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Ana Maria Gruia THE HOLY HEAT KNIGHTLY SAINTS ON TRANSYLVANIAN AND MOLDAVIAN STOVE TILES MA Thesis in Medieval Studies CEU eTD Collection Central European University Budapest June 2004 THE HOLY HEAT KNIGHTLY SAINTS ON TRANSYLVANIAN AND MOLDAVIAN STOVE TILES by Ana Maria Gruia (Romania) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor CEU eTD Collection ____________________________________________ Examiner Budapest June 2004 THE HOLY HEAT KNIGHTLY SAINTS ON TRANSYLVANIAN AND MOLDAVIAN STOVE TILES by Ana Maria Gruia (Romania) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ____________________________________________ External Examiner CEU eTD Collection Budapest June 2004 I, the undersigned, Ana Maria Gruia, candidate for the M.A. degree in Medieval Studies declare herewith that the present thesis is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography. I declare that no unidentified and illegitimate use was made of the work of others, and no part of the thesis infringes on any person’s or institution’s copyright. I also declare that no part of the thesis has been submitted in this form to any other institution of higher education for an academic degree. Budapest, 1 June 2004 __________________________ Signature CEU eTD Collection CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... iii INDEX ..................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................................................ vi I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 10 1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 12 1.2 CONSIDERATIONS ON THE PRIMARY SOURCES ................................................................ 12 1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................................................. 13 1.4. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 14 1.5. TERMINOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 14 II. THE STOVE TILES ......................................................................................................... 21 2.1.REASONS FOR ACCEPTING AND REJECTING TYPES .......................................................... 21 Transylvania ........................................................................................................................ 22 Moldavia ............................................................................................................................. 27 2.2. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STOVE TILES ............................................................... 32 Dating .................................................................................................................................. 32 Types and decoration .......................................................................................................... 32 Iconography ........................................................................................................................ 32 Spatial distribution .............................................................................................................. 35 III. ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................... 38 3.1. DATING ......................................................................................................................... 38 3.2. SOCIAL DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................................... 39 3.3. ICONOGRAPHY............................................................................................................... 39 a) the textual sources of the two knightly episodes .................................................................. 39 CEU eTD Collection b) arms and armor..................................................................................................................... 42 c) geographic distribution of knightly saints representations.................................................... 45 3.4. STOVES ......................................................................................................................... 50 3.5. COPYING AND WORKSHOPS ........................................................................................... 53 IV. CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 58 i BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 61 APPENDIX I .......................................................................................................................... 70 APPENDIX II ......................................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX III ....................................................................................................................... 93 APPENDIX IV ..................................................................................................................... 115 CEU eTD Collection ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I feel privileged that such a great numbers of scholars have taken interest in my work. My gratitude goes first of all to my supervisor Katalin Szende for her unreserved help and for the opportunity of consulting with different specialists in the field and of having direct access to several museum deposits in Budapest. I thank József Laszlovsky for his continuous support. I acknowledge the useful advice of Gerhard Jaritz, and Béla Szolt Szakács and the help of Judith Rasson with the academic writing. The discussions with Adrian Andrei Rusu, Elek Benkő, Edit Kocsis, and Eszter Kovács were extremely useful. I was much illuminated by working with the stove tiles with knightly saints from the deposits of the museum in Visegrád, the Budapest History Museum, the Museum of Applied Arts, the National Museum of the History of Transylvania in Cluj-Napoca and the History Museum in Aiud. I thank all those who contributed to this and I appreciate the travel grant received from the Department. I also want to thank my friends and colleagues Anca Niţoi, Krisztina Orosz, Tünde Barta, Péter Szőcs, and Attila Lakatos for their help with the translations and for their bibliographic indications. I can not omit my father for his efforts of translating Hungarian articles and my mother for all her support. After such a long list, I indulge you not to think that I did not have my fair share of hard work. CEU eTD Collection iii INDEX Toponyms (RO,HU,GE) Aiud– Nagyenyed Bistriţa – Beszterce, Bistriz Braşov – Brassó, Kronstadt Cecheşti – Csekefalva Cristurul Secuiesc – Székelykeresztúr Cluj-Napoca – Kolozsvár, Klausenburg Câlnic – Kelnek, Kelling Cetatea de Baltă – Küküllővár, Kokelburg Dobârca – Doborka, Dobring Drăuşeni – Homoróddaróc, Drass Făgăraş – Fogaras, Fogarasch Feldioara – Földvár, Marienburg Lăzarea – Gyergyószárhegy Lita – Léta Oradea – Nagyvárad, Grosswardein Proştea Mare – Nagyekemező, Grossprobstdorf Râşnov – Rozsnyó, Rosenau Racoşul de Jos – Alsórákos Roşia – Veresmart, Rotberg Sibiu – Nagyszeben, Hermannstadt Sighişoara – Segesvár, Schässburg Târgu Mureş - Marosvásárhely Turea – Türe Vinţu de Jos – Alvinc, Unter-Winz/ Winzendorf CEU eTD Collection Zalău – Zilah, Waltenberg iv Proper names St. Demetrios – Demeter (HU), Dumitru (RO), Demetrius (LAT) St. Emeric – Imre (HU), Emeric (RO), Emerich (GE), Emericus (LAT) St. George – György (HU), Gheorghe (RO), Georg (GE), Georgius (LAT) St. Ladislas – László (HU), Ladislau (RO), Ladislaus (LAT) St. Michael – Mihály (HU), Mihail (RO), Michel (FR), Michael (LAT) St. Stephen – István (HU), Ştefan (RO), Stephan (GE), Stephanus (LAT) Wladislas II – Ulászló (HU) CEU eTD Collection v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig.1 Drawing of the reconstructed sixteenth-century stove in Suceava (in a princely assembly house): types of tiles according to their position. Taken from: Popa, Cârstoiu, 1979, 125, fig.93. Fig.2 Drawing of the reconstructed sixteenth-century stove in Suceava (in a princely assembly house): parts of the stove. Taken from: Popa, Cârstoiu, 1979, 126, fig.94 Fig.3 Drawings of corner tiles. Taken from: Batariuc,1999,197, fig.1. Fig.4 Drawings of crown tiles. Taken from: Batariuc,1999,197, fig.1. Fig.5 Drawing of a flat tile decorated in bas-relief, with a raised frame on the back. Taken from: Marcu, 2002a, fig.33. Fig.6 Drawing of bowl-shaped tiles with different shapes of the opening. Taken from: Batariuc, 1999,197,

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