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Australian Clinical Psychologist Issn 2204-4981 Vol 1: Issue 2, Jun 2015 ACPA THE AUSTRALIAN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY ASSOCIATION AUSTRALIAN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST ISSN 2204-4981 VOL 1: ISSUE 2, JUN 2015 www.acpa.org.au CONTENTS – Volume 1, Issue 2, June 2015 Editorial 3 Kaye Horley From the President 4 Judy Hyde The Neural Basis of Autism and Autism Comorbidity: A Review 5 Ashleigh Saunders and Karen E Waldie Autism Assessment Measures 11 Dixie Statham Conducting Developmental and Cognitive Assessments with Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders 14 Jessica Paynter and Hannah Fothergill Autism and Education in Australia 21 Jacqueline Roberts The Secret Agent Society Social-Emotional Skills Training Program for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders 27 Renae Beaumont High-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders in Adulthood: Investigating Factors that Influence Psychosocial Outcomes. 30 David Zimmerman, Tamara Ownsworth, Analise O’Donovan, Jacqueline Roberts and Matthew J Gullo Engagement with the Autism Community: Beyond Tokenism? 44 Janine Robinson and Marie Claire Shankland Client and Carer Perspective 48 Thomas and John Early Career Clinical Psychologist Forum Report 51 Matthew Csabonyi 55 Editorial Policy and Guidelines Australian Clinical Psychologist ! Volume 1, Issue 2, 2015 2 EDITORIAL Socialisation deficits, particularly social reciprocity, are principle features of ASD, and may result in peer rejection, Kaye Horley, PhD victimisation and loneliness, with resultant detrimental and Editor1 challenging effects upon one’s sense of identity and social construction of the world. Interventions addressing such difficulties are essential. An innovative evidence-based Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are considered program aimed at teaching social and emotional skills to the most common of the pervasive neurodevelopmental children at the higher end of the spectrum is the disorders. Initial nosological categories, such as DSM-1 internationally recognised Secret Agent Society program. As (American Psychiatric Association, 1952), classified children described by Beaumont, who developed the multi-faceted with autism as having childhood schizophrenia. The most program, it entails various strategies tailored to engage and recent, DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), places monitor the progress of children, and has a strong theoretical children on a spectrum, inclusive of a broader category of ASD, basis. characterised by communicative, social and behavioural difficulties. An Australian national survey (Australian Bureau of Although problems with ASD continue into Statistics, 2012), indicated a prevalence of 0.5% (115,400), with adulthood, there is much less research focused on this age a significantly greater incidence in males (0.8%) compared to group. Notably, there is limited empirical research regarding females (0.2%). psychosocial outcomes in higher functioning ASD adults. In PhD Spotlight, Zimmerman’s PhD seeks to redress this by The aetiology of autism is unknown, however, examining such aspects as the relationship between the modern theories have come a long way since Kanner (1943) severity of ASD and functioning, the relationship between laid the blame on parents. In this issue of the Australian Clinical symptomatology and functioning including neurological, Psychologist, current biological theories are discussed by cognitive and emotional, and the development and testing of a Saunders and Waldie. In examining the neural basis of autism, psychosocial explanatory model. The consequence of impaired they highlight the evidence for a strong genetic component, social functioning is typified in the problems adolescents and although the contribution is small. Since understanding the adults with ASD encounter in developing romantic brain leads to understanding the mind, the authors place relationships. emphasis upon brain anatomical and functional differences in ASD in comparison to healthy populations, and relate these Collaboration with the autism community, those with anomalies to specific social, cognitive and behavioural deficits. ASD, their families and carers, should be inclusive in policy and The added complexity of comorbidity is additionally service planning, but is not always apparent. An example of considered, particularly those of ADHD and OCD. meaningful engagement between community and services was the formation of the Scottish Strategic Group for Autism, Early detection of ASD is essential to enable provision specifically formed to redress this imbalance. Robinson and of interventions as early as possible. Statham provides an Shankland report on the differing priorities of community and overview of a number of common standardised tests, service planners, and highlight the ensuing benefits of the describing the purpose, range of behaviours and level of collaboration. We are very appreciative of Thomas in answering severity measured, target population, administration and questions provided by Autism Spectrum Australia, giving us his scoring, reliability and validity and ease of use. Assessment is personal story to help us understand and gain insight into the examined in relation to the more general developmental and experience of someone with autism. His father, John, provides intellectual impairments that may be associated with ASD by insight into his experience as a parent. Paynter and Fothergill. Consideration is given to the social, communicative and behavioural deficits characterising ASD that The outcome of a forum that provided the present many challenges for clinicians conducting opportunity for early career qualified clinical psychologists to assessments in young children, and practical suggestions are meet and discuss the key issues they face along with potential provided. solutions, is reported by Csabonyi, and has implications for us all. School attendance presents new challenges for children on the autism spectrum. As Roberts emphasises, References impaired functioning and problematic behaviours may result in a range of issues. These may include difficulties in American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical understanding and learning, inability to fit in with peers, manual of mental disorders, (5th ed). Washington, Arlington, VA. bullying, academic difficulties, poorer attendance rates and American Psychiatric Association (1952). Diagnostic and statistical poorer post-school outcomes. Understanding the specific manual of mental disorders. Washington, Arlington, VA. challenges faced by school-aged children allows for Australian Bureau of Statistics, (2012). The survey of disability, ageing and engagement in individualised behavioural interventions most carers (SDAC). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. effectively provided by a multidisciplinary team. Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217-250. 1 Editor: [email protected] Australian Clinical Psychologist ! Volume 1, Issue 2, 2015 3 From the President Judy Hyde, PhD Happy Birthday ACPA! April, 2015 celebrates the 5th In keeping with our mission to promote high anniversary of the foundation of ACPA. These have been standards throughout the profession, ACPA will continue to important years in the history of clinical psychology in Australia. encourage the Psychology Board of Australia (PBA) to simplify For the first time clinical psychology has had its own voice that the pathways to registration and provide greater clarity of the speaks clearly about the importance of and value in training in routes that have led to the endorsement of unqualified clinical producing well-qualified and capable clinical psychologists who psychologists through specialist recognition of those who are offer safe and effective evidence-based services to the public qualified. With the large take-up of the 5 + 1 generalist with a high level of professionalism. The fact that qualified registration program of training, the confusion over the clinical psychologists have the highest level of training in different pathways to registration has increased, as has the size psychology of any mental health professional, and need to be of the workforce. Australia has the largest per capita number of identified for the expert contribution they can make to the psychologists in the Western world; yet Australia’s standards of mental health of Australians, is becoming increasingly training, even with the 5 + 1 model, remain the lowest in the recognised at all levels of society. Western world. It is time to seriously consider raising standards in the best interests of the public. ACPA celebrates this important milestone with the implementation of a Fellows program. This program Further in keeping with the mission of promoting recognises outstanding, exceptional and enduring recognition of the value and quality of training in clinical contributions of members to ACPA and to clinical psychology. psychology, ACPA is in the process of developing and The current ACPA National Board has nominated all Directors of consulting on an application to the PBA for them to make a the Inaugural Board for Fellowship in recognition of their submission to grant qualified clinical psychologists specialist outstanding contribution to the establishment of ACPA and recognition. The membership of ACPA has embraced this their ongoing work and commitment to the organisation. The application and provided support for the submission being Inaugural Board took on the task of establishing ACPA and made. The contribution of members to the process is very developing the structures and procedures to create
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