Thomas Hobbes (England) John Locke (England) Voltaire (France

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Thomas Hobbes (England) John Locke (England) Voltaire (France

Unit 1—Chapter 6, Section 2 The Enlightenment in Europe Thinker Idea Philosophy Views of Government Impact Human nature is evil and Thomas Hobbes requires order; people enter Absolute monarchy needed Many empires and (England) Social contract into social contract with to keep order countries were ruled by strong ruler to gain way of monarchy safety/security People’s natural rights need Critical of absolute Natural rights (life, to be protected by monarchy, favored idea of Fundamental to U.S. John Locke (England) liberty, property) government self-government; feels DOI; foundation for government is obligated to modern democracy protect the natural rights of the people or be overthrown Guaranteed in U.S. Freedom of thought, Intolerance should be Opposed absolute power BOR and French Voltaire (France) religion, and expression combated at all costs Declaration of the Rights of Man Political liberty is France, United States, Baron de Montesquieu maintained when A government is best Latin American nations (France) Separation of powers government power is structured when its power is use SOP in new balanced/separated divided constitutions Civilization corrupted Viewed direct democracy as people’s natural goodness the best form of government, Public election of Jean Jacques Rousseau Individual freedom by imposing unjust laws; whereby a social contract president and Congress (France) social contract among free among free individuals in United States individuals for the common made society orderly and good of all functional Laws existed to preserve Guaranteed in U.S. Criminal justice, social order, not avenge A government should BOR; torture outlawed Cesare Beccaria (Italy) abolishment of torture crimes; opposed torture, promote and uphold rights or reduced in nations of cruel/unusual punishment, of the accused Europe and the unfair trial proceedings Americas Women should have same access to education and Women’s rights groups Mary Wollstonecraft Women’s equality right to participate in N/A form in Europe and (England) politics as men North America Unit 1—Chapter 6, Section 2 The Enlightenment in Europe 1) What was the Enlightenment? A cultural and philosophical movement that grew out of new methods of inquiry developed during the era of the Scientific Revolution; the basic premise of the Enlightenment was the superiority of reason to explain and reform society. 2) Who were the philosophes? Thinkers who use logic and reason to investigate the nature of the universe, human society, and morality. 3) In the table below, explain the core of the philosophe philosophy. Concept Explanation Reason Truth could be discovered through rational thought and use of logic Nature What was natural was also good and reasonable; much like the physical world, the laws of economics and politics were natural as well Happiness A person who lived by the laws of nature would find happiness and avoid misery Progress Through use of reason and the scientific method society could be perfected Liberty Society could be set free through the use of reason .

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4 The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolutions MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES REVOLUTION Enlightenment These revolutions and the • Enlightenment • representative ideas helped bring about the documents they produced have • social contract government American and French inspired other democratic • natural rights • federal system revolutions. movements. • separation of • United Nations powers SETTING THE STAGE The Renaissance continued to affect European thinking throughout the 17th century. The Renaissance emphasis on the individual and on expanding human potential were especially influential. At the same time, Europeans began to explore their physical world. They extended the boundaries of the known world in what came to be called the Age of Exploration. New ideas and discoveries had a great impact on Europeans’ understanding of themselves and the world. TAKING NOTES Enlightenment Thinkers and Ideas Outlining Use an outline During the 17th and 18th centuries, an intellectual movement called the to organize the main ideas and details. Enlightenment developed. Enlightenment thinkers tried to apply the principles of reason and the methods of science to all aspects of society. They built upon I. Enlightenmentg the long history of Western thought. Thinkers and Ideas The philosophers of ancient Greece had established the idea of natural laws A. that could be discovered by careful observation and reasoned inquiry. B. Christianity contributed the belief in the equality of all human beings. (This belief II. The Beggginnings of Democracy in America would later lead to the principle of equal rights in society.) During the Renaissance, thinkers had focused on worldly concerns. They criticized medieval philosophy A. for concentrating on questions that seemed unrelated to human conditions.
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The Philosophes (The Enlightenment
GS/World History, Jan 7 •Entry Task: On a piece of paper, please make a chart like the one on the board. Then read, “Coffeehouse Culture” •Announcements: • We are going to briefly look at your song lyrics (with your permission) after each description. If you’d rather perform, let me know • Parent/Guardian Survey PHI LOSOPHE ENLI GHTENMENT PHI LOSOPHER Madame Goffrin’s SALON – a gathering, focused on conversation “ Dare to know! Have courage to use your own reason!” I mmanuel K ant (1784 ) WHO’ S WHO of t he E nl i ght enment PRECURSORS T homas H obbes: L eviathan PRECURSORS (F ranci s B acon), N ewt on and L ocke NEWTON R at i onal V i ew of the Universe L OCK E R el i gi ous T ol erat i on L OCK E R at i onal V i ew of G over nment NATURAL RI GHTS Life L i ber t y P r oper t y THE PHI LOSOPHES FRA N CE PRUSSI A USA Vol t ai r e K ant Jef f er son D i der ot SCOTL A N D F r ankl i n M ont esqui eu Pai ne R ousseau Smi t h WOM EN’ S RI GHTS •From England •Wrote “The Vindication of the Rights of Woman” in 1792 VOLTAI RE F rench P hi l osophe, A ut hor, & P l aywri ght NOTABLE WORKS • L etters on England • Philosophical D ictionary • E l ement s of N ewt on’ s Philosophy V oltaire writing hi s book on N ewton’s phi l osophy W ho i s the woma n? CHÂTELET F rench M athemati ci an, P hysi ci st, and A uthor “a great man whose onl y f aul t was being a woman.” -- V ol t ai re A DV OCATE of R el i gi ous T ol erat i on CRITIC of Christianity (“ Reveal ed” Rel i gi on) N atural Religion DI DEROT F rench A uthor and Editor T he E ncyclopédi e was a col l abor at i ve ef f or t t o compi l e and di st r i but e a wi de var i et y of knowl edge f r om an “ enl i ght ened” per spect i ve.
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Montesquieu on the History and Geography of Political Liberty Author: Rebecca Clark Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:103616 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2012 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. Boston College Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Department of Political Science MONTESQUIEU ON THE HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF POLITICAL LIBERTY A dissertation by REBECCA RUDMAN CLARK submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2012 © Copyright by REBECCA RUDMAN CLARK 2012 Abstract Montesquieu on the History and Geography of Political Liberty Rebecca R. Clark Dissertation Advisor: Christopher Kelly Montesquieu famously presents climate and terrain as enabling servitude in hot, fertile climes and on the exposed steppes of central Asia. He also traces England’s exemplary constitution, with its balanced constitution, independent judiciary, and gentle criminal practices, to the unique conditions of early medieval northern Europe. The English “found” their government “in the forests” of Germany. There, the marginal, variegated terrain favored the dispersion of political power, and a pastoral way of life until well into the Middle Ages. In pursuing a primitive honor unrelated to political liberty as such, the barbaric Franks accidentally established the rudiments of the most “well-tempered” government. His turn to these causes accidental to human purposes in Parts 3-6 begins with his analysis of the problem of unintended consequences in the history of political reform in Parts 1-2. While the idea of balancing political powers in order to prevent any one individual or group from dominating the rest has ancient roots, he shows that it has taken many centuries to understand just what needs to be balanced, and to learn to balance against one threat without inviting another.
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