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Locating the Spirit Body in Hakka Worlds of Health: Spiritual Collision and Its Potential for Healing Through a Female Spirit Medium Tradition in Southern China

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Locating the Spirit Body in Hakka Worlds of Health: Spiritual Collision and Its Potential for Healing Through a Female Spirit Medium Tradition in Southern China LOCATING THE SPIRIT BODY IN HAKKA WORLDS OF HEALTH: SPIRITUAL COLLISION AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR HEALING THROUGH A FEMALE SPIRIT MEDIUM TRADITION IN SOUTHERN CHINA A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts In the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By ANNA K. KELLY © Copyright Anna K. Kelly, April 2020. All rights reserved. Permission to Use In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology University of Saskatchewan 55 Campus Drive Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B1 Canada OR Dean College of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies University of Saskatchewan 116 Thorvaldson Building, 110 Science Place Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada i Abstract The intensities and rapid speed of cultural change within a highly competitive and developing new China has produced various states of certain crisis for individuals and society. Strained familial, work and social relations, as well as deficiencies in health and welfare resources amidst increasing sicknesses and mental health issues, are major contributors. There is a great need to explore modalities and practices that might relieve such problems. Popular religious practices are one such practice. These practices are today being relocated and reoriented into daily life across various Chinese localities. This is the case for certain Hakka Chinese populations - a people who categorize themselves as a sub-ethnic group of Han Chinese. I look at the idea of a spirit body that can be found in popular religious practice and how people in one southern Hakka region are locating it in their worlds of health. I focus on contemporary experiences of spiritual collision – an occasion where an offence between the world of the living and the netherworld is said to be committed - where local female spirit mediums called shenpo (神婆) are sought out for mediation. The application of a shenpo’s talismanic therapy partly constitutes the healing process for spiritual collision. This is explored here. I argue that these therapies not only offer a way for revitalizing a divine moral sensibility in society, but also for revitalizing an individual person’s jingshen (精神) – a traditional bodily knowledge referring to the essential animating spirit of life within physicality. Jingshen is often overlooked in studies of health care, Chinese medicine and religion in China, yet it is connected to an array of symptomatic expressions. Experiences involving jingshen inform a hybrid negotiation between sacred and secular bodily knowledge, particularly that of soul loss and depression. These complex experiences point to an intimate relationship between traditional and sacred Chinese medicine and mental illness that is often overlooked. This is the crux where spirit medium practices may be explored as health assets in modern China. ii Acknowledgements This research has been funded through a College of Graduate & Postdoctoral Studies University of Saskatchewan Graduate Scholarship. I would like to thank all of the participants in this research and especially all of the Hakka community members and healers in the locality of Heyuan whom I had the privilege of knowing in the duration. Special thanks to the incredible shenpo spirit mediums and the people who opened their homes and hearts to me and my research. I would also like to thank all of the great friends, scholars, colleagues and knowledge keepers whom I have met over the many years living in China and Canada who allowed me to gain an understanding of tradition, healing, Chinese culture and medicine. I could not accomplish this research without participating with these amazing people and engaging in these truly inspirational relationships. Great thanks to Dr. James Waldram, my supervisor, without whose patience, trust, insight and guidance, I would not have produced anything or attained the confidence in speaking and writing with purpose about the subject matter at hand. His council, insight and inspiration have been a tremendous support and foundation for producing this thesis. Thank you also to Pamela Downe, my committee member and teacher whose instruction in medical anthropology inspired and guided my knowledge and understanding of the discipline. The same thanks to Alexander Ervin whose council and teaching over the years opened new doors of thought about anthropology and culture change. Thanks to my committee member Clint Westman, and external examiner Ulrich Teucher, for their enthusiasm supporting my research and offering of valuable insight. Thank you to the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology for giving me this opportunity and providing a supportive platform for graduate research. Thank you to all of my friends and classmates who made the graduate experience exciting and enjoyable – it was a pleasure learning together with you all. Finally, thank you to my family. Especially my husband, Mark, who – by fate - introduced me to the world of China and the ways of Hakka. You continue to support me and have been a bridge into a world I could not otherwise have ever known with any amount of depth and understanding. iii Table of Contents Permission to Use........................................................................................................................i Abstract......................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................iii Table of Contents……..….………………………………………………………………...iv-v List of Figures……….….…………………………………………………….………………vi Glossary of Terms……...……………………………………………………………………vii 1. INTRODUCTION.………………………………….………………….…………..…..…1 1.1 The Hakka in Southern China…………………………………….………………..…...6 1.2 Spirit Mediums and Medicine…………………………………………..………..…...12 1.3 The Healthworld……….……………………………………….………..……..……..14 1.4 Methodology…………………………………………………….………....................16 1.5 Outline of Thesis…………………………………………..….….……...……...……..22 2. THE SPIRIT BODY INTO MODERNITY.…………………………………...………26 2.2 A Spirit Body Bridging Medicine and Religiosity…………………….……………....27 2.3 A War on the Spirit Body……….……………………………………….…….…...….31 2.4 A Spirit Body at the Grassroots………………………………………..…….……..….34 3. THE CONTEMPORARY DYMANICS OF SPIRITUAL COLLISION…………..….46 3.1 Yinjian, Yangjian and Modernity …………………….…..…..……...………….……48 3.2 Embodiment and the Disturbed Spirit Body………….………..…………….……......51 3.3 The Complexity of Spiritual Collision……………………….…………..….………..54 3.4 Biomedical Disease and Spiritual Collision………………………….…...…….…….66 4. LOCALIZING A SPIRIT BODY……………………………………….…….………….72 4.1 Symbolic Healing: A Theoretical Perspective………………...………….…………..74 4.2 Embodying Heaven….……………………………………..................……..….……76 4.3 Bringing Heaven to Humanity………...……………………....………………......….82 5. OPERATIONALIZING THE SPIRIT BODY AS RITUAL PROCESS…………..…102 5.1 The Ling of Heaven’s Decree………….…………….……..………………….……103 5.2 Ritual Bathing to Release Heaven’s Decree………….…….…..…..……….………105 iv 6. NEGOTIATING A SPIRIT BODY BETWEEN THE BOUNDARIES OF THE SACRED AND THE SECULAR….……………………………..…………...…..………..114 6.1 Jingshen at the Intersections………………………….……………….………….…...117 7. CONCLUSION..……………………………………………………......………….…….127 APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………….………...137 BIBLIOGRAPHY...……………………………...……………..………………….………138 END NOTES…………………………………………………..………………..……..……149 v List of Figures Figure 1.1 Map of Heyuan area…………………………………..……………..………8 Figure 1.2 Hakka Weiwu remains…………………………….……………….…..……9 Figure 1.3 Hakka woman living inside Weiwu………….…………………………..…11 Figure 4.1-4.7 Guanyin’s temple and birthday festival.................................………..…86-93 Figure 4.8 Spirit medium’s residence in the Heyuan area…….………………..….….94 Figures 5.1-5.2 Talisman seal and talisman from shenpo medium Er Dagu………….105-106 Figure 5.3 Burning of talismans during ritual process by shenpo medium Er Dagu……………………………………………………………………………….………...108 vi Glossary of Terms fu 符 – talisman Guanyin 观音 – Chinese goddess of salvation and compassion, became Guanyin or Kwan-yin in China from the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara from Indian Buddhism gui 鬼 – ghost Hakka 客家人 – name of a sub-ethnic Hank group meaning “Guest People” Heyuan 河源 – name of a large city and its region in northeastern Guangdong province jingshen 精神 –the human bodies’ animating essential spirit in matter Longwo 龙窝 – a township in the Heyuan area, means
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