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Philippine Journal of Science 2003, 28(2): 31-43 Copyright 2005, Crop Science Society of the Released February 2005

BANANA PILOT DEMONSTRATION STUDIES FOR : TABLE SALT & EARLY DEBUDDING To CONTROL `BUGTOK' DISEASE OF 'SABA' & `CARDABA'

1 HERMINIO M PAVA, 2 NONITO S FRANJE & 3 TERESITA J TIMARIO 'Agronomist and Scientist III, 2 Pathologist and Scientist II, 3 Research Assistant, Central University, Musuan, Bukidnon, Philippines 2001

Beyond the target 10 ha, the project was able to establish and maintain 14 ha as demonstration field on how to prevent `bugtok' (causal organism Pseudomonas solanacearum) infestation in a . In the fourth year, this project produced 2,489 bunches although some were just planted about a year ago or an increase of about 136% from the previous. The package of technology, which comprised bagging, early debudding and application of sodium chloride (table salt) at flowering, was found as an overall effective alternative for the prevention of the `bugtok' disease of 'Saba' and rardaba' banana cultivars in Bukidnon. Based on the results of the study, a monograph was published as extension material and massive trainings were conducted as part of a campaign to prevent `bugtok' in the area. Participants from 20 barangays from 11 municipalities of Bukidnon, 4 in Misamis Oriental and 1 in Camiguin received training on the CMU package of technology, for a total of 972 participants during the 4-year study. Another component of the project was the production of disease-free planting materials by tissue culture. Subsequently, the explants were planted side by side with suckers by 2 farmers. In the 4th year, the results confirmed previous findings that planting materials from tissue culture performed better than suckers, as they produced more suckers, flowered earlier, grew bigger bunches and had more hands per bunch. On the impact of the package of technology, a survey showed that from 75 ha planted to 'Saba' in 1998-1999, the area had increased to 490 ha in 1999-2000, an increase by more than 553%, indicating grower confidence in the technology. Keywords banana, `bugtok' disease, Bukidnon, `Cardaba', debudding, 'Saba', tissue culture

INTRODUCTION banana as one of the priority as an 'export winner.' Banana is the premier crop in the Banana can be used asfoodandfor Philippines(PCARRD1992).Itisgrown industrial purposes. Several products can be practically throughout the archipelago. It is one derived fromitsplantparts;hence,itis of the easiest crops to grow. The sometimescomparedtococonutwhichis contributessignificantlytothecountry's considered by many as the ' of life.' It can be economy. Export earnings from banana eateneitherfreshorcooked and can be represent 2.3 percent of the total Philippine processed into several delicious products such as export revenue, as the country is one of the top puree,jam,jelly,catsup,,chips, banana exporters in the world. Moreover, thispinasugbo, or , among others. industry employs more than 40,000 people in Banana can also be extracted and made related industries. The Department of Science into raw materials for the cottage industry. and Technology (DOST) Science and Technology However, the banana industry has been Agenda for National (STAND) 2000 includes beset with problems of diseases that almost all cultivars of banana have been wiped out in most measures for banana `bugtok' disease of banana growing areas in the country. This has `SabaTCardaba' cultivars caused palpable economic stress on the national 2.To produce disease-free planting as well as local economies. materials, and Among the most serious diseases are the 3.To come up with appropriate extension `bugtok' and `moko' diseases (both caused by the materialsforotherfarmersinthe bacteriaPseudomonassolanacearum (syn. province and elsewhere. Ralstonia solanacearum), which are known as Theprojectwasexpectedtoincrease soil-borne diseases and transmitted by sucking awareness of the need and skills among banana insects, probably thrips (Soguilon et al 1995). farmers how toprevent/control the`bugtok' Because of the prevalence of these diseases the disease. It was also expected that the project banana industry in the province has been greatly would increase `Saba'/Vardaba' banana affected. Almost 95% of the banana plantation of production by from 5 to 10% annually. Bukidnon succumbed to the disease and the farmer's only alternative had been to demolish MATERIALS & METHODS the plantation and plant the area with other crops that they were not familiar with. The The methodology employed by the project cultivars most affected are 'Saba' and Vardaba,' consisted of the following: the most popular varieties for making quality (a) Technology-gathering chips, flour and ketchup (Fresco 2002). This is (b) Establishment of demonstration site not surprising as these are the most widely (c) Farmer training grown cultivars for such purposes. (d) Provision of technical support The `bugtok' disease causes the banana fruit (e) Production of extension materials to form lumps which make the flesh unpalatable (f)Tissueculturetoproduceplanting even when ripe. If the disease is not controlled, materials. the banana industry will become a thing of the Technology-gathering - At the start of the past, and thousands of families will suffer. project, technologies recommended by The useof chemical meanstocontrol government agencies and private individuals bacterial or disease is not recommended were gathered for verification in the field. because of the expenses involved. Some farmers Verification-demonstration site A have reported the use of table salt (sodium cooperative was selected and then assisted in the chloride) and hull as indigenous control establishment of a verification-demonstration measures but as yet there is no formal research farm using suckers of the existing 'Saba' and to verify such claims. Vardaba' cultivars growing in the field. These In order to help revive and rehabilitate the banana plantations were used to verify and banana industry, it was deemed appropriate to demonstratethetechnologiesinpreventing put up pilot verification-demonstration plots in and/orcontrolling the`bugtok'disease.The Bukidnon in line with the Philippines 2000 initial target was 10 ha for the duration of 4 program of the government. The province of years duration of the study. Bukidnon was chosen as the study site because The project was designed toverify and of its favorable climate, suitable soil and its demonstratespecifictechniques on how to being free from typhoons. prevent/control`bugtok'diseaseinfarmer- The ultimate objective of the project is to cooperators' plantations. Other farmers of the revive and rehabilitate the banana industry in province were invited to see for themselves in the province. The specific objectives are: order that they could learn and apply the 1.To verify and commercialize technology in their own banana plantations. recommended preventive control Training - Farmers, housewives and out-of- school youths were trained on banana production (j)Topping of upon flower technology including prevention and control of emergence. `bugtok' and other diseases. Bagging of the inflorescence (puso) - Lydia V Technical Support - Technical assistance to Magnaye ofBPI,Bago-Oshiro, DavaoCity the banana growers were provided after the recommended bagging the inflorescence training. This was to ensure that the proper immediately when it begins to bend. The bagging steps in implementing the technology were material has opening at the bottom to allow followed. mature to fall. Once the last hand is Productionof ExtensionMaterials - A formed, the inflorescence is cut off and the bag is monograph and other extension materials were removed and/or transferred to another (at least 2 produced by compiling mature technologies from times). PCARRD and other research agencies of the Clean culture and early debudding (removal country and also from the experiences of this of puso) - This was also recommended by Lydia project after one year of operations. These were V Magnaye.SusanPelinio ofDamulog, used as handouts during trainings. Bukidnon practiced it in her farm. Additionally, Tissue culture - Production and Susan said that the banana plantation must be multiplication of disease-free planting materials cleaned thoroughly by cutting down dead trunks of banana was done using the tissue cultureand dead . (This is to remove the food laboratory of the Department of Horticulture of source for carrier insects.) These could then be CentralMindanaoUniversityinMusuan, piled in-between the rows of banana. Aside from Bukidnon,usingtheavailable'Saba'and controlling the weeds, this practice also enabled `Cardaba' plantings. hertoproduceplentyofediblebanana . The project learned that there were RESULTS & DISCUSSION two other farmers who were practicing this type of clean culture but their banana plantations Indigenous and recommended technologies could not be reached by land vehicle and were far In order toverify and demonstrate the from the barangay proper. indigenous and recommended techniques, the Table salt (sodium chloride) - This was project leader and study leader visited some recommended by Edna M Jover,Professor, agencies and farmers who practiced them or did University of Southern Mindanao (USM) in some researches on them. The following were Kabacan, North Cotabato. She said that once the some of the recommended technologies to control `Saba' and `Cardaba' cultivars are beginning to `bugtok' disease: bear flower (at least 10 days before and/or 5 days (a) Bagging of inflorescence after inflorescence), table salt of about 500 grams (b) Clean culture should be applied by boring a hole into the (c) Early debudding stump of the recently harvested banana adjacent (d) Application of table salt to the one bearing the new inflorescence. The (e) Application of insecticide. salt must be dissolved by pouring on it. Other technologies were collected and tested: This will control `bugtok' in the banana fruit by (f)Application of formalin against `moko' destroyingtheorganismand/orinoculum disease provided by the otherwise useless banana trunk (g) Application of extract of -pancitan that has been harvested from. (Peperomia pellucida) to control `moko' Use of Furadan or Thiodan insecticide - This (h) Use of glyphosate to eradicate bunchy top was practicedbyafarmerofTibontibon, and mosaic diseases Magsaysay, Misamis Oriental. According to this (i) Removal of inflorescenceevery week farmer, he dug up the `Saba' /'Cardaba' roots and (Friday) found that some roots werecut by some unknown microorganisms. After the banana is a)Control - no intervention harvested, they make holes on the remaining b)Bagging of inflorescence and early stump (at 1 foot high) and apply Furadan on the debudding holes. It is expected that the resultant fruit of c)Clean culture & early debudding the succeeding banana on the same hill will have d)Early debudding only no more `bugtok'. e)Use of table salt Forma lin to control `moko' disease - Research f)Use of tawas' at USM showed that `moko' disease of Cavendish g) Use of Furadan banana can be controlled by drenching the soil h) Use of table salt with formalin. Drenched `moko' infected mat The results of the demo study are shown in showed lower bacterial colonies. Table 1. The data shows that table salt is the Pancit-pancitan' invivo crude extract - most promising technology for the control of Applied at 6.4 mm, the extract was 99% effective `bugtok' of banana. The application of 500 g of in controlling `moko' disease (USM research table salt within 5 days of flower initiation gave result). 100% control of `bugtok' on the average. This was Glyphosate - sticks (each 2.5 cm x followed by early debudding at 97.8% and clean 15 cm) soaked in glyphosate for 24 hours was culture at 97.7%.Still high was bagging of effective in eradicating bunchy top and bract inflorescence and early debudding at 95.4%. mosaic virus infected banana (USM research result). C. On-Farm Demonstration Removal of inflorescence (puso) every Friday. On the 3rd year, already a total of 14 ha There is a need to cut off the inflorescence demonstration plots were established in the regularly to remove the supply of inoculum for Panadtalan project site, or 4 ha beyond the 10-ha disease-causing organisms or food for insects or target (Table 2). Of the 14 ha, 2 ha were planted birds that become carriers. as expansion (as self-initiative) of one farmer Cutting of tips of inflorescence (1 inch) upon (Hernane Piamonte). Of the bearing-age banana, flower emergence - Thispracticesomehow a total of P25,352 was already realized from discourages insects/birds from attacking the sales as planting materials. flowers once the pointed tips are removed. Originally, the area (Panadtalan) had only Verification and demonstration of boundary plantings of `Saba'/Vardaba' but the technologies -Studies were conducted to verify site was abandoned and hence had no production and subsequently demonstrate the value ofbecause of the`bugtok'disease.Thus,this different technologies to control `bugtok' disease became more or less a rehabilitation process. of `Saba'/Vardaba' banana. With only boundary plantings with no definite The objectives of the investigation were the hectarage,noexistingpreviousdatawere following: available for the percentage incidence of `bugtok' a) To verify different technologies on their diseasebecausefarmersdemolishedtheir efficacy in controlling the `bugtok' disease plantations when the `bugtok' disease became of banana. serious. However, it could be concluded that b) To determine the profitability of the 100% of the 'Saba' in the area were different technologies. infected by `bugtok'. c)To demonstrate and recommend to the Initial observations on comparative farmers the most effective and performance indicated that the explants from economical technology to control `bugtok' tissue culture produced more suckers early and disease. grew faster than the suckers. This could be Thetechnologiesverifiedcomprisedthe because theroots were intactatplanting. following as experimental treatments: However, this result needs to be further verified. Per advice by the evaluating team, the area the banana plantation of the project. Debudding is being desuckered to only 2 or 3 plants per hill. isthemajormanagementcontrolbeing This area has lower soil fertility than the one on employed. Out of the accumulated 970 bunches the hill (not visited by the evaluator) which grew harvested as recorded in the first week of June luxuriantly. 1999, only 4 bunches came from weak and In the area, the `bugtok' disease is not a stubby mother plants but the as sampled problem anymore, as it is being prevented by were healthy. debudding. The farmers just have to follow the Some premature yellowing of the older leaves guidelines and provide labor themselves. The had been notedintheprojectplantation.

Table 1. Results of the verification studies on the prevention of `bugtok' disease of banana Technology Used Percentage of Fruits Not Infected with `Bugtok' Replications Average

1 2 3 Use of table salt at 500 100 100 100 100 grams/stump/hill (5 days before and after emergence of inflorescence) Early debudding only 93.9 100 99.6 97.8 Clean culture with early debudding 94.1 100 99.5 97.7 Bagging of inflorescence with 96.8 96.2 95.2 95.4 debudding Use of Furadan 100 grams/stump/hill 82.1 88.5 89.5 86.7 Use of table salt 500 grams/stump/hill 74.2 81.6 77.9 77.9 (10 days before and after emergence of inflorescence) Use of tawas' 100 grams/stump/hill 56 55.5 59.5 57 area became a demonstration on how to prevent Diagnosis showed root bases damaged by corn `bugtok' disease considering the practice of early weevil destroying some portion of the root debudding and the use of suckers as planting tissues and root origins and boring multiple materials.Some bunches wereinfected by holes in the bracts, destroying the water- and `bugtok'butthiswastheresultoflate nutrient-conducting vessels. The infestation was debudding, because farmers sometimes did not checked by spot application of Furadan and follow the scheduled date of debudding. Chlorpyrifos insecticides in the non-bearing hills. Disease occurrence in the plantation was Project results in the 4th year are presented verylow,lessthan 5%,arising from the in Table 3. The highest number of hectares institution of sanitary measures. These were the planted were by Mr Hernane Piamonte and Mr removal of dry sheaths and dry leaves, as Ben Acuria. The highest production was by Mr well as removal of Sigatoka-infected leaves, to Eduardo Marquez with1,007 bunches with reduce the inoculum in the plantation. estimated income of P163,134 followed by Mr `Bugtok,' which is a very prevalent disease of Piamonte with P148,554 The lowest income was `Saba'/Vardaba' in Bukidnon, is not attacking that of Mr. Montano Famador because this plantation was just more than 1-year old. soil and therefore quite difficult to dig up. Only 14 ha were planted to `Saba'/Vardaba' In response to the infection of the in the area because there were no more farmers disease, the project decided to dig 'containment with available area for growing banana. canals' every 50 meters to prevent the inoculum The recommendation of the evaluation team from moving to the lower portions of the field. to desucker the plantation, leaving only 2 or 3 Infected hills were cut at one foot from the base suckers perhill, was implemented first by and ashes were placed on the cut portions as topping the suckers, then desuckering them disinfectant. The initial results seemed to be

Table 2. Results of project-farmers' efforts in the demonstration site (3rd year) Farmers/ Eduardo Hernane Hernane Tarciana Leonilo Variables Marquez Piamonte Piamonte Vadil Milioza (Expansion ) Distance of planting 3 x 6 3 x 6 3 x 6 3 x 6 3 x 5 (meters) Area (ha) 2 2 2 0.25 0.50 Number of plants 1,110 1,110 1,110 140 277 Date planted 15 Jul 98 20 Mar 97 20 Mar 97 26 Apr 98 26 Sep 97 Date harvested 15 Nov 98 12 Aug 98 12 Aug 98 15 Nov 99 20 Jan 99 Number of bunches 900 702 702 16 6

Number of bunches 4 10 10 4 1 infected by `bugtok' Percentage infection 0.44 1.42 1.42 25 16 Number of hands 8,100 5,616 5,616 144 54 Number of fingers 178,200 101,088 101,088 2,736 1,026 Price/hundred (P) 80 80 80 80 80 Total income (P) 14,256 8,087 8,087 2,189 821 Place sold Dologon, Dologon, Dologon, Panadtalan Panadtalan Tubigon, Panadtalan, Panadtalan, PanadtalanAnahawon Anahawon afterwards.However, when the'LaNina' promising. The observations will continue until phenomenon came, the plantation was infected the new suckers will bear fruits. by Fusarium or wilt. Per observation of Of the 8 farmers who planted theresearchers,desuckeringseemednot `Saba'/Vardaba' banana, only three (Ben Acuria, advisable for the 'Saba' and Vardaba' cultivars Eduardo Marquez and Hernane Piamonte) had because of its fast growth and the abundant infection of Fusarium wilt in their plantations rainfall in the area. Perhaps this practice is only (Table 4). This disease needs to be given more applicable in areas with a distinct dry season. attentionin terms of integrated pest Thisisbecausetherootsofsuckersof management.Perhapsdisease-freeexplants `Saba'/Vardaba' are deeply imbedded into the from tissuecultureplanting materialswill perform better in soils free from this disease. D. Training and Extension It was learned that the plantation areas of A monograph was published as extension Marquez, Acufia and Piamonte had previously material and training classes were held on field- been used for grazing cattle. The urine and verified techniques to prevent the further spread manure accumulated in the area may account for of the `bugtok' disease of banana. A total of 1,100 the disease, but this must be verified by study. copies of the extension material were produced, Diseasedplantsinfectedwiththewilt broken down as 350 copiesof the English organism were diagnosed version,200 copies mimeographed and 550 in the laboratory of the Department of Plant copiesof the Visayan version.These were Pathology of Central Mindanao University. The distributed to the participants during trainings

Table 3. Results of project-farmers' efforts in the demonstration site from May 1999 to April 2000 Name Of Sources OfArea (ha)/Number OfPrice Per Total Market Farmers Planting Number OfBunches Pc (P) Income Outlet Materials hills Harvested (P) Eduardo Suckers 2 1,007 1 163,134 Tubigon & Marquez Panadtalan Hernane Suckers 2 883 1 130,086 Dologon & Piamonte Panadtalan H Piamonte Suckers 2 114 18,468 Dologon & (Extension) Panadtalan Tarciana Vadil Suckers 0.25 77 1 12,474 Panadtalan, Maramag Leonilo Milioza Suckers 0.5 129 1 20,898 Panadtalan, Maramag Ben Acufia Suckers 4 54 1 8,748 Panadtalan, Maramag Ben Acufia Tissue (481 hills) 41 1 7,011 Panadtalan, Culture Maramag Felicisimo Suckers 0.75 88 1 14,256 Panadtalan, Mahumot Maramag Nicolas Suckers 1 103 1 14,832 Panadtalan, Villegas Maramag Ben Acufia Tissue (130 hills) 65 1 13,000 Panadtalan, Culture Maramag Montano Suckers 1.5 8 1 1,296 Panadtalan, Famador Maramag

causal factor was isolated and new germicides and to other interested parties who wanted to available in the market will be bioassayed plant banana. against this organism. Banana growers from 20 barangays covering Meanwhile, partially infected plants were 11municipalitiesof Bukidnon, four(4)in applied with rice hull ash. The results are still Misamis Oriental and one(1)in Camiguin under observation. received training, with a total of 972 participants during the 4-year study. These participants were taughthowtopreventbugokinfestation essentially by early debudding and use of table Suckerswerecleaned,disinfectedand salt. inoculated into previously prepared Murashige and Skoog culture media. PRODUCTION & DISTRIBUTION OF SABA One month and a half after establishment, EXPLANTS FROM TISSUE CULTURE initial explants were sub-cultured up to 6 cycles at 1.5 to 2 months interval. On the third cycle, The objectives of this part of the project were bigger explants were inoculated into rooting as follows: medium to induce rooting; 3 weeks later, these a) To propagate banana plants through in explants were acclimatized for one week, then vitro culture for mass clonal production of deflasked. Explants were established in growing disease-free planting materials trays with plastic cover in a nursery. Ten days b) To distribute explants from tissue culture later, the plastic cover was removed to further

Table 4. Disease rating in the project site at Panadtalan and Sabacan, Maramag, Bukidnon Name of Farmer Area Planted Estimated Remarks (ha) % Wilt Infection Ben Acufia 4 15-20 Planting materials from tissue culture Hernane Piamonte 4 20 Leonilo Milioza 0.5 0

Nicolas Villegas 1 0 Planting materials from tissue culture Eduardo Marquez 2 15 Felicisimo Mahumot 0.75 0 Tarciana Vadil 0.25 0 Montano Famador 1.50 0 Total 14

as planting materials to farmer acclimatize the explants. cooperators whose fields thereby become Likewise, explants were sprayed with foliar field verification-demonstration sites fertilizer twice a week for 2 weeks. Thereafter, c)To verify and demonstrate the explantswereuprootedandplantedin advantages oftissuecultureover bags. Using 9:1 ratio, carbonized suckering as source of planting materials. rice hull, Agrofer organic fertilizer as media was d) To commercialize banana tissue culture added with small amount of complete fertilizer planting materials. (NPK). Two weeks later, bagged explants were Healthy and vigorous swordsuckersof transferred to a nursery covered with 2 layers of `Saba'/Vardaba'bananawereselectedand fish net to allow some for hardening. obtainedfromestablishedhealthyhillsin Proper care and management were given to the farmers'fieldsatPanadtalan,Maramag, explants. Fourweekslater,theywere Bukidnon. These were used as sources of explant transplanted to the field. for in vitro propagation. Table 5 shows the results of in vitro culture of `Saba7'Cardaba' banana suckers from 8 to 21 explants as samples given to CMU students for batches. There had been a total of 256 banana laboratoryexercises,and samplesto CMU suckers established from the beginning up to the employees who were very willing to plant in present, but because of high in their backyards, and 204 explants that the the laboratory, only 133 suckers survived. project donated to a graduate student conducting Therewerestill459bottlesinthe research on the effects of calcium sources on the proliferating media, each bottle containing 5-15 controlof`moko'diseaseoftissueculture vigorous and healthy explants which still have explants. A total of 3,549 banana plants were the potential for further subcultures. Moreover, produced through tissue culture as planting

Table 5. Results of in vitro culture of `Saba'PCarbada' banana suckers from 8 to 21 batch Batch Suckers Bottles Explants In Explants Remarks Number Established Rooting Medium Produced (Survived) 8 26 (24) 0 0 1,163 Terminated 9 19 (15) 0 0 393 Terminated 10 15 (4) 0 0 63 Terminated 11 10 (2) 34 355 215 12 11 (3) 44 246 225 13 13 (8) 67 168 578 14 12 (0) Contaminated 15 20 (15) 26 0 12 16 4 (3) 114 378 363 17 20 (17) 67 0 537

18 23 (17) 48 1 0 19 20 (6) 14 61 0 20 20 (4) 4 0 0 21 43 (15) 41 0 0 Total 256 133 459 1,229 3,549 there were 1,229 rooted explants in the tissue materials. culture growing room when the project was Comparison of tissue culture and suckers as terminated. planting materials is presented in Table 7. The From these 14 batches of banana tissue suckers as planting materials flowered in 14 culture, there were 729 explants disseminated to months and 6 days while tissue culture flowered farmer cooperators and planted in their fields, in 12 months and 25 days for Ben Acuria's farm. which then served as verification-demonstration In Villegas farm, sucker flowered in 16 months area at Panadtalan, Maramag, Bukidnon. There while tissue culture flowered in 15 months. Also were 2,534 explants sold to CMU employees and tissue culture materials had bigger and more to different farmers in Bukidnon (Table 6), 82 hands and fingers per bunch harvested. The data indicated that the use of explants 75 ha were planted to 'Saba' in 1998-1999. It is has more advantages than suckers. Aside from interesting to note that other varieties of banana being disease-free and acceptable to the farmers, were newly planted, such as `Latundan' and the planting materials has more developed root `Lakatan.' system to account for their being robust and Another survey was done the following year healthy if given proper cultural management 1999. Out of the total of 3,394.34 ha, 490 ha were practices. planted to 'Saba' (Table 9). This is about 553% increase of hectarage. Thus, the project has IMPACT OF THE PROJECT really increased awareness of and ability to apply the package of technology to account for To find out whether the project has had any the increase in hectarage of 'Saba' banana impact on banana production,a survey of plantation in the Bukidnon.

Table 6. Banana tissue culture planting materials disseminated to farmers

Name Number of Tissue-Culture Place Planted Planting Materials

Vicente Sayta 100 Dangcagan, Bukidnon

Mountain View College 325 MVC, Malaybalay City c/o Mr Boy Calla

Louella M Cabahug 250 Lourdes, Valencia, Bukidnon

Adel Laureto 30 Kitaotao, Bukidnon

Made lo/ H Pava 100 Kibawe, Bukidnon/Panadtalan

Weenah D Martinez 1,529 Kibawe, Bukidnon

Bing Banaynal 200 Wao, Lanao del Sur

Total 2,534 plantation was made. In Table 8, out of 253 ha,

REFERENCES

Belalcazar Arcila MI, JA Valencia, DG Gayon & G Franco. 1994. Growing Plaintain at High Densities. Infomusa. The International Magazine on Banana and Plantain 3:1, July 1994, pp 12- 15 Center for Overseas Pest Research. 1972. Pest Control in . PANS Manual No 1. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Overseas Development Administration, London, England DNCRDC. 1990. Davao National Crop Research and Development Center Information Service Leaflet Series No 1. Bago-Oshiro, DNCRDC. 1991. Davao National Crop Research and Development Center Information Service Technoguide Series No 5, Bago-Oshiro, Davao City Espino RRC & RT Calendacion. Bugtok Disease. UPLB-PCCARD-DOST. Department of Horticulture, College of , UP Los Banos, Laguna Fresco, Mary Charlotte 0. Combating the banana bugtok disease effectively. BAR Chronicle May 1- 15, 2002 INIBAP. Musarama. INIBAP. The International Bibliographic Abstract, Journal of Banana and Plantain Magnaye LV. 1995. Major Banana Diseases and Their Control. Handout. Davao City Magnaye Lydia B, AB Zamora & EO Escobido. 1995. Banana Propagation by Shoot Culture. Vol XVII, No 1 Ogazi, PO. 1996. Plantain: Production, Processing and Utilization. Paman and Associate, Limited. PCARRD. 1988. The Philippines Recommends for Banana. PCARRD-RRDP. PCARRD Technical Bulletin Series No 66, Los Banos, Laguna. 136 p PHTRC. 1989. Postharvest Tips: Proper Handling of Banana. Circular No 10.Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center, UPLB, College, Laguna Soguilon CE, LV Magnaye & MP Natural. 1995. Bugtok Disease of Banana. Disease Fact Sheet. No 6. INIBAP. Parc Scientifique Agropolis, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France Tangonan Naomi G. 1994. Towards Making Pest and Disease Management Relevant to Big and Small Banana Growers. Proceedings of the 1st PPS-SMD National Symposium on Pests and Diseases of Banana in the Philippines, April 23-24, 1993, Davao City Valmayor RV. (INIBAP Network for Asia and the Pacific). 1991. Banana Diseases in Asia and the Pacific. Proceedings of a Regional Technical Meeting on Diseases Affecting Banana and Plantain in Asia and the Pacific. Brisbane, . 15-18 April 1991 Valmayor RV, RG Davide, JM Danston, NL Treverrow & VN Roa. 1994. Banana and Weevil Borers in Asia and the Pacific. Proceedings of a Conference-Workshop on Nematodes and Weevil Borers Affecting Bananas in Asia and the Pacific. Serdand, Selangor, . 18-22 April 1994. International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain Valmayor RV, VN Roa & VF Cabangbang. 1996. Regional Information System for Banana and Plantain Asia Pacific. Proceedings RISBAB Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines, 1-3 April 1996

Table 7. Comparison of tissue culture explants and suckers as planting materials

Name ofPlanting Area Date Date Date Suckers/Bunch/Hands/Fingers/ Farmer Materials (ha)/ Planted FloweredHarvested Hill Hill Bunch Hand Hills

Ben Suckers 3.50 ha 12 Aug 18 Oct 12 Feb 00 3 1 9 18 Acuria 98 99

Tissue 421 hills 15 Sep 10 Oct 11 Feb 00 5 1 9 19 culture 98 99

Nickolas Suckers 431 hills Sep 98 Dec 99 10 Mar 00 3 1 9 16 Villegas

Tissue 130 hills Oct 98 Dec 99 15 Feb 00 6 1 10 20 culture Table 8. Total number of hectares newly planted to banana in Bukidnon (project municipalities, estimated by their respective MAOs) Municipality Hectares Newly Planted 1. Kalilangan (Saba'=1 ha.) 11 2. Pangatucan 5 3. Damulog (Saba'=1 ha.) 10 4. Kibawe 35 5. Dangcagan (Saba'=1 ha.) 10 6. Kitaotao (Saba'=1 ha.) 10 7. Don Carlos (Saba7'Carbada') 1 8. Maramag Spring side (Saba') 3 Lake Apo 5 Panadtalan (project site- 14 `Saba7'Carbada') 9. San Fernando (Saba'=3 ha.) 50 10.Valencia 15 11.Malaybalay 10 12.Cabanglasan `Saba7'Carbada' 50 `Latundan' 2 `Lakatan' 2 13.Malitbog `Saba7'Carbada' 5 `Latundan' 5 `Lakatan' 5 14. Concepcion 5 Total (Saba7Varbada'=75 ha) 253

42 Banana Industry Pilot Studies On Bugtok' Table 9. Total number of ha planted to banana in Bukidnon based on BAS and MAO survey 1999

Municipality`Saba'PCarbada' Lakatan Latundan Total Malaybalay 81.46 131.42 65.19 278 Valencia 153.90 452.50 196.67 8037 San Fernando 70 1,800 100 1,970 Cabanglasan 50 12.50 5 67.50 Maramag 28 30 10 68 Don Carlos 5 2 3 10 Kitaotao 50 2 5 57 Dangcagan 10 5 2 17 Kibawe 14.70 4 10 28.70 Damulog 6 25 5 31

Pangatucan 1 5 1 7 Kalilangan 5 10 10 25

Concepcion 5 1 1 7

Malitbog 10 5 5 20 Total 4906 2,485.42 418.86 3,394.34

HM Pava, NS Franje & TJ Timario 43