.3. Ukraine’s security role in the “wider Europe” 21 4. Concluding Remarks 26 BIBLIOGRAPHY 30 WEBSITES 38 LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Map of Ukraine 4 3.1 Existing and Planned Gas Routes to Europe 24 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The latest Presidential elections in Ukraine brought the country closer to meeting international commitments and standards for democratic elections. It was also seen as a turning point in Ukraine’s political life. Without any doubt the “Orange Revolution” introduced a new impetus towards Ukraine’s European integration. Until recently, Ukraine has not seriously been considered for EU membership. Nevertheless, the whole debate has been re- boosted by these latest Ukrainian evolutions. At the same time, the reaction of the EU was rather mixed: while the Members of the European Parliament recently adopted a declaration calling for stronger support of the country’s EU aspirations, the European Commission keeps referring to cooperation within the European Neighbourhood Policy, which does not grant EU membership. This study attempts to determine and analyse the EU-Ukraine relations under the European Neighbourhood Policy. In order that this research can attain its aim, the research is focused primarily in the political dimension of the bilateral cooperation. In the end, some answers are provided by the analysis on key questions, such as: Does Ukraine actually have any realistic potential way of integration towards the EU? Is Ukraine in any way treated differently than all the other neighbouring countries of the EU? Should Ukraine be treated just as another neighbouring state? Is it an important partner in the European periphery? Or perhaps should it be treated as a potential member of the EU? 3 1 Introduction Ukraine is located in the Central East Europe, borders upon Poland, Hungary and Slovakia in the west, through which territories lies the shortest route to the countries of Western and Central Europe. The border of Ukraine with Russia is in the north and east, while in the southwest the country it is contiguous with Moldova and Romania. In the north, Ukraine adjoins Belarus through which territory it is linked with Baltic countries. It is with Romania and Russia that in addition to the land border Ukraine has a sea border too. Ukraine has a wide outlet to the Black Sea and Sea of Azov that link it with Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia. Figure 1.1 Map of Ukraine Although Ukraine has only been independent for few years, it has an exuberant history (that lies beyond this study). On December 1 1991, the referendum on confirmation of “The Bill of Independence Announcement of Ukraine” took place. There was a positive response from 90.3% of the population who took part in the referendum. The elections of the first President of Ukraine were also held and Leonid Kravchuk became the first President of Ukraine. The referendum in Ukraine created a qualitatively new situation with regard to the problem of existence of the USSR. A week after this event, the USSR no longer existed as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality and Ukraine became an independent sovereign state. It was rather quickly recognized by the international community and the EU-Ukraine relations were launched just two weeks after Ukraine’s independence. Without any doubt Ukraine has clearly been rising up the EU agenda (especially after the recent evolutions) and consequently many studies have been prepared on the overall bilateral dialogue. My prime purpose on this paper is neither to make an extensive analysis of the bilateral relations between the EU and Ukraine (from independence until today) nor to assess the overall progress of Ukraine’s rapprochement with the EU. 4 The underlining philosophy of this paper is that Ukraine is a new eastern neighbour of the EU that can not be neglected. The whole question can be headed as follows: can Ukraine remain just a neighbour of the EU or are we getting into a new era of strengthened cooperation between the two partners which perhaps in the long-term, and under the appropriate preconditions, can be transformed to a candidate status? I therefore mainly focus on the political dimension of the overall bilateral agenda: namely I attempt to analyze the importance of Ukraine as a political neighbour. The two gravity centers that formulate Ukraine’s policy is on the one hand Russia and on the other the West (primarily the EU). As I argue in the paper, despite Ukraine’s pro-european rhetoric and orientation, the followed foreign policy seems to be two-headed, and like Janus, faces two directions. The “Russia factor” is consequently examined in almost all cases, as it is important for the overall assessment of Ukraine’s political and economic orientation. The first Chapter sets out the basic guidelines of the EU-Ukrainian relations under the spectrum of the European Neighbourhood Policy and highlights mainly the importance of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA), the EU Common Strategy of 1999 and the Strategy of Ukraine’s Integration to the EU. My attempt is not to provide a thorough analysis of the EU-Ukrainian relations, but rather to investigate how the two parts cooperate through the neighbourhood initiative and under the current instruments and policies provided by the EU. Ukraine has been called “Europe’s linchpin” and “a strategic pivot in Europe”. The political dimension of my analysis starts by the assumption that Ukraine is more than a neighbour and by pointing the significance of Ukraine for European security. I then focus on regional security and stability and on Ukraine’s security role in the European security. In the end, I hope that it becomes clear that Ukraine is not just a nation-state located at the borders of the EU, but a crucial key player in the European periphery. In the final chapter, I provide some concluding speculations about the prospects of Europeanization in Ukraine. Again this part can not be seen as an extensive analysis on all aspects and the potentials of the bilateral relations. I focus on the current political developments, the way the EU faces Ukraine and on Ukraine’s response. I hope that, in the end, a clear message is provided that the EU cannot afford to lose the opportunity provided by the “Orange Revolution” and the emergence of the latest pro-european orientation. 2 The EU Relations with Ukraine Where is the final point of the European Union’s enlargement to the East? Is it possible to determine this boundary? These questions remain crucial in the European integration process and are not easy to be answered. We simply do not know what will happen tomorrow or ten years from now. Nevertheless, 5 we can identify the major guidelines and direction towards European integration. With its historic enlargement on May 1st 2004, the European Union has taken a big step forward in promoting security and prosperity on the European continent. EU enlargement, among other things, means that the external borders of the Union have changed. We have acquired new neighbours and have come closer to old ones. These circumstances have created both opportunities and challenges and the European Neighbourhood Policy is a response to this new situation. (ENP Strategy Paper). Synchronously, EU enlargement raises important questions: the debate that has started even before the latest widening of the EU focuses on how much further can the EU enlarge. Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) clearly allows any geographically based European State to apply for a membership. On the other hand, the European Neighbourhood Policy does not implement membership, rather invites the EU neighbours to share in the peace, stability and prosperity that the European Union enjoys. The major aim of this initiative is to create a ring of friends around the borders of the new enlarged EU. Nevertheless, the European Neighbourhood Policy and the European objectives differ from state to state. Under this approach, the central research question of this study for Ukraine is the following: “Neighbour, Partner, Member?”. In other words, is Ukraine for any specific reason being approached from the EU with a different point of view than the other neighbouring countries? Should the EU perhaps detect the “otherness” of Ukraine within the ENP? And if so, which should be the main approach on the prospective EU-Ukraine relations: a neighbour, a partner, or conceivably a (future) member? This study will attempt to track down these answers by starting with the analysis of the bilateral relations and Ukraine’s response towards the EU. 2.1. Evaluation of the Bilateral Relations EU-Ukraine relations were launched in 1991, just two weeks after Ukraine gained independence. Due to its contractual form of relations with the EU, Ukraine was defined as a part of the so called “third basket” of the European countries that have relations with the EU.
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