DOCSLIB.ORG

Distributions and Trends of Death and Destruction from Hurricanes in the United States, 1900–2008

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Distributions and Trends of Death and Destruction from Hurricanes in the United States, 1900–2008 Distributions and Trends of Death and Destruction from Hurricanes in the United States, 1900–2008 H. E. Willoughby1 Abstract: Because annual death and destruction from hurricanes in the United States can vary by > 4 orders of magnitude, common log- arithms are convenient measures. If the data are stratified into years when at least one major hurricane (maximum winds > 49 m=s) made landfall and those without a major-hurricane-landfall, logarithmic mortality and damage in both subsets appear to be normally distributed. Combined log-normal distributions accurately represent the data. From 1900 through 2008, total hurricane mortality decreased with a halving time of 26 years. Consistent with previous analyses, historical damage normalized for population growth, increasing individual wealth, and inflation did not exhibit significant trends in either subset. Comparison between the complete 1900–2008 record and a truncated version spanning 1900–2000 shows that the effects of hurricanes since 2000, especially Katrina, doubled the expected loss of life and increased the expected damage by 10%, consistent with the relatively large statistical uncertainty in estimation of the model parameters. In the context of the model, the expected frequency of disasters that cause > $100 billion in damage is approximately three times a century and for those that claim > 1;000 lives is approximately once a century. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000046. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Hurricanes; Damage; Fatalities; Statistics; United States; History. Author keywords: Hurricane; Damage; Mortality; Climate; Statistics. Introduction hurricane landfalls with a Poisson distribution, and the normalized damage for each occurrence with a log-normal-distribution. In this Since 1900, tropical cyclones (TCs) making landfall in the United formulation, only 15% of the variance arose from random landfall States ended 18,000 lives prematurely and destroyed US$400 occurrence, whereas most of the variance stemmed from differen- billion in property, corrected for inflation to 2005 (Blake et al. ces in effects of individual landfalls. Damage during most seasons 2007; Pielke et al. 2008). Normalization of historical damage for was dominated by single events. Exceptions to this generalization increasing population and individual wealth, and for inflation include 1915, 1954–1955, and 2004–2005. (Pielke and Landsea 1998; Pielke et al. 2008), shows that historical This paper analyzes annually aggregated damage and mortality. > $ ; storms would have inflicted US 1 200 billion in damage from This approach is appropriate because governments and corpora- 1900 through 2008 with constant early 21st century coastal devel- tions have annual budget cycles. Primary insurers set rates and opment. Thus, the cost of hurricane damage is a significant eco- negotiate reinsurance contracts every year. Moreover, potential nomic misfortune. Indeed, Galbraith (1954) traces the roots of the climate signals will appear as year-to-year variations of effects. Great Depression, in part, to collapse of the southeast Florida real Alternative analyses that treat individual landfalls can be used to estate bubble and subsequent loss of bank deposits and liquidity validate catastrophe models (Pielke et al. 1999) and to provide vital after the 1926 Miami Hurricane. Conversion of the deaths to a input for social-science research, but definition of systematic cli- dollar figure by using late 20th century “Statistical Value of Life” mate changes and measurement of effects on the economy as a (US$5 million; Fisher et al. 1989) yields a total US$90 billion in economic effect for 1900–2008 hurricane mortality. whole require annually aggregated statistics. Quantitative assessments of TC effects are essential to rational The HURDAT climatology (Jarvinen et al. 1984) shows that policy and planning. The insurance industry, for example, estimates from 1900 through 2008, 182 hurricanes crossed the U.S. coastline. windstorm risk with Monte Carlo, “catastrophe models” that con- Of these, 71 were major hurricanes in Saffir-Simpson categories > = volute winds from climatologically realistic virtual hurricanes with 3, 4, and 5, with maximum wind (V max) 49 m s (111 miles > % the spatial distributions of insured properties (Vickery et al. 2000; per hour). Major hurricanes account for 80 of U.S. tropical- Grossi and Kunrather 2005). By using a less elaborate approach, cyclone property damage (Pielke and Landsea 1998). Landfall Katz (2002) modeled annual hurricane damage by using a com- incidence varied on a multidecadal time scale. Early in the 20th pound statistical distribution. He represented the frequency of century, hurricane landfalls were more frequent than the long-term average. Then through the mid-1920s, landfalls occurred at a some- 1Distinguished Professor, Dept. of Earth and Environment, what below average rate. A prolonged period of above-average Florida International Univ., MMC/PC 344, Miami, FL 33199. E-mail: landfalls began in approximately 1926 and continued through [email protected] 1970. From 1971 through 2003, landfalls averaged slightly more Note. This manuscript was submitted on December 17, 2009; approved than one per year; although this respite was interrupted in 1985 on January 11, 2011; published online on January 17, 2012. Discussion when six landfalls occurred, tying the record set in 1916. The num- period open until July 1, 2012; separate discussions must be submitted for individual papers. This paper is part of the Natural Hazards Review, ber of observed Atlantic TCs increased dramatically after 1995, but Vol. 13, No. 1, February 1, 2012. ©ASCE, ISSN 1527-6988/2012/1-57– the increase did not reach U.S. shores until 2004 and 2005, when a 64/$25.00. total of nine landfalls occurred. NATURAL HAZARDS REVIEW © ASCE / FEBRUARY 2012 / 57 Downloaded 05 Mar 2012 to 131.94.186.10. Redistribution subject to ASCE license or copyright. Visit http://www.ascelibrary.org Multidecadal variations in hurricane activity throughout the Atlantic basin may be influenced by the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO), a 50–70 year episodic change in the Atlantic oceanic thermohaline circulation (Goldenberg et al. 2001; Kerr 2005). The AMO is hypothesized to modulate the inhibiting effect of vertical wind shear in the eastern tropical Atlantic. Apparent century-scale increases in Atlantic-basin-wide intensities and numbers have been attributed to anthropogenic global warming (Emanuel 2005; Webster et al. 2005). Although these increases seem qualitatively consistent with the model of hurricanes as classical heat engines running between the warm sea surface and cold upper troposphere (Emanuel 1991), they also may be attrib- utable to better detection (Landsea et al. 2010). Downscaled global climate model results show that the increase in intensity of the strongest TCs should be evident above random variation only after the late 21st century (Bender et al. 2010). Even as the intensities of – > = hurricanes in Saffir-Simpson categories 3 5(V max 49 m s) become stronger and more common, the number of hurricanes in general will probably decrease. An emerging international con- sensus based upon this view (Knutson et al. 2010) promises to – reconcile the competing explanations for the apparent increase Fig. 1. U.S. annual deaths attributable to hurricanes, 1900 2008 (data from Blake et al. 2007); the solid curve is a fitted exponential in Atlantic-basin hurricanes since 1970 (Vecchi et al. 2008). trend that approximates the time-varying arithmetic mean Apart from multidecadal variation that seems weakly correlated with basinwide activity, the numbers of U.S. landfalls do not show statistically significant trends over the 109-year record (Landsea 2005, 2007; Holland 2007; Wang and Lee 2008), and year-to-year nonzero mortality. The logarithmic fits track time-varying geomet- serial correlation is not strong. ric means, which are usually smaller than the arithmetic means and Landfall occurrences stratified by nonmajor and major hurri- do not have the mean-value property. That is, the area under the canes are reasonably well modeled by using Poisson distributions logarithmically fitted curve is not the total of the quantity being with means of 1.02 and 0.65 (Elsner et al. 2001; Katz 2002). The described. Nevertheless, because of the large range of values, log- combined landfall total is described by a Poisson distribution with a arithmic transformations simplify the analysis. The halving time of mean of 1.67. The corresponding variances are 0.93, 0.65, and the exponential nonlinearly fitted to nonlogarithmic hurricane mor- 1.67. Chi-square tests of yearly landfall counts against Poisson dis- tality is 25.8 years. It decreases from 478 deaths annually in 1900 to tributions with these means yield p-values of 0.4 to 0.9, so that 26 in 2008. This decrease in mortality as a result of better forecasts there is no reason to reject Poisson models. and warnings (Sheets 1990) is a significant achievement in the face In this paper, statistical trends and probability density functions of a growing population at risk. (PDFs) are derived for hurricanes’ human and economic effects. Inflation-adjusted hurricane damage (not shown) has a range Key limitations are that the time series are imperfectly measured, even greater than for deaths, 4 orders of magnitude, from US nonstationary, and probably too short to resolve long-term varia- $12 million dollars in 1962 and 1987 (excluding years
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Brief History of Lake Okeechobee: a Narrative of Confict Alanna L
    A Brief History of Lake Okeechobee: A Narrative of Confict Alanna L. Lecher, Ph.D, Lynn University Abstract Lake Okeechobee is Florida’s largest lake, the largest lake in the Southeast United States, and the second largest lake contained entirely within the United States. The history of this inland sea is marked both by natural processes, and more recently human development and intervention. Adventurers can explore this behemoth of a waterway via the Lake Okeechobee Scenic Trail that enriches it, a part of the Florida National Scenic Trail. This paper synthesizes major natural and human-induced perturbations that shaped the lake and ultimately the trail that encircles it to create a narrative of Florida’s great lake. The story of Lake Okeechobee is a story of battles, frst between the land and sea, then between the lake itself and humankind. For the past few centuries Lake Okeechobee’s natural perturbations in water fow and fooding resisted the control of man, until recently when man triumphed, managing to control the fow of water in and out of the lake. Unfortunately, with this new found control a new bio- ecological threat in the form of harmful algal blooms has emerged, which again threatens the health and livelihood of South Floridians. Currently there are new eforts that seek to restore Lake Okeechobee towards a more natural state in an efort to thwart the blooms. Manuscript It’s a full moon weekend in February and runners lace up their shoes in preparation. They gather in the agricultural town of Clewiston southeast of Lake Okeechobee.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms
    FLORIDA HURRICANES AND TROPICAL STORMS 1871-1995: An Historical Survey Fred Doehring, Iver W. Duedall, and John M. Williams '+wcCopy~~ I~BN 0-912747-08-0 Florida SeaGrant College is supported by award of the Office of Sea Grant, NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce,grant number NA 36RG-0070, under provisions of the NationalSea Grant College and Programs Act of 1966. This information is published by the Sea Grant Extension Program which functionsas a coinponentof the Florida Cooperative Extension Service, John T. Woeste, Dean, in conducting Cooperative Extensionwork in Agriculture, Home Economics, and Marine Sciences,State of Florida, U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, U.S. Departmentof Commerce, and Boards of County Commissioners, cooperating.Printed and distributed in furtherance af the Actsof Congressof May 8 andJune 14, 1914.The Florida Sea Grant Collegeis an Equal Opportunity-AffirmativeAction employer authorizedto provide research, educational information and other servicesonly to individuals and institutions that function without regardto race,color, sex, age,handicap or nationalorigin. Coverphoto: Hank Brandli & Rob Downey LOANCOPY ONLY Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms 1871-1995: An Historical survey Fred Doehring, Iver W. Duedall, and John M. Williams Division of Marine and Environmental Systems, Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne, FL 32901 Technical Paper - 71 June 1994 $5.00 Copies may be obtained from: Florida Sea Grant College Program University of Florida Building 803 P.O. Box 110409 Gainesville, FL 32611-0409 904-392-2801 II Our friend andcolleague, Fred Doehringpictured below, died on January 5, 1993, before this manuscript was completed. Until his death, Fred had spent the last 18 months painstakingly researchingdata for this book.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Perspective
    kZ ­­_!% L , Ti Historical Perspective 2.1 Introduction CROSS REFERENCE Through the years, FEMA, other Federal agencies, State and For resources that augment local agencies, and other private groups have documented and the guidance and other evaluated the effects of coastal flood and wind events and the information in this Manual, performance of buildings located in coastal areas during those see the Residential Coastal Construction Web site events. These evaluations provide a historical perspective on the siting, design, and construction of buildings along the Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Great Lakes coasts. These studies provide a baseline against which the effects of later coastal flood events can be measured. Within this context, certain hurricanes, coastal storms, and other coastal flood events stand out as being especially important, either Hurricane categories reported because of the nature and extent of the damage they caused or in this Manual should be because of particular flaws they exposed in hazard identification, interpreted cautiously. Storm siting, design, construction, or maintenance practices. Many of categorization based on wind speed may differ from that these events—particularly those occurring since 1979—have been based on barometric pressure documented by FEMA in Flood Damage Assessment Reports, or storm surge. Also, storm Building Performance Assessment Team (BPAT) reports, and effects vary geographically— Mitigation Assessment Team (MAT) reports. These reports only the area near the point of summarize investigations that FEMA conducts shortly after landfall will experience effects associated with the reported major disasters. Drawing on the combined resources of a Federal, storm category. State, local, and private sector partnership, a team of investigators COASTAL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL 2-1 2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE is tasked with evaluating the performance of buildings and related infrastructure in response to the effects of natural and man-made hazards.
    [Show full text]
  • Notable Tropical Cyclones and Unusual Areas of Tropical Cyclone Formation
    A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land.[1] The EU Floods directive defines a flood as a temporary covering by water of land not normally covered by water.[2] In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, which overflows or breaks levees, with the result that some of the water escapes its usual boundaries.[3] While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, it is not a significant flood unless such escapes of water endanger land areas used by man like a village, city or other inhabited area. Floods can also occur in rivers, when flow exceeds the capacity of the river channel, particularly at bends or meanders. Floods often cause damage to homes and businesses if they are placed in natural flood plains of rivers. While flood damage can be virtually eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of water, since time out of mind, people have lived and worked by the water to seek sustenance and capitalize on the gains of cheap and easy travel and commerce by being near water. That humans continue to inhabit areas threatened by flood damage is evidence that the perceived value of living near the water exceeds the cost of repeated periodic flooding. The word "flood" comes from the Old English flod, a word common to Germanic languages (compare German Flut, Dutch vloed from the same root as is seen in flow, float; also compare with Latin fluctus, flumen).
    [Show full text]
  • Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States: 1900–2005
    Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States: 1900–2005 Roger A. Pielke Jr.1; Joel Gratz2; Christopher W. Landsea3; Douglas Collins4; Mark A. Saunders5; and Rade Musulin6 Abstract: After more than two decades of relatively little Atlantic hurricane activity, the past decade saw heightened hurricane activity and more than $150 billion in damage in 2004 and 2005. This paper normalizes mainland U.S. hurricane damage from 1900–2005 to 2005 values using two methodologies. A normalization provides an estimate of the damage that would occur if storms from the past made landfall under another year’s societal conditions. Our methods use changes in inflation and wealth at the national level and changes in population and housing units at the coastal county level. Across both normalization methods, there is no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage in the data set, which follows the lack of trends in landfall frequency or intensity observed over the twentieth century. The 1970s and 1980s were notable because of the extremely low amounts of damage compared to other decades. The decade 1996–2005 has the second most damage among the past 11 decades, with only the decade 1926–1935 surpassing its costs. Over the 106 years of record, the average annual normalized damage in the continental United States is about $10 billion under both methods. The most damaging single storm is the 1926 Great Miami storm, with $140–157 billion of normalized damage: the most damaging years are 1926 and 2005. Of the total damage, about 85% is accounted for by the intense hurricanes ͑Saffir-Simpson Categories 3, 4, and 5͒, yet these have comprised only 24% of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Model Validation: United States Hurricane Model
    RiskLink® Principles of Model RiskBrowser® Validation: United States 11.0 Hurricane Model September 17, 2012 Risk Management Solutions, Inc. 7575 Gateway Boulevard, Newark, CA 94560 USA http://www.rms.com © Risk Management Solutions, Inc. All rights reserved. Warranty Disclaimer and Limitation of Liability This document was prepared to assist users of RiskLink® and RiskBrowser®, products of RMS. Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of RMS. The material contained herein is supplied ―as-is‖ and without representation or warranty of any kind. Therefore, RMS assumes no responsibility and shall have no liability of any kind arising from the supply or use of this document or the material contained herein. RiskLink® RiskBrowser®11.0 Principles of Model Validation: United States Hurricane Model. September 17, 2012. Printed in the U.S.A. ©2012 Risk Management Solutions, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of the information contained herein is subject to an RMS-approved license agreement. Licenses and Trademarks RiskLink, RiskBrowser, RMS, and ALM are registered trademarks of Risk Management Solutions, Inc. in the United States and other countries. ExposureSource is a trademark of Risk Management Solutions, Inc. The RMS logo is a registered trademark of Risk Management Solutions, Inc. in the United States. CitySets is a registered trademark of The Sanborn Map Company, Inc. UNICEDE is a registered trademark of Applied Insurance Research, Inc. GeoStan is a trademark of Pitney Bowes Software, Inc. Geoplan is a registered trademark of Yellow: Marketing Information Sanborn City Center Data is a trademark of The Sanborn Map Company, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Atlantic Hurricane Season Begins Now Is the Time to Get Ready for a Hurricane
    SUMMER 2020 2020 Atlantic Hurricane Season Begins Now is the time to get ready for a hurricane he 2020 Hurricane Season started June 1. Hurricanes are El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions are expected to either among nature’s most powerful and destructive phenomena. remain neutral or to trend toward La Nina, meaning there will not be an T Early forecasts by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric El Nino present to suppress hurricane activity. Also, there are warm- Administration (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center is predicting er-than-average sea surface temperatures in the tropical Atlantic above-normal activity for the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season. Ocean and Caribbean Sea, coupled with reduced vertical wind NOAA is a division of the National Weather Service. shear, and weaker tropical Atlantic trade winds. Similar con- The outlook predicts a 60 percent chance of an above-nor- ditions have been producing more active seasons since the mal season, a 30 percent chance of a near-normal season and current high-activity era began in 1995. only a 10 percent chance of a below-normal season. The Atlantic Hurricanes pose the greatest threat to life and property hurricane season officially runs from June 1 through November 30. however, tropical storms and depressions can also be devastating. NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center is forecasting a likely range of 13 The primary hazards from tropical storms, tropical depressions, and to 19 named storms (winds of 39 mph or higher), of which 6 to 10 could hurricanes, are storm surge flooding, inland flooding from heavy rains, become hurricanes (winds of 74 mph or higher), including 3 to 6 major hur- destructive winds, tornadoes, and high surf and rip current.
    [Show full text]
  • Normalized Hurricane Damages in the United States: 1925±95
    SEPTEMBER 1998 PIELKE AND LANDSEA 621 Normalized Hurricane Damages in the United States: 1925±95 ROGER A. PIELKE JR. Environmental and Societal Impacts Group, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado CHRISTOPHER W. L ANDSEA Hurricane Research Division, NOAA/AOML, Miami, Florida (Manuscript received 5 September 1997, in ®nal form 4 March 1998) ABSTRACT Hurricanes are the costliest natural disasters in the United States. Understanding how both hurricane frequencies and intensities vary from year to year as well as how this is manifested in changes in damages that occur is a topic of great interest to meteorologists, public and private decision makers, and the general public alike. Previous research into long-term trends in hurricane-caused damage along the U.S. coast has suggested that damage has been quickly increasing within the last two decades, even after considering in¯ation. However, to best capture the year-to-year variability in tropical cyclone damage, consideration must also be given toward two additional factors: coastal population changes and changes in wealth. Both population and wealth have increased dramat- ically over the last several decades and act to enhance the recent hurricane damages preferentially over those occurring previously. More appropriate trends in the United States hurricane damages can be calculated when a normalization of the damages are done to take into account in¯ation and changes in coastal population and wealth. With this normalization, the trend of increasing damage amounts in recent decades disappears. Instead, sub- stantial multidecadal variations in normalized damages are observed: the 1970s and 1980s actually incurred less damages than in the preceding few decades.
    [Show full text]
  • The Challenge of Climate Change and CAT Events for the Insurance Industry
    The Challenge Of Climate Change And CAT Events For The Insurance Industry May 8th 2018 Agenda • Review of extreme weather risk perception • Objectively review weather/climate data relevant to insurance industry • Severe Thunderstorms • Wildfires • Named Storms • Key meteorological/Insurance takeaways from 2017 catastrophe events 4/27/2017 Weather Trends and Impact to Insurance Industry 2 BMS Re Team Andy Siffert Jack Hickey Romulo Braga Vice President – Senior Meteorologist Senior Vice President CEO – BMS Capital Advisory Andrew Siffert is a Vice President and Senior Jack Hickey joined BMS in September 2010 and Romulo (Rom) Braga joined BMS in October 2013 Meteorologist within BMS Re US Catastrophe currently serves as Senior Vice President within and serves as CEO for BMS Capital Advisory, Inc. Analytics team. He works closely with clients to the Property & Casualty team for BMS Re US. In In this position, Rom directs the organization’s help them manage their weather-related risks by this capacity he produces and services property strategic goal of delivering the most effectively- adding value through catastrophe response, and casualty treaty reinsurance business. Jack is priced capital and integrated solutions to clients catastrophe modelling, product development and located in New York and has 32+ years of industry and prospects. Rom is a member of the BMS scientific research and education. He has 16 experience. Origination Committee and is located in New years of industry experience having worked in the York. energy and insurance industry
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms
    FLORIDA HURRICANES AND TROPICAL STORMS 1871-1995: An Historical Survey Fred Doehring, Iver W. Duedall, and John M. Williams '+wcCopy~~ I~BN 0-912747-08-0 Florida SeaGrant College is supported by award of the Office of Sea Grant, NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce,grant number NA 36RG-0070, under provisions of the NationalSea Grant College and Programs Act of 1966. This information is published by the Sea Grant Extension Program which functionsas a coinponentof the Florida Cooperative Extension Service, John T. Woeste, Dean, in conducting Cooperative Extensionwork in Agriculture, Home Economics, and Marine Sciences,State of Florida, U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, U.S. Departmentof Commerce, and Boards of County Commissioners, cooperating.Printed and distributed in furtherance af the Actsof Congressof May 8 andJune 14, 1914.The Florida Sea Grant Collegeis an Equal Opportunity-AffirmativeAction employer authorizedto provide research, educational information and other servicesonly to individuals and institutions that function without regardto race,color, sex, age,handicap or nationalorigin. Coverphoto: Hank Brandli & Rob Downey LOANCOPY ONLY Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms 1871-1995: An Historical survey Fred Doehring, Iver W. Duedall, and John M. Williams Division of Marine and Environmental Systems, Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne, FL 32901 Technical Paper - 71 June 1994 $5.00 Copies may be obtained from: Florida Sea Grant College Program University of Florida Building 803 P.O. Box 110409 Gainesville, FL 32611-0409 904-392-2801 II Our friend andcolleague, Fred Doehringpictured below, died on January 5, 1993, before this manuscript was completed. Until his death, Fred had spent the last 18 months painstakingly researchingdata for this book.
    [Show full text]
  • Offering Memorandum
    OFFERING MEMORANDUM Confidentiality &Disclaimer Statement Table Of Contents Intended solely for your own limited use to determine whether you wish to express any further interest in the Property. This confidential memorandum contains brief, selected information pertaining to the business and affairs of the Property and has been prepared by Colliers International South Florida, LLC, primarily from information Executive The Investment Market supplied by the Owner. Although this confidential memorandum has been reviewed by representatives of the Summary Offering Summary Drivers Owner, it does not propose to be all-inclusive, nor does it contain all the information which a prospective purchaser may require or desire. Neither the Owner, nor any of its officers, directors, employees or agents, nor Colliers International South Florida, LLC, makes any representation or warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of this confidential memorandum or any of its contents, and no legal liability is assumed or is to be implied by any of the aforementioned with respect thereto. Prospective offers are advised to verify the information 04 06 07 08 independently. The Owner reserves the right to change the price or any information in this Memorandum, or to withdraw the Property from the market at any time, without notice. This confidential memorandum shall not be deemed an indication of the state of affairs of the Property or the Owner, nor shall it constitute an indication that there has been no change in the business or affairs of the Property or the Owner since the date of preparation of this memorandum. By your receipt of this confidential memorandum, you agree that the information contained herein is of a confidential nature and you will not disclose this memorandum or any part of the contents to any Location other person, firm or entity without prior authorization from Colliers International South Florida, LLC.
    [Show full text]
  • The Daily Caller News Foundation Is Available Without Charge to Any Eligible News Publisher That Can Provide a Large Audience
    SPONSORED CONTENT Forget Your 401k if you Own a Home (Do This) BY LENDINGTREE # " ( ) HOMENEWVIDEO STUDYPOLITICS USHIGHLIGHTSWORLDENTERTAINMENTSPORTSBUSINESSOPINIONOUTDOORSSHOP ▼ INCONVENIENT DATA ISSUESOMITTED ▼SEND A FROMTIP ‘ALARMING’ US CLIMATE REPORT Get the Latest Daily Caller News Sent to your inbox Email Address Sign Up Michael 2:20 PM 11/26/2018 | ENERGY Bastasch | Energy Editor ␣" ␣# ␣$ ␣ &␣ ␣' 1935 Hurricanes aren’t hitting the U.S. more often, nor are they causing more normalized damages, a new study found. The study presents inconvenientinconvenient datadata toto thosethose lookinglooking toto soundsound thethe alarmalarm on global warming. The newest National Climate Assessment was heavily criticized for omitting such inconvenientinconvenient hurricanehurricane data.data. TRENDING There’s been “no trend” in the EXCLUSIVE: Jerome Corsi number and intensity of hurricanes Says He Has Defense Agreement With Trump, hitting the continental U.S. and the Received Limited Immunity normalized damages caused by such From Mueller storms over the past 117 years, EXCLUSIVE: Roger Stone Associate Reveals What She according to a new study. Told Mueller Grand Jury “Consistent with observed trends in the frequency and intensity of Keep Track Of The Best Cyber hurricane landfalls along the Monday Deals [UPDATED] continental United States since 1900, the updated normalized loss estimates also show no trend,” reads Trump Considering Ex- Michigan Senate Candidate the study, published in Monday in John James For UN the journal Nature. Ambassador I Was Tear-Gassed, Along With 60 Of My Closest Friends, In An Enclosed Space Podcast: CNN And MSNBC Continue To Lie About The Caravan Mother In Viral Photo Trying To Avoid Tear Gas Says She Needs A Job Roger Pielke Jr.
    [Show full text]