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The Vignette in 21St-Century American Fiction a Dissertation Glimpses of the World: The Vignette in 21st-Century American Fiction A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Department of English Caren Irr, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Daniella Gáti May 2021 The signed version of this form is on file in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. This dissertation, directed and approved by Daniella Gáti’s Committee, has been accepted and approved by the Faculty of Brandeis University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Eric Chasalow, Dean Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertation Committee: Caren Irr, English Ulka Anjaria, English Jessica Pressman, English and Comparative Literature, San Diego State University Copyright by Daniella Gáti 2021 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to everyone who contributed their unwavering support and who were always on my side, whether in person or in thought, as I moved ever closer to the finish line. This has been the work of years, and like all dissertations, it is incomplete. Even so, it would never have reached this state without the help of my advisors, my academic friends and mentors both official and unofficial, my invaluable writing buddy, with whom we shared the joys and pains of finishing our respective dissertations, and the various academic communities in which I have had the fortune to exchange and discuss ideas. Thank you for all those innumerable hours of shared thinking and writing. Special thanks go to the curators and staff at the Huntington Library, where I was able to engage with wonderful archival material without which this work would not have been possible. Thank you also to my non-academic friends: you bore with me and listened to me even when sometimes I may have sounded like I was reciting poetry in an unfamiliar language. And thank you to my family: tudjátok, kik vagytok, én pedig azt, hogy mindig mellettem lesztek, akármilyen hosszú és nehéz is maga a folyamat. Ezt, és sok minden mást, köszönöm nektek. iv ABSTRACT Glimpses of the World: The Vignette in 21st-Century American Fiction A dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Daniella Gáti “Glimpses of the World: The Vignette in 21st-Century American Fiction” examines the relationship between contemporary digital and print fictions that center their critique in the short form of the vignette. Delineating a media archeology of short textual and visual forms in and around the book and in print culture, the project theorizes brief media as sites through which socially dominant ideologies may be contested and alternative—feminist and antiracist— epistemologies may be articulated. The historical print ephemera, social media fictions, short story cycles, and novels analyzed in this dissertation enable an understanding of our social world primarily through brief descriptive passages depicting the lived experiences of marginalized groups. These texts do not make grand pronouncements about the causes, structures, and cures of social ills; rather, they show human bodies as entangled in the material experiences and affects produced by these larger structures. Thus, the representational tactic of the vignette privileges immediate situatedness and allows writers to articulate experiences of marginalization as part of a common, shared experience or as different facets of a system of oppression whose entirety elides our grasp. Instead of focusing on potentially totalizing explanatory structures for racist, capitalist, imperialist and patriarchal domination, vignette aesthetics enables heterogenous strategies to describe and intervene in disparate forms of precarity and oppression. Ultimately, through its v examination of the forms and platforms of resistance strategies rooted in brevity, “Glimpses of the World” offers a theory of contemporary short forms of political expression that takes into account literature’s imbrication in present and historical media, and which situates literary texts as objects articulated by digital technologies, internet culture, historical media practices, and historical book design. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: The World of Fiction in Fragments ........................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: On the Margins of Book History: A Media Archeology of the Vignette .................... 22 Chapter 2: Digital Vignette Aesthetics and Political Realism in the Twitterverse ..................... 125 Chapter 3: Pushing Representation to Brevity’s Limit: Vignettes in Short Story Cycles .......... 213 Chapter 4: The Ethics of the Glimpse: Observation Versus Plot in the Situational Realist Novel ........................................................................................................................................... 276 References ................................................................................................................................... 364 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Vine supporting structures in two Books of Hours (left: Huntington 47544; right: Huntington 1087) .......................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 2: Spraywork from initials ................................................................................................. 30 Figure 3: Left: Spraywork, Book of Hours, Flemish, 15th c. Brandeis Special Collections. Middle: Vine bar frame, Book of Hours (ca. 1405, Houghton Library MS Richardson 45). Right: Spraywork (top, bottom); flourished penwork (middle). Roger Dymmok, Contra Lollardorum, 1395. MS17, Trinity Hall .............................................................................................................. 32 Figure 4: Woodcut block borders in a Book of Hours (1522, French, Huntington 108699) ........ 38 Figure 5: A Granjon vignette tailpiece in Philippi Galtheri poete Alexandreidos (1558, Lyon, Huntington 122098) ...................................................................................................................... 41 Figure 6: Discussion of vignettes in Champ Fleury (1526, Paris, Huntington 82586) ................ 44 Figure 7: Woodcut illustrations in Champ Fleury ........................................................................ 45 Figure 8: Vine initial in Champ Fleury ......................................................................................... 46 Figure 9: Typographical bands in an Aesop’s Fables (1570, Lyon, Huntington 110787) ........... 50 Figure 10: Typographical tailpiece (1568, Collen, England, Huntington 61542) ........................ 50 Figure 11: Hedera as headpiece and tailpiece (1554-55, French, Huntington 496820) ............... 53 Figure 12: Emblems from Lux Claustri (1646, Paris, Huntington 377985) ................................. 57 Figure 13: Traité de Géometrie with typographical bands and engraved illustrations (1719 reprint, Paris, Huntington 701666) ............................................................................................... 60 Figure 14: Combining ornament and diagram in Frick’s Principles of Geometrie (1672, London, Huntington 442004) ...................................................................................................................... 60 viii Figure 15. Prospectus advertisement for the first three issues of The Beauties of Modern Poets from Tully’s Rambles, printed by J. Roach, 1795 ........................................................................ 72 Figure 16: Headpieces in Clarissa (1748, London, Huntington 76995) ....................................... 74 Figure 17: Clarissa’s typographical mark ..................................................................................... 75 Figure 18. Lovelace appropriating Clarissa’s print symbol in his letters ..................................... 76 Figure 19: Luce’s Essai d’une Nouvelle Typographie, featuring his own vignette designs (1771, Paris, Huntington 373646) ............................................................................................................ 79 Figure 20: A page showing vignettes from the catalog of the Delacologne print shop (1773, Lyon, Huntington 421843) ............................................................................................................ 79 Figure 21: Vignettes from the Fonderie Lamesle (1742, Paris, Huntington 276333) .................. 80 Figure 22: Some of Fournier’s vignettes in Manuel Typographique (1764, Paris, Huntington 79284) ........................................................................................................................................... 81 Figure 23. A Bewick bird at the head of the Blackbird chapter of British Birds (1805, Newcastle, Huntington 112286) ...................................................................................................................... 85 Figure 24. A Bewick vignette in horizontal oval shape (not to scale), a shape that also often characterizes Bewick’s birds ......................................................................................................... 86 Figure 25: Some vignettes from British Birds (1805, Newcastle, Huntington 112286) ............... 87 Figure 26. Vignettes (not to scale): with cow and birds (left); boy flying a kite (right) ............... 89 Figure 27. Vignetted photo-portrait of a young Civil War soldier (1870s,
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