FLAGSTAFF FESTIVAL of SCIENCE:

the FIRST 25 YEARS

by Kevin Schindler & Bonnie Stevens

FREE ADMISSION INTO EVERY ACTIVITY Preface The story of the Flagstaff Festival of Science is as rich as the subject it cele- In loving memory of Flagstaff Festival of Science brates. We intend this book to capture the founding members Robert Fried and Amy LeGere. spirit and significance of this annual event while recalling the unique circumstances that make it possible. While a year-by-year review would be enjoyable for many of us to read, such an effort is beyond the scope Acknowledgments of this book. We have, however, included a KS – Thanks to fellow Festival of Science board yearly listing of themes, keynote speakers members—past, present and future—for your shared and program titles, host sites, sponsors Contents passion of Flagstaff’s science, and to the scientists and board members (starting with the first Foreward…4 who gave us a reason to celebrate. Jeff Hall, Bryan board in 1992). Bates and Mary DeMuth reviewed portions of the The Essence of the Regarding the keynote presenters—in Flagstaff Festival of text. As with all things, thanks to my wife Gretchen the early years multiple individuals were Science…5 and children Alicia, Sommer and Lauren for a lifetime sometimes highlighted as featured speak- Celebrating Science of inspiration and love. ers. Our list identifies the keynote speaker Copyright ©2014 in the Skylight City…14 as the top-billed speaker for the year, with a by Kevin Schindler Developing BS – Thank you to all the inquisitive souls who have presentation usually on the opening Friday the Festival ISBN 978-0-692-28603-6 evening. In 1997, the main speaker was for- wondered beyond the boundaries of our knowledge of Science…34 and enriched the Flagstaff Festival of Science. Special ever identified as the Shoemaker Keynote Science: Design & Layout thanks to Fred for his love and enthusiasm and to all Presenter, in honor of Gene Shoemaker, The Endless Frontier…41 my children who are making the world a better place: who tragically died earlier that year. Andi Kleinman Logan, Tyler, Ashley, Jacob, Jillian, Paul and Lily. The sponsor listings include the Festival’s The Authors…48 supporters at the following levels: Come- Printing tary Friend, $250; Planetary Friend, $500; Aspen Printing, Cosmic Friend, $1,000; Galactic Friend, Flagstaff, Arizona $2,500; and Supernova Friend, $5,000. Much of the historical information in this book was gleaned from the private records Cover Photos of board members Steve Smith and Brenda Horsehead Nebula: Russ Ruggles San Francisco Peaks: A. Kleinman Strohmeyer. These, along with transcripts of interviews with Ivo Lucchitta, John and Ginger Giovale, Jeannette Baker and Gene Hughes, are now stored in Cline Library’s This book is made possible by the Special Collections and Archives at North- generous support of W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc. ern Arizona University.

2 3 1990 Science from the Ground Up Foreward The Essence of the Antarctica—The Earth’s Barometer Apollo astronauts Jack Schmitt and Alan Bean; geo- Arctic Explorer Will Steger Flagstaff Festival of Science Host Participants physicist Larry Soderblom; Space Shuttle astronauts The Arboretum at Flagstaff Braeside Observatory Linda Godwin, Bonnie Dunbar and John Grunsfeld; Anticipating the collision of a fiery Coconino National Forest Lowell Observatory Mack Corporation astronomer/comet discoverer Carolyn Shoemaker; pa- comet screaming toward a huge “Science is an adventure of the mind.” Museum of Northern Arizona — Ivo Lucchitta Northern Arizona University gaseous planet; unearthing and U.S. Geological Survey leontologist David Gillett; National Geographic Emerg- U.S. Geological Survey Planetary Geologist U.S. Naval Observatory W.L. Gore & Assoc. ing Explorer Alexandra Cousteau; and now, one of the imagining a new kind of dinosaur Sponsors find out, “What happens next?” Arizona Daily Sun • Arizona Public Service • Citibank world’s leading researchers in DNA and anthrax, Dr. as it reveals itself bone by bone; or Days Inn-Hwy 66 • First Interstate Bank Flagstaff Public Library • Fred Nackard Wholesale Liquor Paul Keim! And this is only a partial list of the distin- making human footprints in the impos- Scientists understand why Christo- Monteverde Design • Northland Printing Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff • Ralston Purina Security Pacific Bank • Southern Union Gas guished nationally and internationally known scientists sible stillness of moon dust. Such are pher Columbus had to, needed to, sail. W.L. Gore & Assoc. who have appeared here in Flagstaff, Arizona, over the the moments that make hearts pound, It’s a hunger for knowledge that over- 1991 past 25 years as keynote speakers for the Flagstaff breaths quicken and adrenaline surge. It rides everything Science at its Peak Field Trip to the Moon Festival of Science. Their appearance has been a sig- is in these instances that we feel most else—resources, Apollo Astronaut Jack Schmitt nificant part of what evolved from a luncheon meeting alive. comfort, ex- Host Participants The Arboretum at Flagstaff of Flagstaff area scientific leaders in October 1989, haustion, even Braeside Observatory If scientists were writing the novel Coconino National Forest Flagstaff Medical Center with a pledge to develop a Festival of Science to be of their lives, there would be long, te- safety. Scien- Lowell Observatory Museum of Northern Arizona Northern Arizona University held in April 1990, as a part of Northern Arizona Univer- dious passages of training, researching, tists are driv- U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Naval Observatory sity’s Honor’s Week activities. Details of the Festival en by such W.L. Gore & Assoc. questioning, experimenting, disappoint- Sponsors were to be developed by a working group… and work ment, exasperation, failure and then passion that Arizona Daily Sun • Coconino Center for the Arts Coconino National Forest they did! You will see, as you read this brief history of they enter into that Economic Develop. Culture & Arts Programs trying again. But some pages would be Flagstaff Health Management Corp. Flagstaff Visitors Center • Fred Nackard Wholesale Liquor the Flagstaff Festival of Science, that their work, and page-turners, some chapters would be zone where they forget to eat. They Museum of Northern Arizona • Northern Arizona University Northland Printing • The Transition Foundation W.L. Gore & Assoc. • Warner Cable & The Disney Channel that of successive groups, has led to the development cliffhangers, and every discovery would lose track of time. Their imagination Wilson Family/The Wilson Foundation of one of the finest, if not the finest, festivals in the ignite a new spark, encouraging them to and thoughts of the possibilities put a nation. As the one whose claim to fame is for having spring, bounce or even a leap in their called the original group together and for appointing step. They can’t wait for the mysteries Dr. Jeanette Baker as the university representative, I of their environment to reveal them- can only say how pleased and proud I am of the Fes- selves. For them, the workday doesn’t tival, of its accomplishments, of its successes and of end and they don’t want it to. For sci- its longevity. The cooperation exhibited by Northern entists, every day holds such possibility Arizona University and its scientific neighbors in bring- that it feels like Christmas Eve. ing about this world-class Festival attests to the syn- ergistic relationship that can be developed between an institution of higher education and its community. And now, read, enjoy and look forward to the next 25 years!

Dr. Eugene M. Hughes, President Emeritus Northern Arizona University

Ivo Lucchitta: Earthly Musings–Wayne Ranney’s Geology Blog; Therizinosaur: Victor Leshyk; Alan Bean: NASA 4 5 1992 Our Changing Planet Planetary Fire and Ice “Every time I dive, I am reminded of archaeologist Howard Carter’s Geophysicist Larry Soderblom famous comment at the door to Tutankhamen’s tomb. Board Members ‘What do you see?’ he was asked. ‘Wonderful things!’ he answered. Baker, Jeanette; NAU, President — James Delgado, Ph.D. Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore, Pres. Elect LeGere, Amy; W.L. Gore, Sec. Maritime Archaeologist Franz, Otto; Lowell Observatory, Treasurer Chase, David; David Chase & Co. Giovale, Ginger; W.L. Gore Lockwood, Wes; Lowell inquisitive minds, to see what they see, he was using. Lucchitta, Ivo; USGS Reed, Patsy; NAU feel what they feel, have access to what “I couldn’t Host Participants The Arboretum at Flagstaff few people have access to. With the Braeside Observatory really articulate Coconino National Forest Glen Canyon Environmental Studies Festival everyone has the opportunity why space was Lowell Observatory Museum of Northern Arizona to hold a front row ticket into the known Northern Arizona University “The driving force for me is the adventure,” says important to U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Naval Observatory and the unknown. W.L. Gore & Assoc. storm chaser Warren Faidley. “I like it when I don’t me,” he says. Sponsors Astronaut, test pilot and NASA Sci- “Certainly, it’s Arizona Daily Sun • Bank of America know what I’m going to see. It’s like opening a pres- Big Brothers Big Sisters • Clear Aire Radio Coconino National Forest ent. Odds are you are not going to see something ence Mission Director John Grunsfeld, important for Economic Develop. Culture & Arts Programs First Interstate Bank • Flagstaff Visitors Center KAFF/KMGN • KNAU • KNAZ TV/Channel 2 over the top…but you might. It’s about trying to be Ph.D., says, “It’s that curiosity that improving the KVNA • Kay McKay • Northern Arizona University Northland Printing • The Transition Foundation drives us all, and has driven us since quality of life W.L. Gore & Assoc. • Warner Cable & The Disney Channel in the right place at the right time and being as pre- Wilson Family/The Wilson Foundation pared as you can be. It’s that anticipation, like waiting we’ve been human.” on Earth, for for the fireworks show. You know increasing our 1993 knowledge, for Science and the Future something is going to happen, The Mystery of Dead Dinosaurs: The helping to develop new technologies Smoking Gun & The Mexican Connection and then of course, when it Paleontologist Walter Alvarez happens, when it’s bigger and for economic reasons. But ultimate- Board Members ly, I found out, it’s because it’s really fun Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore, President than life, it re-energizes Buckingham, Bill; Lowell Observatory, Pres. Elect Lockwood, Wes; Lowell Observatory, Sec. and exciting. It’s engaging. Now, I can Giovale, Ginger; W.L. Gore, Treasurer you and teaches you Baker, Jeanette; NAU Chase, David; David Chase & Co. to be more patient say without any hesitation, that I love Ebert-May, Diane; NAU Franz, Otto; Lowell Hager, Lee; FUSD for the next big going into space and working on big Holmes, Bonnie; U.S. Forest Service LeGere, Amy; W.L. Gore telescopes. Space is really magical.” Lucchitta, Ivo; USGS moment.” Reed, Patsy; NAU Trotter, Mary Ellen; AZ Planners & Investors, CIS Also magical, say scientists, is the Ward, Wes; USGS The Flagstaff Werhan, Ron; Werhan, Folkers. & Monihan underwater world. Not just what could Host Participants Festival of Science The Arboretum at Flagstaff Braeside Observatory is about such live in the deep, pressure-filled oceans, Coconino National Forest Glen Canyon Environmental Studies but also what washed-away relics wait Lowell Observatory adventures and Flying around Earth Museum of Northern Arizona Northern Arizona University the pure joy of dis- there to reveal their stories. Marine U.S. Geological Survey at 17,500 miles per hour, Grunsfeld U.S. Naval Observatory W.L. Gore & Assoc. covery. It’s about was tasked with making delicate adjust- archaeologist James Delgado’s fasci- Sponsors nation with this mystery takes him far Arizona Daily Sun • Arizona Public Service storytelling from ments to the Hubble Space Telescope, The Arts & Science Commission • Bank of America Big Brothers Big Sisters • City of Flagstaff pioneering spirits one of the most expensive and complex under the waves, diving for shipwrecks Clear Aire Radio • Coconino National Forest First Interstate Bank • Flagstaff Visitors Center KAFF/KMGN • KNAU • KNAZ TV/Channel 2 who dare to push be- telescopes of all time. He admits he had in a dark, foreboding, watery world. KVNA • KTNN • KRIM • KQST • KAZM KZGL • Kay McKay • Northern Arizona University The Transition Foundation • W.L. Gore & Assoc. yond the boundaries of fleeting thoughts about his vulnerability, “Part of the record of humanity’s Warner Cable & The Disney Channel Wilson Family/The Wilson Foundation what is known. And it’s fully aware that the only thing separat- achievements, its triumphs and trage- about being lucky enough ing him from a hostile environment was dies, rests out of sight on the seabed; to join in, alongside some of a thin parachute-type suit that could the greatest museum of all lies at the the world’s most brilliant and easily be punctured by the sharp tools bottom of the sea,” he says.

Lightning: National Weather Service; Stellar spire in Eagle Nebula: NASA, ESA, John Grunfeld: NASA; James Delgado next to stern of clipper ship Ambassador: FFoS Archives 6 and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) 7 1994 Delgado, Ph.D., explains the allure of the unknown Times called problems, the voices of critics in The History of Science like this, “Every time I dive, I am reminded of archae- in Flagstaff her one of “a Biosphere 1 (planet Earth) grew louder. Astronaut Training in Flagstaff ologist Howard Carter’s famous comment at the door Space Shuttle Astronaut Linda Godwin new breed of to Tutankhamen’s tomb. ‘What do you see?’ he was She offers this advice for all who are Board Members scientists.” Buckingham, Bill; Lowell Observatory, President considering embarking on a difficult, but Holmes, Bonnie; U.S. Forest Service, Pres. Elect asked. ‘Wonderful things,’ he answered. No matter Lockwood, Wes; Lowell Observatory, Sec. Meanwhile, exciting adventure. “Throw stereotypes Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore, Treasurer how many times I dive, how many shipwrecks I see, Baker, Jeanette; NAU Chase, David; David Chase & Co. another new to the wind and take opportunities. The Dean, Janet; MNA the awe, the thrill of discovery are always there. I, too, Ebert-May, Diane; NAU Franz, Otto; Lowell breed, Jane opportunity was put in front of me. In- Giovale, Ginger; W.L. Gore see wonderful things.” Hager, Lee; FUSD stead of thinking how difficult it would LeGere, Amy; W.L. Gore Poynter, was Lucchitta, Ivo; USGS As a little girl, growing up in Wynnewood, Oklaho- Perko, Kathy; Coconino County Schools traveling the be, just go do it.” Reed, Patsy; NAU ma, Donna Shirley would stare at the stars and wish Trotter, Mary Ellen; AZ Planners & Investors, CIS Ward, Wes; USGS world on That attitude is expressed in the ac- Werhan, Ron; Werhan, Folkers. & Monihan she could be among them. Pondering how she could Host Participants research ves- tions of 2013 Flagstaff STEM Teacher The Arboretum at Flagstaff do this, she started taking flying lessons at age 15. By Braeside Observatory sels, acquiring of the Year Jillian Worssam. She fills Coconino National Forest 16 she had her pilot’s license. She understood that ed- Flagstaff Medical Center Lowell Observatory first-hand experience on how to survive her summers with scientific ventures to Museum of Northern Arizona ucation and dedication could further stretch her wings, Northern Arizona University with limited resources and tiny spaces. U.S. Geological Survey distant oceans, bringing topics like plate U.S. Naval Observatory so she studied aerospace and engineering. Eventual- W.L. Gore & Assoc. Along the journey she learned how ly, her lifelong quest led her to Mars. At the NASA tectonics and ocean currents to life in Sponsors Arizona Daily Sun • Arizona Public Service to milk and butcher animals and grow the classroom. The Arts & Science Commission • Bank of America Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Shirley headed the team Bank One • City of Flagstaff • Clear Aire Radio crops. This prepared her for perhaps Coconino National Forest • First Interstate Bank that created micro-robot Sojourner and landed it suc- “Science is everything, it is the air we Flagstaff Medical Center • Flagstaff Visitors Center Gourmet Affair • KAFF/KMGN • KNAU the greatest adventure of her life as KNAZ TV/Channel 2 • KVNA • KRIM • KZ61 cessfully on the red planet. breathe, the ink in our pens and the chil- Northern Arizona University • Peabody Coal one of the original eight Biosphereans. W.L. Gore & Assoc. Back on Earth she’s dren in our arms,” she says. “To know In 1991, she stepped into the hermeti- 1995 been dubbed “Wom- more about the science of this planet cally sealed Biosphere 2 near Tucson, Envisioning the Future an of the Year” by helps to make me a better educator and Pioneering Space Docking a three-acre mini world, to find out if Space Shuttle Astronaut Bonnie Dunbar Ms. Magazine. person. I do not humans could create a self-contained Board Members The New York see rough seas Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore, President Dean, Janet; MNA, Pres. Elect habitat for themselves and potentially Lockwood, Wes; Lowell Observatory, Sec. as uncomfortable Werhan, Ron; Werhan, Folkers. & Monihan, Treasurer colonize the moon or other uninhab- Baker, Jeanette; NAU but exhilarating, Buckingham, Bill; Lowell Chase, David; David Chase & Co. itable places. This, she says, was the Clark,Roger; MNA it reminds me Ebert-May, Diane; NAU Franz, Otto; Lowell closest thing to living on Mars. Giovale, Ginger; W.L. Gore of the elemental Hager, Lee; FUSD Jacobson, John; Flagstaff Medical Center “Sometimes we need extraordinary nature of life and LeGere, Amy; W.L. Gore Lucchitta, Ivo; USGS Perko, Kathy; Coconino County Schools experiences to shock our senses alive, I am so glad to Schroeder, Susan; NAU Trotter, Mary Ellen; AZ Planners & Investors, CIS to rip a hole in our well-protected world- be alive. I feel re- Ward, Wes; USGS Holmes, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator view,” she says. born every time I Host Participants The Arboretum at Flagstaff City of Flagstaff Her extraordinary experience included go to sea. There Coconino National Forest Flagstaff Medical Center are no words Glen Canyon Environmental Studies what she calls “an atomical game of Lowell Observatory Museum of Northern Arizona hide and seek” as she and the sev- Northern Arizona University U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Naval Observatory en others searched for seven tons W.L. Gore & Assoc. “Science is everything, it is the air Sponsors of oxygen that disappeared. Anoth- Arizona Community Foundation • Arizona Daily Sun we breathe, the ink in our pens and Arizona Public Service • The Arts & Science Commission er obstacle occurred when mites Bank of America • Bank One • City of Flagstaff the children in our arms,” First Interstate Bank • Flagstaff Medical Center — Jillian Worssam KAFF/KMGN • Northern Arizona University devoured their white potato crop. Norwest Bank • Peabody Coal • Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff 2013 Flagstaff STEM Teacher of the Year Soroptomist International of Flagstaff • W.L. Gore & Assoc. While trying to solve challenging

Mars: USGS Astrogeology Science Center; Donna Shirley: NASA/JPL/Caltech Jane Poynter: FFoS Archives; Jillian Worssam: FFoS Archives 8 9 1996 in any language I know to put my feelings of excite- new specimen the tug of scientific inquiry as a child. Discover Science Treasures of the Rain Forest ment, exhilaration, wonder and awe into perspective. has its own “I still remember it like it happened Ethnobotanist Mark Plotkin It is a feeling inside that causes my heart to pump dif- story to tell.” yesterday,” he recalls. “My parents had Board Members Dean, Janet; Mountain Living , President ferently and at times my eyes to water, because I am Creating bought me a small two-inch refractor Buckingham, Bill; Lowell Observatory, Pres. Elect Yoder, Steve; The Arboretum at Flagstaff, Sec. just so overwhelmed about the amazingness of our when I was about 10 years old. It was Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore, Treasurer stories to tell, Baker, Jeanette; NAU Clark,Roger; MNA world. Every breath is new and each sight a wonder based on sci- on a very wobbly tripod, and the only Ebert-May, Diane; NAU Giovale, Ginger; W.L. Gore Hager, Lee; FUSD unto itself. From mud to waves, to ice to puffins, each ence, is the eyepiece supplied yielded a rather high Hinsley, Curtis; NAU Jacobson, John; Flagstaff Medical Center LeGere, Amy; W.L. Gore image is wonderfully stored in my brain and when I work of New magnification… I was getting very Luginbuhl, Chris; USNO Perez, Tony; National Weather Service think about them, I realize there is always a smile on York Times frustrated since I didn’t know what to Perko, Kathy; Coconino County Schools Poturalski, Raquel; Coco. National Forest Priest, Sue; USGS my face.” best-selling look for. However, one evening I aimed Schroeder, Susan; NAU Trotter, Mary Ellen; AZ Planners & Investors, CIS Ward, Wes; USGS Smiling with the discovery of a subspecies of dino- novelist Rich- at a bright ‘star,’ managed to get it in Wegner, David; Glen Canyon Environ. Studies Werhan, Ron; Werhan, Folkers. & Monihan ard Preston, the eyepiece, and lo and behold there Holmes, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator saur, paleontologist David Gillette, Ph.D., meticulously Host Participants scans the Southwest for fossils. “I am a paleontologist Ph.D. In his ef- was Saturn. It was magnificent. I was The Arboretum at Flagstaff Arizona Public Service fort to carefully Association of Women Geoscientists because I want to learn about the evolution of life on hooked from then on, and Saturn has Audubon Society City of Flagstaff research his topics, he chases down always been my favorite object through Coconino Community College Earth and the evolution of the Earth itself,” he says. Coconino National Forest Colorado Plateau Research Station information. While writing his book, any eyepiece.” Flagstaff Medical Center That desire to learn led him to find an odd, big-bel- Glen Canyon Environmental Studies The Dead Zone, Preston donned a bio- Kachina Wetlands When asked how Lowell Observatory lied, long-tailed creature with claws, the Therizinosaur. Museum of Northern Arizona medical suit to get close to, and better National Weather Service it felt to walk on the The Nature Conservancy Northern Arizona University understand, deadly germs. U.S. Geological Survey moon, Apollo 12 as- U.S. Naval Observatory W.L. Gore & Assoc. “When I was in college, I became tronaut Alan Bean Sponsors hungry to explore the limits of human Arizona Daily Sun • Arizona Public Service says, “It’s that feel- The Arts & Science Commission • Aspey, Watkins & Diesel Bank of America • Bank One • City of Flagstaff knowledge. Today, when I write about Clear Aire Radio • Coconino County Schools ing of excitement a Coconino National Forest • Flagstaff Exchange Club Flagstaff Live! • Flagstaff Medical Center something, I try to capture the feeling Flagstaff Unified School District • Kwik Kopy person experiences Little America • Mountain Living • Nordstrom & Assoc. of wonder that comes from opening Northern Arizona University • Norwest Bank only when his life’s Peabody Coal • Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff Residence Inn by Marriott the doors of a mystery. Writing, as Soroptomist International of Flagstaff • SWCA Inc. vision becomes Target Stores • Vestor Corp./BF Foundation with science, is about seeing the world W.L. Gore & Assoc. • Wells Fargo a reality. It’s the differently and slightly more clear than feeling one has when years of intense anyone has ever seen it before.” dedication and training finally make your The desire to see the world or other “Every time we find a new fossil bone we are excit- most cherished dream come true.” worlds more clearly can be as strong as ed, not just me but everyone in the field crew. Is it a Bean, the fourth man to walk on the a gravitational pull. Flagstaff astronomer dinosaur, a plesiosaur, a turtle, or a mosasaur? Will the moon, credits the scientists of the Marc Murison, Ph.D., felt bones be complete? Will there be other bones, too? U.S. Geological Survey for facilitating Will we find the head and jaws and teeth? Will it be a an important learning period in his life complete skeleton? Will it be a species that is already that prepared him for his historic lunar known or a species new to science? This excitement mission. “Flagstaff was the beginning of discovery is what we live for when we are doing of my journey into learning and under- fieldwork,” says Gillette. “Later, after lots of field time standing the world of geology. I now and lab time, we can determine if what we have found love geology, thanks to these early ex- is indeed new to science, but no matter if it’s not. Every periences in Flagstaff.”

Therizonosaur: Museum of Northern Arizona and David Gillette Richard Preston: FFoS Archives; Saturn: NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA); Alan Bean: FFoS archive 10 11 1997 For many, the fascinating been recognized around the world as Festival of Science sets our city apart as Science the Ultimate Voyage realm of science continues to a great workplace. I am tremendously one that truly values science, technol- The 21st Century expand in Flagstaff. SenesTech proud of the associates’ accomplish- ogy and learning. Through the Festival, Futurist B. Gentry Lee CEO Loretta Mayer, Ph.D., has ments, enthusiasm and creativity, as we celebrate and seek to continue our Board Members Buckingham, Bill; Lowell Observatory, President I know my parents would be. Today, I Wegner, David; Glen Canyon Environmental Studies, built a biotechnology company heritage as a community of thinkers and Pres. Elect Dean, Janet; Mountain Living , Sec. specializing in rodent control around can say with confidence that we have Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore, Treasurer dreamers, always striving to extend our Baker, Jeanette; NAU surpassed even my parents’ wildest Clark,Roger; MNA the world. “You can’t swing a shovel in Flagstaff with- knowledge and understanding of the Ebert-May, Diane; NAU Giovale, Ginger; W.L. Gore dreams.” Hager, Lee; FUSD out hitting a biologist or ecologist or young people world around us.” Hinsley, Curtis; NAU Jacobson, John; Flagstaff Medical Center who want to change the world,” she says. Moving beyond what can be imagined LeGere, Amy; W.L. Gore In a Sept. 25, 2009 editorial, the Luginbuhl, Chris; USNO Perez, Tony; National Weather Service And changing the world can start in a basement, as is often the reward for scientific pursuit. Perko, Kathy; Coconino County Schools Arizona Daily Sun prepared readers for Poturalski, Raquel; Coco. National Forest Priest, Sue; USGS was the case with W. L. Gore & Associates. With five For the Christopher Columbuses of Schroeder, Susan; NAU the Festival. “Science and discovery Trotter, Mary Ellen; AZ Planners & Investors, CIS children to support, Bill and Vieve Gore launched a our time, and all those with a zest for Yoder, Steve; The Arboretum at FlagstaffHolmes, Bonnie; produce as many questions as they help Festival Coordinator business out of their home by manufacturing cables. knowledge, exploring our world fulfills Host Participants answer, but it’s that desire to under- The Arboretum at Flagstaff a purpose of living, along with some Arizona Public Service Bill, a chemist, kept exploring new uses for the syn- City of Flagstaff stand, that curiosity and wonderment at Coconino National Forest thetic material polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). As a very real benefits in health, technology Flagstaff Medical Center how the world works and how we can Flagstaff Unified School District and quality of life. And then there’s the Kachina Wetlands result, the company expanded to become a multi-bil- Lowell Observatory make it work better that we celebrate Museum of Northern Arizona gratitude that comes with having the op- National Weather Service lion dollar global leader in the fabrics, medical, indus- Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff— not just this coming week Pulliam Airport trial and electronic products markets. portunity to gain new insight. Astronaut U.S. Geological Survey but every day of the year.” U.S. Naval Observatory Bean expresses it this way, “On the W.L. Gore & Assoc. Their son, Bob Sponsors moon, everything is gray. And then you Thus, the Flagstaff Festival of Science Arizona Daily Sun • Arizona Public Service Gore, Ph.D., has The Arts & Science Commission • Bank of America realize, we live in the Garden of Eden.” is a celebration of science and also of Bank One • City of Flagstaff • Clear Aire Radio Coconino National Forest • Flagstaff Exchange Club been the chairman of Flagstaff Live! • Flagstaff Medical Center • Kwik Kopy That spirit of discovery is what is cele- the scientists who lead the way, daring Mountain Living • Nature Conservancy the company’s board Nordstrom & Assoc. • Northern Arizona University Norwest Bank • Pasta Works • Paula Jansen Photography brated and shared through the Flagstaff to wonder, chasing after discovery and Peabody Coal • Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff of directors since Residence Inn by Marriott Soroptomist International of Flagstaff • SWCA Inc. Festival of Science. Lowell Observatory inspiring greatness. The essence of the Target Stores • Tyrell Chevrolet/Tyrell-Marxen Chevrolet 1986. “We have Vestor Corp./BF Foundation • W.L. Gore & Assoc. Director Emeritus Robert Millis, Ph.D., Festival is that unquenchable thirst for, Wells Fargo created thousands describes it like this, “The Flagstaff “What happens next?” of valuable, life-en- hancing products, achieved enviable growth and have

Mouse: A. Kleinman; Bill & Vieve Gore, 1970: W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc.; Lowell Observatory: FFoS Archives 12 Bob Gore Stretching ePTFE, 1969: W.L. Gore & Associates Inc. 13 1998 Celebrating Science This chapter will address these two Forces at Work factors, focusing first on the history of Storm Into Science Storm Chaser Warren Faidley in the Skylight City scientific discovery in the area and the Board Members extraordinary natural resources that Wegner, David; Glen Canyon Environ. Studies, We now understand the essence of the Festival of President Yoder, Steve; The Arboretum at Flagstaff, President continue to seize the attention of scien- Elect Science, but why Flagstaff? Why does this commu- Buckingham, Bill; Lowell Observatory, Sec. Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore, Treasurer nity throw back its shoulders, puff up its chest, and tists. Supplementing this is a look at the Baker, Jeanette; NAU “You can’t get a cup of coffee in Brown, Mary; Christensen School community’s longstanding custom of Clark, Roger; MNA openly celebrate science? Communities across the Flagstaff without bumping into Ebert-May; Diane; NAU Hager, Lee; FUSD celebrating its scientific heritage. a scientist.” Hinsley, Curtis; NAU globe hold fairs, festivals and other celebrations to — Ira Flatow Jacobson, John; Flagstaff Medical Center Laird, Mike; Christensen School honor some aspect of their cultures, from significant Scientific exploration often involves a Host of NPR’s ScienceFriday Luginbuhl, Chris; USNO Perez, Tony; National Weather Service Poturalski, Raquel; Coco. National Forest historical events and people to local arts and home maturation process consisting of three Priest, Sue; USGS Schroeder, Susan; NAU “permanent” ongoing research. The Trotter, Mary Ellen; AZ Planners & Investors, CIS brews. But why, for 25 years and counting, has Flag- stages, including 1) basic surveys, 2) Watt, Bill; AZ Game & Fish Dept. exploration of Flagstaff’s scientific Holmes, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator staff boasted such a celebration that pays homage to focused, longer-termed studies and 3) Host Participants resources and related development of The Arboretum at Flagstaff the pursuit of scientific discovery and understanding? City of Flagstaff the community as a center for scientific Coconino National Forest Flagstaff Medical Center One obvious reason relates to Flagstaff’s incredible Flagstaff City - Coconino Public Library study follows this pattern: the area’s Flagstaff Unified School District Kachina Wetlands breadth and diversity of natural resources, a bounty Lowell Observatory scientific resources were first truly Museum of Northern Arizona of riches that has inspired observations and scientif- National Park Service recognized by 19th century expeditions National Weather Service Northern Arizona University ic study for nearly as long as people have rambled U.S. Geological Survey looking for transportation routes. Later U.S. Naval Observatory across the mountains, valleys and plains of northern W.L. Gore & Assoc. expeditions came to the area for target- Sponsors Arizona. A second reason involves the passionate Arizona Daily Sun • Arizona Public Service ed scientific observations, ultimately The Arts & Science Commission • BF Foundation Babbitt Brothers Trading Co. • Bank of America support of these scientific pursuits by a curious com- Bank One • City of Flagstaff • Clear Aire Radio setting the stage for the establishment Coconino National Forest • Flagstaff Exchange Club munity. Since Flagstaff’s early days, residents have Flagstaff Live! • Flags. Medical Center of permanent scientific facilities. McAllister, Frances • Mountain Living National Bank of Arizona • Nordstrom & Assoc. openly celebrated scientists and their research, em- Northern Arizona University • Norwest Bank Paula Jansen Photography • Peabody Coal Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff • Ralston Purina bracing opportunities to engage with these scholars Residence Inn by Marriott Soroptomist International of Flagstaff • SWCA Inc. while establishing a scientific consciousness for the Tyrell Chevrolet/Tyrell-Marxen Chevrolet U.S. Forest Service • Vestor Corp./BF Foundation W.L. Gore & Assoc. community.

Penstemon: The Arboretum at Flagstaff Ira Flatow: FFoS Archive; Richard Hofstetter, FFoS Archives; 14 Night Sky Over Flagstaff, © 2008 Dan & Cindy Duriscoe, FDSC, Lowell Observatory, USNO 15 1999 of explorers called scientists. supporting goals of this mission was Science Rocks Early Surveys Hint at Scientific Managing Martians Three centuries after Cardenas’s party to learn about the natural history of the Aerospace Engineer Donna Shirley Importance of Northern Arizona saw the south rim of area. Samuel Woodhouse, M.D. was Board Members Yoder, Steve; The Arboretum at Flagstaff, President The first local observations with scientific elements hired to serve as expedition naturalist, Luginbuhl, Chris; USNO, Pres. Elect Poturalski, Raquel; Coconino National Forest, Sec. date back centuries. At some archaeological sites, describing plants, rocks, animals and Laird, Mike; Christensen School, Treasurer Baker, Jeanette; NAU Brown, Mary; Christensen School certain ancient structures might have been used as geography. Clark, Roger; MNA Hager, Lee; FUSD calendars for recording astronomical phenomena, Jacobson, John; Flagstaff Medical Center Leaving from Santa Fe on Sept. 24 and Olson, Paul; Norwest Bank Pearce, SuZan; Flagstaff Area Nat. Monuments information that the residents could then use to plan Priest, Sue; USGS following the Zuni River to the Little Col- Schindler, Kevin; Lowell Observatory Schroeder, Susan; NAU their lives. An example is Crack-in-Rock, located Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore orado, the party of 50 halted on day 15 Staudenmaier, Mike; National Weather Service within the confines of modern-day Wupatki National Strohmeyer, Brenda; Rocky Mountain Research Station as they arrived at a steep waterfall with Watt, Bill; AZ Game & Fish Dept. Holmes, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator Monument. Crack-in-Rock features a wall with three a vertical drop exceeding that of Niagara Host Participants The Arboretum at Flagstaff small windows that archaeologist Bryan Bates of Falls. This feature would become known Arizona Theatre Works City of Flagstaff Coconino Community College believes might have Coconino National Forest as Grand Falls or, to some locals, Flagstaff Medical Center Flagstaff City - Coconino Public Library been used to observe and mark sunrise at different Flagstaff Unified School District the Grand Canyon, detailed ex- Chocolate Falls because of its Kachina Wetlands seasons. The sun passed through the middle window, Lowell Observatory ploration of northern Arizona muddy brown water. While Museum of Northern Arizona National Park Service for instance, at the midpoint of spring, known as the National Weather Service began. In 1848, Mexico this discovery essentially Northern Arizona University U.S. Geological Survey “May cross-quarters.” This signaled the time to plant U.S. Naval Observatory had transferred control of extinguished any thoughts W.L. Gore & Assoc. crops, as the crippling frosts were likely done for the Sponsors a wide section of land to of using the waterway for Arizona Daily Sun • Arizona Public Service season. In August, the same window marks the ad- The Arts & Science Commission • Aspen Printing the United States. The regular transportation, lat- BF Foundation • Bank One • Citizens Arizona Gas City of Flagstaff • Coconino Federal Credit Union vent of shorter days, indicating the coming fall season. so-called Mexico Cession er generations of explorers Coconino National Forest • Cool 96.7 The Door Foundation • Flagstaff Live! Flagstaff Medical Center • Imperial Lithography While such observations may not be purely scientif- included the present-day would realize a different KAFF/KMGN • KFLX • KOLT/Kool/The Eagle • KNAU KNAZ TV/Channel 2 • KVNA • McAllister, Frances Michael’s Arts & Crafts • Mountain Living ic in the modern sense, they do indicate a desire by states of California, Nevada, kind of value of the river and National Bank of Arizona • Nordstrom & Assoc. Northern Arizona University • Norwest Bank the ancients to observe and understand the universe Utah and most of Arizona, surrounding span of cinder Paula Jansen Photography • Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff Ralston Purina • Radisson Woodlands Hotel Raymond Educational Foundation around them. Furthermore, these celestial surveys set along with smaller portions of cones and volcanic rock—sci- Soroptomist International of Flagstaff • Stern, Harold Super Services • Target Stores • W.L. Gore & Assoc. the scene for northern Arizona’s ultimate place as a other states such as New Mexico. entific. Geologists would study these center of astronomical study. The geography and natural resources features to The first non-Natives to see northern Arizona were of these lands were largely unknown learn about likely members of a party to Anglos so U.S. government officials the inner led by Garcia Lopez de planned several expeditions to learn workings of Cardenas that broke off about the area, primarily for establishing Earth while from the main Coronado transportation routes. Several of these astronauts, expedition of 1540. While campaigns traveled through northern the explor- these Spaniards never did Arizona and ncountered the area’s nat- ers of other find the riches of the fabled ural resources. worlds, Seven Cities of Cibola for In 1851 Captain Lorenzo Sitgreaves of would train which they searched, they the U.S. Army’s Corps of Topographi- here in did locate a natural treasure cal Engineers led the first expedition preparation that would itself become through the area, exploring the Zuni for their voy- legendary and, centuries and Colorado rivers in hopes of finding ages to the later, welcome a new brand a water route to California. One of the moon.

Pueblo Window, Wupatki National Monument: FFoS Archives Grand Canyon: A. Kleinman; Samuel Woodhouse: Marian S. Carson Collection, Library of Congress; 16 Grand Falls: Jeffrey B. Plescia 17 2000 Following the advice of expedition guide Antoine Huge Impacts Leroux, the expedition left the river at Grand Falls and Huge Impacts Paleontologist Jack Horner headed west toward the San Francisco Peaks with the Board Members idea of meeting up with the Colorado River near the Luginbuhl, Chris; USNO, President Schindler, Kevin; Lowell Observatory, Pres. Elect Poturalski, Raquel; Coconino National Forest, Sec. Grand Canyon and then following its course. On the Laird, Mike; Christensen School, Treasurer Baker, Jeanette; NAU Brown, Mary; Christensen School way to the Peaks the expedition came across the ruins Clark, Roger; MNA Fasse, Chuck; Flagstaff Medical Center Foundation at Wupatki, marking the first Euro-American record of Hager, Lee; FUSD Olson, Paul; Norwest Bank Pearce, SuZan; Flagstaff Area Nat. Monuments the site. Several days later, the expedition stopped at Perez, Tony; National Weather Service Priest, Sue; USGS Schroeder, Susan; NAU a spring on the west side of the Peaks. Later named Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore Staudenmaier, Mike; National Weather Service Leroux Spring, it became a critical water source for Strohmeyer, Brenda; Rocky Mountain Research Station Thompson, Dave; Coconino High School Watt, Bill; AZ Game & Fish Dept. future travelers and, eventually, residents. Just west Yoder, Steve; The Arboretum at Flagstaff Holmes, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator of the spring was a stretch of land later called Fort Host Participants The Arboretum at Flagstaff Valley, the future site of the U.S. Forest Service’s first City of Flagstaff Coconino Center for the Arts Coconino National Forest research facility. Flagstaff Medical Center Flagstaff City - Coconino Public Library Kaibab National Forest In his role as expedition naturalist, Woodhouse Lowell Observatory Museum of Northern Arizona dramatically increased. Most interested In Arizona, the party discovered re- National Park Service became the first Anglo to carry out extensive scien- Northern Arizona University U.S. Geological Survey tific observations and collections in the area, estab- parties realized that a railroad would be markable samples of petrified wood U.S. Naval Observatory W.L. Gore & Assoc. lishing the critical groundwork for later generations the best option, so Congress appropriat- in an area later designated as Petrified Sponsors Arizona Daily Sun • Arizona Public Service ed money to undertake several surveys Forest National Monument. Future The Arts & Science Commission • City of Flagstaff of explorers and scientists. Due to the massive flow Coconino National Forest • Ecological Restoration Institute Flagstaff Live! • Flagstaff Medical Center • KAFF/KMGN of immigrants heading to California in response to to determine the best route. generations of scientists would exhaus- KFLX • KOLT/Kool/The Eagle • KNAU • KVNA Mountain Living • Nordstrom & Assoc. tively study these world-famous depos- Northern Arizona University • Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff the 1848 discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill, the need One of these surveys traveled along Personal Services Printing • Prime Equipment Sales & Rental R & A Import Auto Parts & Repair of Flagstaff for a reliable transportation route to the west coast its, which included a rich sampling of Rocky Mountain Research Station the 35th parallel during 1853-1854 and Soroptomist International of Flagstaff • Super Services Target Stores • Tyrell Chevrolet/Tyrell-Marxen Chevrolet was led by Lieutenant Amiel Weeks dinosaur and other fossils. Additional U.S. Forest Service • Visible Difference W.L. Gore & Assoc. • Wells Fargo Whipple. The core of the expedition left expedition stops included a chasm that Fort Smith, Ark., on July 14, 1853. This Whipple named Canyon Diablo, the group was later joined by Lieutenant Jo- archaeological site Cosnino Caves and seph Christmas Ives, guide Antoine Le- nearby Turkey Tanks, a site that would roux and others in Albuquerque on their serve as a reliable water stop for future way to northern Arizona and California. travelers through the area. Leroux Spring later served as a base for the expedition The many scientists—approximately as small groups split off to explore the 17—of the Whipple expedition made area, including the land encompassing widespread collections and observa- tions, significantly adding to the sum knowledge of the area’s natural history. Botanist John Bige- low, for example, col- lected more than 60 new species of plants.

Grand Falls: Baldwin Mollhausen Grand Falls: Baldwin Mollhausen; Petrified Forest National Park: FFoS Archives 18 19 2001 present-day Museum of Northern Arizona. Little could development of science in northern nature that the Colorado River along the Extreme Science these explorers know that this section of land would Arizona, as it laid the groundwork for greater portion of its lonely and majes- Microbes, Meteorites and Mutants: The Real Science Behind the X-Files X-Files Consultant/Plant Virologist Anne Simon one day serve as home to a museum dedicated to the the arrival of the railroad that led to the tic way, shall be forever unvisited and

Board Members study and preservation of the local natural history and founding of Flagstaff in 1882. undisturbed.” Schindler, Kevin; Lowell Observatory, President Brown, Mary; Christensen School, Pres. Elect culture that they were then exploring. Strohmeyer, Brenda; Rocky Mountain Research Another survey expedition, in 1857- The era of transportation surveys Station, Sec. Laird, Mike; Christensen School, Treasurer The surveys by Whipple and others indicated several 1858, that did incorporate strong ele- wound down in the late 1860s. In 1867- Baker, Jeanette; NAU Capek, Larry; Flagstaff Medical Center Clark, Roger; MNA feasible railroad routes, but politicians couldn’t agree ments of science began aboard a steam- 1868 William Jackson Palmer led an Ennenga, Winnie; NAU Fasse, Chuck; Flagstaff Medical Center Foundation Luginbuhl, Chris; USNO on one and decided to perform additional surveys. boat that headed up the Colorado River expedition through northern Arizona, Priest, Sue; USGS Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore In the meantime, they authorized a wagon road that to explore that body of water’s navigabil- following the path of Whipple and Beale Staudenmaier, Mike; National Weather Service Strohman, Mitch; FUSD Watt, Bill; AZ Game & Fish Dept. could temporarily serve travelers and hired Edward ity for a potential trade route. Whipple’s and demonstrating once and for all the Yoder, Steve; The Arboretum at Flagstaff Holmes-Stevens, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator Fitzgerald Beale to head the project. Beale, known for former assistant Ives took charge of the viability of a 35th parallel route for the Host Participants The Arboretum at Flagstaff contributing to the gold rush by carrying the first Cali- Colorado Exploring Expedition, known railroad. In his 1869 published report of City of Flagstaff Coconino Center for the Arts Coconino National Forest fornia gold samples across the country and delivering today as the Ives Expedition, and was this excursion, Palmer not only named Flagstaff Medical Center Flagstaff City - Coconino Public Library them to the federal government, brought in more than joined by the eminent geologist and phy- Agassiz Peak but also used the term Lowell Observatory Meteor Crater Museum of Northern Arizona 50 men and, famously, dozens of camels to build the sician John Strong Newberry,. “Grand Cañon” in print for the first time. Northern Arizona University U.S. Geological Survey road. U.S. Naval Observatory The journey followed the Colora- W.L. Gore & Assoc. Sponsors Beginning in 1857, do River up to the end of the lower Arizona Central Credit Union • Arizona Daily Sun Arizona Public Service • The Arts & Science Commission Beale and crew Grand Canyon, where some of Bookmans • Citizens Arizona Gas • City of Flagstaff Coconino County • Coconino National Forest Ecological Restoration Institute • Flagstaff Live! traveled back and the party members headed back Flagstaff Medical Center • Joy Cone • KAFF/KMGN KFLX • KOLT/Kool/The Eagle • KNAU • KNAZ TV/Channel 2 KVNA • McAllister, Frances • Mountain Living forth several downriver and the rest ventured Nordstrom & Assoc. • Northern Arizona University Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff • Personal Services Printing times con- overland toward eastern Arizona. Prime Equipment Sales & Rental R & A Import Auto Parts & Repair of Flagstaff Rocky Mountain Research Station • Salce, Kenneth & Lynn structing and The latter group approached the Schindler, Kevin & Gretchen Soroptomist International of Flagstaff • Target Stores improving Tyrell Chevrolet/Tyrell-Marxen Chevrolet Grand Canyon near Diamond U.S. Forest Service • W.L. Gore & Assoc. • Wells Fargo the road, Creek and became the first following known non-Native Americans to a path that walk in the bottom of the Canyon. p a s s e d Newberry was the first geologist t h r o u g h to study the Grand Canyon and Flagstaff. his geological reports opened the Often fol- door to future observations by lowing the the likes of John Wesley Powell trail created by and others, all despite the miser- Whipple, Beale’s able assessment by of Ives, who route passed by famously wrote, “It [the Grand Cosnino Caves and Canyon] looks like the Gates of Turkey Tanks to Leroux Hell. The region… is, of course, al- Spring and through modern-day together valueless. Ours has been Flagstaff on its way westward to California. the first and will undoubtedly be While science was not part of Beale’s efforts, the last, party of whites to visit the road he built had a long-lasting impact on the the locality. It seems intended by

Edward Fitzgerald Beale: U.S. Air Force Grand Canyon: Bob Fain 20 21 2002 Scientists Target Northern Dutton studied the Grand Canyon and Based on this two-month-long study, Stellar Science in 1882 published a seminal report about Merriam published the first compre- Stellar Science— A Crash Course in Astronomy Arizona for Research Astronomer/Comet Discoverer Carolyn its geology. Gilbert, who in 1873 named hensive report of the animal and plant Shoemaker The year after Palmer completed his survey, John Board Members Humphreys Peak after topographical life of the area while introducing his Brown, Mary; Christensen School, President Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore, Pres. Elect Wesley Powell heralded in the middle era of explo- engineer Andrew Atkinson Humphreys, now-famous life zone scheme. This Strohmeyer, Brenda; Rocky Mountain Research Station, Sec. Laird, Mike; Christensen School, Treasurer ration in northern Arizona, a time that saw scientific is remembered in northern Arizona for groundbreaking work revealed northern Baker, Jeanette; NAU Blake, Julie; Ecological Restoration Institute studies focused on specific natural resources. In 1869, Butterfield, Lanah; Meteor Crater his research of Meteor Crater. Among Arizona’s vast array of environmental Capek, Larry; Flagstaff Medical Center Ennenga, Winnie; NAU Powell led the first expedition down the Colorado Riv- Gilbert’s many geological interests were and agricultural resources, leading to the Farretta, Kathy; Riordan Mansion, MNA Luginbuhl, Chris; USNO Malis-Clark, Karen; Coconino National Forest er and through the Grand Canyon, a three-month-long the origins of craters, both terrestrial eventual establishment of facilities such Priest, Sue; USGS Schindler, Kevin; Lowell Observatory excursion that unveiled the vast scientific potential of Staudenmaier, Mike; National Weather Service and lunar. In 1891, he spent two weeks as the nation’s first forest experimental Strohman, Mitch; FUSD Wilcox, David; MNA this geological paradise. at the northern Arizona crater then station and a high-altitude horticultural Yoder, Steve; The Arboretum at Flagstaff Stevens, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator Powell returned to northern Arizona numerous known as “Coon Butte”, surveying its research center now known as The Ar- Host Participants The Arboretum at Flagstaff boretum at Flagstaff. Arizona Snowbowl times, revisiting the Grand Canyon, exploring other topography and magnetism. Despite Arizona State Parks City of Flagstaff geological features in northern Arizona, documenting some evidence indicating the crater had Coconino National Forest In Merriam’s 1890 paper, he acknowl- Flagstaff Medical Center Flagstaff City - Coconino Public Library the area’s native cultures and studying regional water been formed by the impact of a rock edged the assistance of those ever-pres- Lowell Observatory Meteor Crater Museum of Northern Arizona resources. While in Flagstaff, he sometimes stayed from space, Gilbert nonetheless de- ent community builders, the Riordan Northern Arizona University U.S. Geological Survey with the Riordan brothers, who owned the area’s larg- clared a volcanic origin. Three quarters brothers. They would soon welcome U.S. Naval Observatory Willow Bend Environmental Education Center W.L. Gore & Assoc. est lumber mill. The Riordans were prominent citizens of a century would pass before another another scientist who would forever Sponsors who often hosted visiting scientists, realizing the val- geologist interested in impacts, Eugene Arizona Central Credit Union • Arizona Daily Sun change the landscape of Flagstaff by Arizona Public Service • Arizona State Parks The Arts & Science Commission • Aspen Printing ue of science as a component of Flagstaff’s emerging Merle Shoemaker, would conclusively establishing the town’s first permanent The Barringer Crater Company • Citizens Arizona Gas City of Flagstaff • Clear Aire Radio • Coconino County Coconino National Forest • Ecological Restoration Institute community. prove that Meteor Crater had, in fact, scientific institution. Flagstaff Live! • Flagstaff Medical Center • Joy Cone KAFF/KMGN • KFLX • KOLT/Kool/The Eagle • KNAU been caused by an extraterrestrial KNAZ TV/Channel • McAllister, Frances Powell’s impact on the development of science in Meteor Crater Enterprises • Mountain Living Nordstrom & Assoc. • Northern Arizona University collision. Northern Arizona University Centennial Forest northern Arizona was profound. He studied and named Northern Arizona University School of Forestry Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff many geological features in the area, including Sunset The early expeditions to northern Rocky Mountain Research Station • Sunny 97 Super Services • Target Stores Tyrell Chevrolet/Tyrell-Marxen Chevrolet Mountain (later modified to Sunset Crater), and investi- Arizona had revealed quite a diver- U.S. Forest Service • W.L. Gore & Assoc. gated the limited water resources of the region, warn- sity of geographical regions, often ing government officials about the effect this paucity harboring distinct plant and animal would have on America’s westward expansion. He life. This caught the attention of Clin- performed many of these ton Hart Merriam, Ph.D., a naturalist efforts while serving as and the first director of the Division the second director of the of Economic Ornithology and Mam- U.S. Geological Survey, malogy, a predecessor of the U.S. an organization that would Fish and Wildlife Service. In 1889, establish a Flagstaff station Merriam led a biological survey to a century later and build on northern Arizona in order to study Powell’s early research. the succession of climate zones and Powell also laid the ground- corresponding life, ranging from the work for other geologists depths of the Grand Canyon and such as Clarence Dutton deserts to the east of Flagstaff, to and Grove Karl Gilbert. the top of the San Francisco Peaks.

John Wesley Powell: NAU Cline Library Special Collection Clinton Hart Merriam: Frances Benjamin Johnston 22 23 2003 Science Plants its Roots encouraged Douglass to choose their Barringer staked a mining claim at Science Erupts community as the site for the new the crater that Grove Karl Chasing Volcanoes, Near and Far in Flagstaff Volcanologist Wendell Duffield facility. Gilbert had studied a Board Members Flagstaff was founded in 1882 decade earlier. Be- Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore , President When Douglass arrived in Flagstaff Yoder, Steve; The Arboretum at Flagstaff, Pres. Elect and incorporated as a town in Strohmeyer, Brenda; Rocky Mountain Research lieving the cavity, Station, Sec. he met with the Riordans, who worked Laird, Mike; Christensen School, Treasurer 1894. By that time, the communi- Baker, Jeanette; NAU with other community leaders to offer today known Bates, Bryan; CCC Blake, Julie; Ecological Restoration Institute ty had started referring to itself as as Meteor Brown, Mary; Christensen School incentives to Douglass and his employer Butterfield, Lanah; Meteor Crater the “Skylight City” in reference to Capek, Larry; Flagstaff Medical Center Percival Lowell. Lowell ultimately chose Crater, had Ennenga, Winnie; NAU Farretta, Kathy; Riordan Mansion its clear air and bright stars. Lit- Malis-Clark, Karen; Coconino National Forest Flagstaff and Lowell Observatory began been cre- McFarland, Jennifer; Flagstaff High School Monet, Alice; US Naval Observatory tle could anyone then realize the ated by a Pennington, Diana; Flagstaff Area Monuments operations in May 1894. This was the Priest, Sue; USGS long-lasting impact of those skies Schindler, Kevin; Lowell Observatory first permanent scientific establishment meteorite, Staudenmaier, Mike; National Weather Service Wilcox, David; MNA on Flagstaff’s future. Stevens, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator in Flagstaff and its success demonstrat- Barringer Host Participants In the spring of 1894, a young spent years The Arboretum at Flagstaff ed the viability of ongoing research in Arizona Snowbowl Arizona State Parks astronomer named Andrew Dou- northern Arizona, paving the way for the studying the City of Flagstaff Coconino National Forest glass arrived in town with a tele- Flagstaff Medical Center arrival of later institutions of research. feature and Flagstaff City - Coconino Public Library Lowell Observatory scope in tow. Douglass was one Furthermore, the founding of Lowell unsuccessfully Meteor Crater Museum of Northern Arizona National Park Service month into a solo expedition with established northern Arizona as a center searching for the National Weather Service Northern Arizona University the goal of finding a suitable site to remains of the im- U.S. Geological Survey of astronomical research. U.S. Naval Observatory Willow Bend Environmental Education Center build an astronomical observatory. pacting body. W.L. Gore & Assoc. Four years after Lowell Observatory Sponsors He had traveled to several locali- opened its doors, the first weather sta- Scientists now better under- Arizona Central Credit Union • Arizona Daily Sun Arizona Public Service • Arizona State Parks ties around the Arizona Territory The Arts & Science Commission • Aspen Printing tion in Flagstaff was established to mon- stand impact dynamics and realize the The Barringer Crater Company • City of Flagstaff Clear Aire Radio • Coconino County before arriving in Flagstaff. At each stop, he used the majority of the impacting body vapor- Coconino National Forest • Ecological Restoration Institute itor local conditions. Elizabeth Renoe, Flagstaff Live! • Flagtaff Medical Center telescope and a suite of meteorological equipment to Greater Flagstaff Forests Partnership • The Inn at NAU who married Arizona’s first U.S. Sen- ized when it crashed. While the crater Joy Cone • KAFF/KMGN • KFLX • KOLT/Kool/The Eagle KNAU • KNAZ TV/Channel 2 test the quality of the air for astronomical observing. Kaibab National Forest • Main Street Catering ator, Henry Fountain Ashurst, was the will thus never yield the mineralogical McAllister, Frances • Meteor Crater Enterprises Douglass was warmly welcomed in each community Mountain Living • Nordstrom & Assoc. first observer. The bureau was located treasure Barringer searched for, its Northern Arizona University Northern Arizona University Centennial Forest by their leaders who, presciently believing a scien- Northern Arizona University School of Forestry at the Ashurst home, still standing and scientific value is inestimable. It is the Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff • Rocky Mountain Research Station • Stockmen’s Bank • Sunny 97 tific institution could generate income and prestige, SWCA Inc. • Target Stores • W.L. Gore & Assoc. now a private residence near the inter- best-preserved impact crater on Earth, section of Aspen Street and North Park the Holy Grail for impact specialists. Street. The station later moved to down- Moreover, it is analogous to lunar craters town Flagstaff’s Federal Office Build- and in the 1960s served as an outdoor ing, Flagstaff Municipal Airport and, classroom for astronauts learning about finally, to the Camp Navajo Army Depot the geology of the moon in preparation in Bellemont, where meteorologists and to traveling there. other scientists study the weather and A year after Barringer staked his claim, communicate their observations to the Andrew Douglass, no longer employed public. at Lowell Observatory, began examining The arrival of the twentieth century tree rings exposed in the ponderosa brought a further influx of scientific pine logs stacked at the Riordan broth- organizations to northern Arizona. In ers’ mill. Douglass hoped to show a 1903, mining engineer Daniel Moreau connection between solar activity, as

Commerorative Flag Staff: A.Kleinman; Tombstone Leaders Stand Next to Daniel Moreau Barringer: FFoS Archives 24 the Telescope during 1894 Expedition by Douglass: Lowell Observatory 25 2004 known as the Fort Valley Experimen- to archaeological work, the museum Life Forms tal Forest and joins Northern Arizona would carry out studies of geology, bot- Our African Ancestors Paleontologist/“Lucy” Discoverer Donald Johanson University’s Centennial Forest as a any and other disciplines. Furthermore,

Board Members leading facility for forestry research and and in line with Mary-Russell’s passion, Yoder, Steve; The Arboretum at Flagstaff, President Schindler, Kevin; Lowell Observatory, Pres. Elect education. the museum would be a center for art. Strohmeyer, Brenda; Rocky Mountain Research Station, Sec. Laird, Mike; Christensen School, Treasurer In 1928, the Northern Arizona Soci- Bates, Bryan; CCC Biggerstaff, Dolores; Flagstaff High School Boyle, Mike; SWCA Environmental Consultants ety of Science and Art, later called the Breunig, Robert; MNA Butterfield, Lanah; Meteor Crater Capek, Larry; Flagstaff Medical Center Museum of Northern Arizona, was in- Ennenga, Winnie; NAU Farretta, Kathy; Riordan Mansion corporated. Not surprisingly, among the Malis-Clark, Karen; Coconino National Forest Monet, Alice; US Naval Observatory Munger, Molly; NAU 12 individuals who signed the articles Pennington, Diana; Friends of Camp Colton Priest, Sue; USGS of incorporation was one of the Riordan Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore Staudenmaier, Mike; National Weather Service Waltrip, Sharon; Kaibab National Forest brothers, Timothy. One of the defining Stevens, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator evidenced by astronomers’ records of sunspot obser- Host Participants In 1912, Arizona aspects of the museum is the melding The Arboretum at Flagstaff vations, and Earth’s climate, indicated by tree rings Arizona Snowbowl earned statehood status and V.M. Sli- of science and art, a tradition carried on Arizona State Parks City of Flagstaff (each ring represents one year of growth; the wider City of Williams pher of Lowell Observatory detected and encouraged today by the museum, Coconino National Forest East Flagstaff Community Library the ring, the more precipitation in a given year). Flagstaff Medical Center the expanding nature of the universe. the Flagstaff Arts Council, and other or- Flagstaff City - Coconino Public Library Kaibab National Forest Douglass continued his tree ring research after he Meanwhile, a young couple from Penn- ganizations and individuals. Lowell Observatory Meteor Crater moved to Tucson, where he worked at the Univer- Museum of Northern Arizona sylvania camped near the San Francisco As the United States entered into the National Park Service National Weather Service sity of Arizona. While he did not make a definitive Northern Arizona University Peaks for four days on their honeymoon Great Depression and World War II, U.S. Geological Survey connection between solar activity and climate, he U.S. Naval Observatory to the Southwest. They returned in 1916 Willow Bend Environmental Education Center scientific research in the area ebbed. W.L. Gore & Assoc. did unexpectedly establish a method for dating ar- and, discovering an archaeological site, Despite this, the eyes of the world were Sponsors Arizona Central Credit Union • Arizona Daily Sun chaeological remains by examining the trees rings fell in love with the area. Zoologist Har- Arizona Humanities Council • Arizona K-12 Center focused on Flagstaff in 1930 with Clyde Arizona Public Service • Arizona Space Grant Consortium exposed in beams. Douglass went on to found the Arizona State Parks • The Arts & Science Commission old Colton and his artist wife Mary-Rus- Tombaugh’s discovery of Pluto at Lowell Aspen Printing • City of Flagstaff • Clear Aire Radio Coconino County • Coconino National Forest science of dendrochronology and worked closely with Ecological Restoration Institute • First State Bank sell Ferrell Colton began making archae- Observatory. Flagstaff Live! • Flagtaff Medical Center • Joy Cone KAFF/KMGN • KFLX • KOLT/Kool/The Eagle • KNAU Harold Colton and Lyndon Hargrave of the Museum of ological surveys of the area and in 1926 KNAZ TV/Channel 2 • Kaibab National Forest Two decades would pass before an- Limber Pine Enterprises CPAs • Machine Solutions Northern Arizona in establishing ages of ruins at sites McAllister, Frances • Meteor Crater Enterprises permanently moved to Flagstaff. Mountain Living • Nestlé Purina Petcare Co. other scientific facility came onto the Nordstrom & Assoc. • Northern Arizona University including Wupatki. Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff • Planet Nisson Suburu The following year, Harold attended scene. In 1948, astronomer Art Adel Rocky Mountain Research Station Schindler, Kevin & Gretchen • Stockmen’s Bank The trees that Douglass studied at the mill all came Sunny 97 • SWCA Inc. • U.S. Geological Survey the first Pecos Conference on south- began working at Arizona State College W.L. Gore & Assoc. from nearby forests that are part of the most exten- western archaeology and learned that at Flagstaff (now sive stand of ponderosa pine trees in North America. many archaeo- Northern Arizo- The heavy logging of these trees concerned early con- logical resources na University), servationists and in 1898 the General Land Office es- were disappear- shepherding in a tablished the San Francisco Mountain Forest Reserve ing at an alarming quickly expand- to protect these forests. Officials later reclassified the rate. He decided ing aspect of sci- area as National Forest and in 1908 it was combined to establish a entific research with other land to create the Coconino National Forest museum to col- at the college That same year, the U.S. Forest Service designated lect, preserve that saw the this new forest as the site for the country’s first forest and study the construction of research station. Located in Fort Valley just north of archaeology and natural resources the Atmospheric Research Observatory Flagstaff, the Coconino Experiment Station is now of the Colorado Plateau. In addition in 1952. Since then, Northern Arizona

Loggers: FFoS Archives Fort Valley Experimental Forest: U.S. Forest Service; Museum of Northern Arizona Founders: Museum of Northern Arizona 26 27 2005 University has added a stable of world-class scientific Swing Into Science research and teaching programs focusing on forestry, Life in the Treetops: Exploration in Tropical Forests Treetop Biologist Margaret ‘Canopy Meg’ biology, geology, and other natural sciences. Part of Lowman this effort included the addition of study centers such Board Members Schindler, Kevin; Lowell Observatory, President as the Merriam-Powell Research Station and Ecologi- Malis-Clark, Karen; Coconino National Forest, Pres. Elect Strohmeyer, Brenda; Rocky Mountain Research cal Research Institute at NAU (ERI) and collaborations Station, Sec. Laird, Mike; Christensen School, Treasurer Adair, Starla; Flagstaff Medical Center with partners including the Translational Genomic Bates, Bryan; CCC Biggerstaff, Dolores; Flagstaff High School Research Institute (TGen). These programs are led by Butterfield, Lanah; Meteor Crater Ennenga, Winnie; NAU Farretta, Kathy; Riordan Mansion such renown leaders as Wally Covington, Ph.D., also Hough, Ian; Grand Canyon National Park Leibfried, Bill; SWCA Environmental Consultants Monet, Alice; US Naval Observatory known as the “Father of Forest Restoration” and the Munger, Molly; NAU Priest, Sue; USGS world’s foremost DNA expert Paul Keim, Ph.D. Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore Sommer, Stefan; MNA Staudenmaier, Mike; National Weather Service Waltrip, Sharon; Kaibab National Forest On the heels of the arrival of the Atmospheric Re- Yoder, Steve; The Arboretum at Flagstaff Stevens, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator search Observatory came more astronomical facili- Host Participants The Arboretum at Flagstaff ties. In 1955 the U.S. Naval Observatory, hampered Arizona Snowbowl Arizona State Parks by the murky skies at its Washington, D.C. facility, es- City of Flagstaff City of Williams Coconino Community College tablished a new observing site at a more appropriate Coconino National Forest East Flagstaff Community Library Survey’s Astrogeology Research Pro- untimely death in 1997, the Flagstaff Flagstaff Medical Center location. Officials targeted Flagstaff for the new field Flagstaff City - Coconino Public Library Kaibab National Forest station largely based on Lowell Observatory’s long- gram in California and moved it to Flag- Festival of Science named its annual Lowell Observatory Meteor Crater staff in 1962/1963, primarily because of featured presentation the Shoemaker Museum of Northern Arizona standing success in the area. Decades later, the Naval National Park Service National Weather Service the vast array of nearby geological fea- Keynote Presentation. Northern Arizona University Observatory joined forces with Lowell to construct a U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Naval Observatory powerful array of telescopes called an interferometer, tures. The initial goal was to support the In the late 1960s, while the space Willow Bend Environmental Education Center W.L. Gore & Assoc. which captures light from targeted objects at excep- Apollo program to the moon by creating race escalated, a new science-based Sponsors Arizona Central Credit Union • Arizona Daily Sun tionally high resolution. lunar maps, training the astronauts, and company unlike any other in Flagstaff Arizona Public Service • Arizona State Parks The Arts & Science Commission • Aspen Printing developing scientific observing and col- Boyer Metal • City of Flagstaff began operations. While most previous Clear Aire Radio • Coconino County Coconino National Forest • Ecological Restoration Institute lecting techniques. First State Bank • Flags. Medical Center scientific research in Flagstaff can be Joy Cone • KAFF/KMGN KOLT/Kool/The Eagle • KNAU • KNAZ TV/Channel 2 Shoemaker hoped to apply for the as- described as basic or pure (research KVNA • Kaibab National Forest Limber Pine Enterprises CPAs • Machine Solutions McAllister, Frances • Meteor Crater Enterprises tronaut program and fly to the moon but that builds a basic understanding of National Park Service • Nestlé Purina Petcare Co. Nordstrom & Assoc. • Northern Arizona University Northern Arizona University Centennial Forest was disqualified after he was diagnosed some phenomenon), the arrival of W.L. Northern Arizona University School of Forestry Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff • Planet Nisson Suburu with a rare disease. Not able to attain his Gore & Associates opened the door to Rocky Mountain Research Station Schindler, Kevin & Gretchen • Stockmen’s Bank SWCA Inc. • Unisource • U.S. Forest Service goal of becoming an astronaut himself, extensive applied research (designed to U.S. Geological Survey • W.L. Gore & Assoc. he did the next best thing and trained solve practical problems, such as treat- the astronauts at Meteor Crater and sev- ing illnesses). Less than a decade after the Naval Observatory es- eral volcanic sites around Flagstaff. The W.L. Gore company was founded tablished its Flagstaff Station, the spirits of John Wes- Years later, in 1993, Shoemaker made in 1958 by Wilbert (Bill) Lee Gore and ley Powell and Grove Karl Gilbert returned to Flagstaff international headlines when the comet his wife, Genevieve. The business ini- in the person of Gene Shoemaker, a geologist working he had co-discovered with wife, Caro- tially developed ribbon cable used in the for the U.S. Geological Survey. lyn, and amateur astronomer David Levy electronics industry. In 1967, some 30 Shoemaker is considered the father of astrogeology, spectacularly crashed into Jupiter, a fit- years after stopping in Flagstaff on their the study of the geology of planetary bodies such as ting event for a man who spent his life honeymoon—just like the Coltons had the moon and planets. He founded the U.S. Geological studying impacts. After Shoemaker’s done—the Gores returned to Flagstaff

U.S. Naval Observatory: FFoS Archives The Shoemakers: FFoS Archives 28 29 2006 and opened a branch for the company on the east side Flagstaff Supports Science Dive into Science of town. In the four decades since, Gore has estab- Adventures of a Sea Hunter Frances McAllister was a generous Lowell, who said in his 1906 book Mars Maritime Archaeologist James Delgado lished several additional facilities in Flagstaff, including philanthropist who sponsored assorted and its Canals, “To set forth science in Board Members the Medical Products Division that designs and builds Malis-Clark, Karen; Coconino National Forest, President scientific and cultural efforts in north- a popular, that is, in a generally under- Farretta, Kathy; Riordan Mansion, Pres. Elect various life-improving and life-saving devices. Strohmeyer, Brenda; Rocky Mountain Research Station, Sec. ern Arizona, including the Festi- standable, form is as obligatory Priest, Sue; USGS, Treasurer Just a few miles south of Gore’s west-side complex Bates, Bryan; CCC val of Science and its various as to present it in a more Biggerstaff, Dolores; Flagstaff High School Brown, Mary; Christensen School stands a testament to northern Arizona’s ongoing con- Edelstein, Rachel; The Arboretum at Flagstaff affiliated organizations. technical manner. If men Ennenga, Winnie; NAU Heinonen, Carrie; Flagstaff Medical Center cern for plant conservation and study, building on the Hough, Ian; Grand Canyon National Park Her passionate and ac- are to benefit from it, it Johnstone, Jay; Grand Canyon National Park legacy of Clinton Hart Merriam and the U.S. Forest Leibfried, Bill; SWCA Environmental Consultants tive support of science must be expressed to Monet, Alice; US Naval Observatory Munger, Molly; NAU Service. The Transition Zone Horticultural Institute, Schindler, Kevin; Lowell Observatory typifies the attitudes their comprehension.” Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore known today as The Arboretum at Flagstaff, was Snook, Jim; Help-U-Sell Real Estate of local residents. In 1896, Flagstaff res- Staudenmaier, Mike; National Weather Service Van Sanford, Dianna; MNA founded in 1981 to research and conserve the native Stevens, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator While most locals may idents participated in Host Participants plants of the Colorado Plateau. The Arboretum plays The Arboretum at Flagstaff not have McAllister’s the “Summer School Arizona Snowbowl an important role in the story of science in Flagstaff for Arizona State Parks financial resources, of Science,” attending City of Flagstaff Coconino Community College two reasons. First, it was the last major, independent Coconino National Forest many do possess her free lectures by leading East Flagstaff Community Library Flagstaff Medical Center research facility established prior to the founding of Lowell Observatory community pride and scientists such as Lowell Meteor Crater the Flagstaff Festival of Science in 1990. Second, it Museum of Northern Arizona awareness that science and Merriam. More than a National Park Service National Weather Service was created by a person who symbolizes the com- Northern Arizona University is an important fabric in the century later, the locals still U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Naval Observatory munity’s longstanding support of scientific pursuits in Willow Bend Environmental Education Centerr tapestry that is Flagstaff. come out to hear scientists W.L. Gore & Assoc. Flagstaff, Frances Burt McAllister. Sponsors This local support dates back to speak, attending formal presenta- Arizona Central Credit Union • Arizona Daily Sun tions at scientific organizations, informal Arizona Public Service • Arizona State Parks the pioneer days of Flagstaff. Perhaps The Arts & Science Commission • Aspen Printing Boyer Metal • City of Flagstaff • Clear Aire Radio programs at pubs and book stores and Coconino County • Ecological Restoration Institute this is because the development and First State Bank • Flagstaff Medical Center • Joy Cone KAFF/KMGN • KOLT/Kool/The Eagle • KNAU a concentrated mix of activities at the KNAZ TV/Channel 2 • KVNA maturation of Flagstaff as a municipal- Limber Pine Enterprises CPAs • Machine Solutions annual Festival of Science. McAllister, Frances • Meteor Crater Enterprises ity closely parallels the same growth Nestlé Purina Petcare Co. • Nordstrom & Assoc. Northern Arizona University • Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff Rocky Mountain Research Station • Stockmen’s Bank stages as its scientific identity. Further- Further evidence SWCA Inc. • Unisource • U.S. Forest Service W.L. Gore & Assoc. more, many of Flagstaff’s early leaders, of Flagstaff’s sup- such as the Riordan brothers, visualized port for its scien- building an enlightened community es- tific heritage is the tablishing the trend of welcoming and ongoing effort to supporting scientists and their research protect the area’s endeavors. Unlike most other 19th cen- natural resources. tury western outposts, Flagstaff saw An example is traveling scientists rubbing elbows with the decades-long local lumbermen and cattle drivers. Lat- effort to limit er, when scientists planted their roots light pollution in a in town, they became active members of the community. “If men are to benefit from it [science], it must be expressed to their comprehension.” Then there is the mindset — Percival Lowell of scientists such as Percival Astronomer, Lowell Observatory

The Arboretum at Flagstaff: A. Kleinman Frances B. McAllister: The Arboretum at Flagstaff; Percival Lowell: FFoS Archives 30 31 2007 How important is science to Flag- Forest Station Historic District and Wu- Dig Science staff’s heritage? Many of the area’s patki National Monument. Therizinosaur: Mystery of the Sickle-Claw Dinosaur Paleontologist David Gillette older scientific facilities are listed on the Returning to the question, “Why a

Board Members National Register of Historic Places, in- Flagstaff Festival of Science?” The an- Farretta, Kathy; Riordan Mansion, President Munger, Molly; NAU, Pres. Elect cluding the C. Hart Merriam Base Camp swer comes down to this: the communi- Strohmeyer, Brenda; Rocky Mountain Research Station, Sec. Priest, Sue; USGS, Treasurer Site, Lowell Observatory, the Museum ty has an important scientific heritage to Bates, Bryan; CCC Biggerstaff, Dolores; Flagstaff High School of Northern Arizona exhibit building, U.S. Brown, Mary celebrate and the desire by its residents Cannella, John; Flagstaff Area National Monuments Edelstein, Rachel; The Arboretum at Flagstaff Forest Service Fort Valley Experimental to do so. Ennenga, Winnie; NAU Johnstone, Jay; Grand Canyon National Park Leibfried, Bill; SWCA Environmental Consultants Malis-Clark, Karen; Coconino National Forest May, Cindy; APS Monet, Alice; US Naval Observatory Schindler, Kevin; Lowell Observatory Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore Snook, Jim; Help-U-Sell Real Estate community once nicknamed the “Skylight City.” In Staudenmaier, Mike; National Weather Service Van Sanford, Dianna; MNA Stevens, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator 1958, city officials enacted the first-known lighting -or Host Participants The Arboretum at Flagstaff dinance in the country, updating the code in later years Arizona Snowbowl Arizona State Parks to reflect the changing nature of lighting standards. In City of Flagstaff Coconino Center for the Arts Coconino National Forest 2001, these efforts were recognized when Flagstaff Flagstaff Medical Center Lowell Observatory Meteor Crater was designated the world’s first International Dark Museum of Northern Arizona National Park Service Sky City. In 2014, Flagstaff hosted the first Dark Skies National Weather Service Northern Arizona University Norton Materials Recovery Facility and Emerging Technology Conference. This summit Pulliam Airport U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Naval Observatory welcomed policy makers, dark skies advocates, rep- Willow Bend Environmental Education Center W.L. Gore & Assoc. resentatives from the lighting industry and other inter- Sponsors The Arboretum at Flagstaff • Arizona Central Credit Union ested parties to discuss outdoor lighting issues. Arizona Daily Sun • Arizona Public Service Arizona Space Grant Consortium • Arizona State Parks The Arts & Science Commission • Aspen Printing In 1996, the community created a vision. The doc- The Barringer Crater Company • Boyer Metal Breed, William • City of Flagstaff Clear Aire Radio • Coconino Community College ument, Flagstaff 2020, named the Flagstaff Festival Coconino County • Coconino National Forest • Cox Media First State Bank • Flagstaff Area National Monuments Flagstaff Cultural Partners/Flagstaff Arts Council of Science as an event that fit with the identity of the Flagstaff Honda • Flags. Medical Center Grand Canyon Association • Hayes, Byron & Jennifer city and that it wanted to see continue into the future, Holbrook, Paul & Deborah • The Inn at NAU • Joy Cone KAFF/KMGN • KOLT/Kool/The Eagle • KNAU KNAZ TV/Channel 2 • KVNA • Limber Pine Enterprises CPAs promoting Flagstaff as a leading scientific center. Machine Solutions • McAllister, Frances Meteor Crater Enterprises • Nestlé Purina Petcare Co. Nordstrom & Assoc. Lastly, in acknowledging the community’s collective Northern Arizona Association of Realtors Northern Arizona University • Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff R & A Import Auto Parts & Repair of Flagstaff desire to pro- Rocky Mountain Research Station • SWCA Inc. Unisource • U.S. Forest Service University of Arizona Phoenix Mars Scout Mission mote science, W.L. Gore & Assoc. technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), the City Council declared Flagstaff as a STEM city, the first in the United States. This designation sent the message that Flagstaff loves its science and wants to ensure its availability for future generations.

Flagstaff Road Sign: FFoS Archives; Messy Experiments: FFoS Archives C. Hart Merriam Base Camp Site: FFoS Archives; Lowell Observatory: FFoS Archives; Museum of Northern Arizona: FFoS 32 Archives; Fort Valley Experimental Forest U.S. Forest Service; Wupatki National Monument: FFoS Archives 33 2008 Developing for annual behind-the-scenes tours the scientific Zoom Into Science that allowed visitors the chance to organizations Zoom Into the Hidden Depths of the Biological World Hot Zone Author Richard Preston the Festival experience first-hand the excitement around Flag-

Board Members of scientific endeavors. Ivo Lucchitta, staff. Hughes Munger, Molly; NAU, President of Science Staudenmaier, Mike; National Weather Service, Ph.D., a retired geologist and onetime remembers, Pres. Elect Strohmeyer, Brenda; Rocky Mountain Research On Oct. 5, 1990, light Station, Sec. director at the USGS, remembers, “The “All of that ef- Priest, Sue; USGS, Treasurer from a full moon flooded the Bates, Bryan; CCC USGS open house was typically a one- fort, in terms Biggerstaff, Dolores; Flagstaff High School Brown, Mary landscape of the town once Cannella, John; Flagstaff Area National Monuments day affair but we realized that it was of relationships, Edelstein, Rachel; The Arboretum at Flagstaff Ennenga, Winnie; NAU called the Skylight City, sym- Farretta, Kathy; Riordan Mansion really popular. At one point, Johnstone, Jay; Grand Canyon National Park bolically launching a three-day community celebration Leibfried, Bill; SWCA Environmental Consultants some of my colleagues and Malis-Clark, Karen; Coconino National Forest “We want people to see that science is much May, Cindy; APS of science. At 7 p.m., 700 curious residents settled Schindler, Kevin; Lowell Observatory I, we thought well, if it is more than nerds and pocket protectors. It’s Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore Snook, Jim; Help-U-Sell Real Estate, Dallas Real Estate into their seats in NAU’s Ardrey Auditorium and lis- Zavala, Bob; US Naval Observatory so well received, why don’t exciting and fun and you don’t even need to Stevens, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator tened to NAU President Gene Hughes address the be a scientist to work in science.” Host Participants we really make a big effort Steve Smith, W.L. Gore & Associates The Arboretum at Flagstaff crowd. Arizona Snowbowl and have a three-day open Arizona State Parks City of Flagstaff “On behalf of Northern Arizona University and the Coconino Center for the Arts house, which we did. It was a success led me to think that we should be able to Coconino National Forest East Flagstaff Community Library scientific organizations of Flagstaff, I welcome you to beyond expectations and we estimated find some way to celebrate the sciences Flagstaff Medical Center Lowell Observatory Meteor Crater the opening ceremonies of the first Flagstaff Festival maybe 5,000 people came. We were in Flagstaff.” Museum of Northern Arizona National Park Service of Science,” announced Hughes. He continued, “This blown away.” National Weather Service In the fall of 1989, Hughes took ac- Northern Arizona University Norton Materials Recovery Facility weekend promises to be very exciting. I hope all of U.S. Geological Survey The success of this three-day event tion. W. L. Gore’s John Giovale recalls, U.S. Naval Observatory you will be able to take advantage of this opportunity Willow Bend Environmental Education Center got Lucchitta and colleagues John Sass, “Gene called, it must have been 12-15 W.L. Gore & Assoc. to learn about the contributions to science, which are Sponsors Wendell Duffield and Wes Ward thinking business leaders from the community, Arizona Daily Sun • Arizona Humanities Council being made by many of your neighbors right here in Arizona Public Service • Arizona Space Grant Consortium on an even grander scale. “It seemed to NAU to try this idea out of a science Arizona State Parks • Aspen Printing Blue Cross Blue Shield of Arizona • Boyer Metal Flagstaff. It is also an opportunity for the young people Breed, William • City of Flagstaff • Clear Aire Radio logical that perhaps we should tap into festival. We had lunch at NAU and there Coconino Community College • Coconino County Cox Media • First State Bank of our community to see first-hand the diversity and Flagstaff Area National Monuments all of this local interest in science,” Luc- was a uniformly enthusiastic response Flagstaff Cultural Partners/Flagstaff Arts Council excitement of science.” With these words, Hughes Flagstaff Honda • Flagstaff Medical Center chitta said. “It was completely uncertain to Gene’s proposal.” Flagstaff Unified School District Grand Canyon Association • Hayes, Byron & Jennifer kicked off the inaugural festival that would evolve into Joy Cone • KAFF/KMGN how, but somehow have an event, may- KOLT/Kool/The Eagle • KNAU • KVNA Hughes said the group initially decid- Lowell Observatory • Machine Solutions an annual ten-day salute to science. McAllister, Frances • Meteor Crater Enterprises be annual, maybe not annual, we didn’t ed to hold an event in conjunction with Museum of Northern Arizona • Nestlé Purina Petcare Co. Nordstrom & Assoc. Such a large-scale, community-wide event had been know, where we would have sort of a Northern Arizona Association of Realtors NAU’s honors week in April 1990. An Northern Arizona University • Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff Putnam, William Lowell slowly germinating for decades, with several organi- mega open house with lectures and so R & A Import Auto Parts & Repair of Flagstaff organizational meeting was held that Rocky Mountain Research Station zations holding their own public open houses. The SWCA Inc. • Unisource on. This would not be just the USGS but saw Lucchitta and other leaders from University of Arizona Phoenix Mars Scout Mission W.L. Gore & Assoc. • W. Leibfried Environmental Services USGS, for instance, had for years opened their doors everybody else, too. After all, there was the community’s scientific organizations Lowell, the Naval Observatory, other attend. Retired NAU administrator Jean- observatories, the university, the Forest nette Baker, Ph.D., remembers, “They Service, the museum; there were a lot had the idea of what they wanted to see of outfits doing research.” happen but they didn’t have a clear idea Meanwhile, Eugene Hughes was de- of what to do next. So they got a few veloping his own ideas about celebrat- of their staff people involved—there ing science. In his position as university was me, Amy LeGere and Steve Smith president, Hughes had nurtured both from Gore and others—people who formal and informal associations with were maybe more familiar with how to

Full Moon: FFoS Archives; U.S. Geological Survey: FFoS Archives Steve Smith: FFoS Archives 34 35 2009 organize events.” young people interested and excited International Trans-Antarctica Expe- Launch Into Science about science and show them that they dition, was targeted as the keynote Reaching Your Own Special Star A steering committee was initially formed that in- Apollo Astronaut Alan Bean cluded Richard Heintz, publisher of the Arizona Daily might consider it seriously as a career. speaker. W. L. Gore & Associates Board Members played a key role, sponsoring both the Edelstein, Rachel; The Arboretum at Flagstaff, Sun. In January, 1990, this group was split up into sci- • We need to show the public that sci- President Leibfried, Bill; SWCA Environmental Consultants, expedition—which saw its human and Pres. Elect ence and operations committees. The former, headed entific research, and therefore decent Strohmeyer, Brenda; Rocky Mountain Research Station, Sec. by Lucchitta, focused on establishing scientific con- scientific education, are not some kind canine members clothed in Gore-Tex® Priest, Sue; USGS, Treasurer Bates, Bryan; CCC wear—and Steger’s travels to Flagstaff Biggerstaff, Dolores; Flagstaff High School tent while the latter took care of the details of event of luxury, but one of the keys not only Brown, Mary Donnermeyer, Chris; Flagstaff Area National Monuments to our well-being as a nation, but also to for the festival. Doskocil, Lisa; MNA planning and promotion. Ennenga, Winnie; NAU Farretta, Kathy; Riordan Mansion our survival. It is knowledge that sells in Media buildup for the festival was Malis-Clark, Karen; Coconino National Forest As discussions ensued, leaders identified the fol- May, Cindy; APS Munger, Molly; NAU today’s world. strong. An August 1990 press release Pearce, Andy; Grand Canyon National Park lowing key points, as listed in a Jan. 18, 1990 memo Schindler, Kevin; Lowell Observatory stated, “As a tribute to the scientists, en- Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore from Lucchitta: Planners ultimately set the weekend Snook, Jim; Dallas Real Estate Zavala, Bob; US Naval Observatory of Oct. 5-7, 1990 for the first Festival. gineers and technologists who over the Stevens, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator • Each institution should focus on just a few sub- Host Participants More than 50 events at 10 sites were years have brought fame and honor to The Arboretum at Flagstaff jects that it is particularly strong in. We cannot all do Arizona Snowbowl planned, with special attention given to this mountain city, Flagstaff will hold its Arizona State Parks City of Flagstaff everything. Coconino Center for the Arts programming appropriate for all ages. first-ever Flagstaff Festival of Science.” Coconino Community College Coconino National Forest • It would be good to have activities that are particu- Flagstaff Medical Center W.L. Gore’s Director Ginger Giovale An editorial in the Aug. 17, 1990 Arizona Flagstaff Unified School District larly interesting to the public, including hands-on dis- Lowell Observatory said, “Adults in this town like to go to Daily Sun read,” Flagstaff Festival of Meteor Crater Museum of Northern Arizona plays, movies and videos and displays with a strong National Park Service places that are interesting not only for Science—what does that mean to you? National Weather Service Northern Arizona University graphic content. their kids but for themselves. It gives Norton Materials Recovery Facility If you think it will be the Northland’s U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Naval Observatory • We must remem- them a break, but they also get to see largest nerd convention in years, you’ve Willow Bend Environmental Education Center W.L. Gore & Assoc. ber that we are deal- cool stuff.” got a lot to learn. If it sounds like a pret- Sponsors Arizona Daily Sun • Arizona Public Service • Aspen Printing ing with the general ty big public relations stunt that packs a Bates, Bryan & Barbara • Blue Cross Blue Shield of Arizona Will Steger, co-leader of the 1990 Boyer Metal • City of Flagstaff • Clear Aire Radio Coconino Community College • Coconino County public: jargon and Eagle 103.7 • East Flagstaff Family Medicine Ecological Restoration Institute esoteric details EnviroSystems Management • First State Bank Flagstaff Area National Monuments Flagstaff Cultural Partners/Flagstaff Arts Council must be avoided. Flagstaff High School Culinary Arts Program Flags. Medical Center • Flagstaff Unified School District Grand Canyon Association • Hayes, Byron & Jennifer • We need to show Joy Cone • KAFF/KMGN • KOLT/Kool/The Eagle KNAU • KVNA • Lowell Observatory • Machine Solutions Meteor Crater Enterprises • Museum of Northern Arizona that science is vital Nestlé Purina Petcare Co. • Nordstrom & Assoc. Northern Arizona University • Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff Putnam, William Lowell to the country (and R & A Import Auto Parts & Repair of Flagstaff Radisson Woodlands Hotel the human race), Rocky Mountain Research Station • Rotary International Sakura Restaurant • Schindler, Kevin & Gretchen Unisource • W.L. Gore & Assoc. exciting, and, above W. Leibfried Environmental Services all, fun. We should also try to show how it is an integral and indispensable part of everyday life, not some ex- otic thing that only select high priests engage in. • We need to get

Abert’t Squirrel: A. Kleinman Laws Spring: Neil Weintraub 36 37 2010 scientific punch, well, you’re getting closer. And if you In the ensuing quarter of a century, it was symbolic of the Navajo culture’s Livin’ Science think it is basically a baring of the heart, mind and soul influence in the Flagstaff area. Biosphere 2: The Human Experience the Festival has matured into an event Biospherian Jane Poynter of Flagstaff’s scientific community, bingo! ” that annually repeats popular activities Meantime, the Ugly Bug Contest Board Members such as Science in the Park—featuring Leibfried, Bill; SWCA Environmental Consultants, That first Festival proved to be quite successful and was the brainchild of NAU’s Marilee President Ennenga, Winnie; NAU, Pres. Elect hands-on activities by four dozen orga- Strohmeyer, Brenda; Rocky Mountain Research planners soon began looking to the future. Baker Sellers, who magnified insects tens of Station, Sec. Priest, Sue; USGS, Treasurer recalls, “With the success of that first weekend, we nizations—while introducing new ones thousands of times, splashed them in Bates, Bryan; CCC Biggerstaff, Dolores; Flagstaff High School Doskocil, Lisa; MNA found that more organizations wanted to get involved. that tie in to current scientific and edu- neon colors and showcased them on Edelstein, Rachel; The Arboretum at Flagstaff Farretta, Kathy; Riordan Mansion, MNA, Volunteer cational opportunities. Each year, orga- Malis-Clark, Karen; Coconino National Forest We decided to expand it into a longer-running event posters. These monster-like images of Munger, Molly; NAU Pearce, Andy; Grand Canyon National Park because of the additional organizations and also so nizers produce a “passport” that serves bugs with multiple eyes, hairy legs and Schelz, Charles; Flagstaff Area National Monuments Schindler, Kevin; Lowell Observatory Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore more people would have the opportunity to attend. the dual purpose of listing all festival sometimes wings, demonstrated the Snook, Jim; Dallas Real Estate Zavala, Bob; US Naval Observatory events while allowing students to keep Stevens, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator We also started in-school and after-school programs.” power and function of the electron mi- Host Participants track of their travels to various events. croscope, which she used in her lab on The Arboretum at Flagstaff Leaders realized that to sustain the Festival, particu- Arizona Snowbowl For several years contests were held as Arizona State Parks larly considering the longer running event and ongoing campus. In 1996, the winner of the Ugly City of Flagstaff Coconino Center for the Arts part of the Festival, including “Name an Bug Contest was a ladybird beetle, also Coconino Community College need for fundraising, a more formal organizational Coconino National Forest Flagstaff Medical Center Asteroid” and “Ugly Bug.” known as a ladybug. Submitted by 3rd Kaibab National Forest structure would be needed. The Festival incorporated Lowell Observatory Meteor Crater in 1992 and established a board and slate of officers, The first Name an Asteroid contest in graders at Cromer Elementary School in Museum of Northern Arizona National Park Service Flagstaff, it won them $100 in science National Weather Service including President Jeannette Baker (NAU), Vice Pres- 1996 inspired creativity from northern Northern Arizona University Norton Materials Recovery Facility Arizona to England. Astronomers Chris videos and bright ugly bug posters. U.S. Geological Survey ident/President Elect Steve Smith (W.L. Gore), Secre- U.S. Naval Observatory Willow Bend Environmental Education Center tary Amy LeGere (W.L. Gore & Associates), Treasurer Luginbuhl and Brian Skiff identified Marshall Elementary’s centipede took W.L. Gore & Assoc. second place and DeMiguel’s milkweed Sponsors Otto Franz (Lowell), David Chase (David Chase & unnamed asteroids and reviewed the Arizona Daily Sun • Arizona Public Service • Aspen Printing The Barringer Crater Company • Bates, Bryan & Barbara Co.), Ginger Giovale (W.L. Gore & Associates), Wes 120 submitted names. Tse Naat’a’I, a came in third. The third graders were Biggerstaff, Charles & Dolores Blue Cross Blue Shield of Arizona • City of Flagstaff asked to submit dead bugs. Photos of Clear Aire Radio • Coconino Community College Lockwood (Lowell), Ivo Lucchitta (U.S.G.S.) and Patsy Navajo word for flying rock, submitted Coconino County • Ecological Restoration Institute EnviroSystems Management by 13-year-old Derekson Bert of Rocky the bug mugs were displayed at local Flagstaff Area National Monuments Reed (NAU). Three years later, the paid position of Flagstaff Community Foundation Flagstaff Cultural Partners/Flagstaff Arts Council coordinator was added to ensure continuity and year- Ridge Boarding School, was the winner. libraries and on the Internet. The public Flagstaff High School Culinary Arts Program Flagstaff Medical Center • Flagstaff Unified School District Grand Canyon Association • Grand Canyon Wildlands Council round planning. In an afternoon Hayes, Byron & Jennifer • Joy Cone • KAFF/KMGN KOLT/Kool/The Eagle • KNAU • KVNA ceremony at Bert’s Asteroid Contest Winners Lowell Observatory • Machine Solutions McClanahan Family • Meteor Crater Enterprises Museum of Northern Arizona • Nestlé Purina Petcare Co. school two miles Nordstrom & Assoc. • Northern Arizona University 1996 - (5460) Tse Naat’a’i, Derekson Bert Northern Arizona University Space Grant Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff • Putnam, William Lowell north of Kykots- Radisson Woodlands Hotel 1997 - (6229) Tursachan, Alice Dennis Rocky Mountain Research Station movi in the town of Schindler, Kevin & Gretchen • Unisource U.S. Geological Survey • W.L. Gore & Assoc. 1998 - (10039) Keet Seel, Michael Gibson W. Leibfried Environmental Services Dinnebito, Festival representatives 1999 - (6370) Malpais, Van Campbell presented Bert with 2000 - (11831) Quivira, Jesse Roberts a photo of the aster- 2001 - (12557) Caracol, Gary Bennett oid and $50 savings 2002 - (12912) Streator, Mark Decker bond from Flagstaff - (14566) Hokulea, Erik, Mara, Scott and Troy Hardman Medical Center. Skiff, the asteroid - (12079) Kaibab, Leszek Pawlowicz discoverer, said the See more about the winners at name grabbed his http://www.nofs.navy.mil/festsci/winners.html attention because

Science In The Park: Bonnie Stevens, FFoS Archives Artist Concept of NASA’s Dawn Spacecraft and the Giant Asteroid Vesta: NASA/JPL/Caltech 38 39 2011 Illuminating Science Science: Illuminating Science through the Hubble Space Telescope Space Shuttle Astronaut/Astronomer The Endless Frontier John Grunsfeld

Board Members Looking to the future, we might find Ennenga, Winnie; NAU, President Bates, Bryan; CCC, Pres. Elect ourselves vacationing in moon cities, Strohmeyer, Brenda; Rocky Mountain Research Station, Sec. Priest, Sue; USGS, Treasurer growing our own human replacement Biggerstaff, Dolores Edelstein, Rachel; The Arboretum at Flagstaff Farretta, Kathy; MNA organs, “printing” out a hamburger or Klimowski, Brian; National Weather Service Leibfried, Bill; SWCA Environmental Consultants monitoring “smart” Munger, Molly; NAU Ranney, Wayne; Geologist Schindler, Kevin; Lowell Observatory baby onesies that tell Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore “We really believe strongly in the need to inspire Snook, Jim; Dallas Real Estate Worssam, Jillian; Flagstaff Unified School District us when the child’s Stevens, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator science in education and to help students see electrolytes are run- the need in that. And to see that scientists Host Participants The Arboretum at Flagstaff ning low. Of course, aren’t weird, wild people.” Arizona Snowbowl Otto Franz, Arizona State Parks we’re all living much City of Flagstaff Astronomer, Lowell Observatory Coconino Center for the Arts Coconino Community College longer, healthier lives. Coconino National Forest engineered microorganisms are feeding Flagstaff Arts & Leadership Academy Flagstaff Medical Center And we look better, too! Cancer, Alz- Kaibab National Forest off the grime and then flushing them- Lowell Observatory heimer’s disease and other hereditary Meteor Crater Museum of Northern Arizona selves away. NACET disorders can be treated, now that our National Park Service National Weather Service It’s an amazing place, this future, but Northern Arizona University own personal DNA strands have been Norton Materials Recovery Facility we didn’t get here without science. U.S. Geological Survey decoded and any kinks molecularly re- U.S. Naval Observatory Willow Bend Environmental Education Center And through community efforts like the W.L. Gore & Assoc. wired. There’s a vaccination for every- Sponsors thing, of course, and no gloomy days Flagstaff Festival of Science, we didn’t 1701 Fund Members • Arizona Community Foundation Arizona Daily Sun • Aspen Printing get here without scientists themselves The Barringer Crater Company • Bates, Bryan & Barbara unless we order them up. Meanwhile, Biggerstaff, Charles & Dolores Blue Cross Blue Shield of Arizona • City of Flagstaff inviting the next generation to explore Clear Aire Radio • Coconino Community College investors of space mining companies Coconino County • EnviroSystems Management the wonders of their world with them. Flagstaff Area National Monuments are getting rich, as platinum is being Flagstaff Community Foundation Flagstaff Cultural Partners/Flagstaff Arts Council Flagstaff Medical Center excavated from asteroids. And our So with the first quarter century of the Flagstaff Medical Center Foundation was asked to choose the ugliest. Flagstaff Unified School District • Grand Canyon Association bathrooms are self-cleaning because Festival behind us and a generation of Grand Canyon Wildlands Council • Joy Cone • KAFF/KMGN KOLT/Kool/The Eagle • KNAU • KVNA • Lowell Observatory Machine Solutions • McClanahan Family The list of keynote speakers from the past 25 years Meteor Crater Enterprises Molly & Joseph Herman Foundation is a who’s who of leading scientists and explorers— Museum of Northern Arizona • Nestlé Purina Petcare Co. Nordstrom & Assoc. • Northern Arizona University Northern Arizona University Space Grant Donald Johanson, Ph.D., who discovered the fossil Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff • Putnam, William Lowell Riordan Mansion State Historic Park Rocky Mountain Research Station hominid Lucy, moonwalkers Harrison “Jack” Schmitt, Saks, Michael & Roselle Wissler Science Foundation Arizona • Stardust Foundation Ph.D., and Alan Bean, environmental advocate Alex- Unisource • U.S. Forest Service • W.L. Gore & Assoc. W. Leibfried Environmental Services andra Cousteau and astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker, to name a few. The Flagstaff Festival of Science is the longest contin- uously running free science festival in the United States and in 2012 was recognized by the Arizona Daily Sun as the Organization of the Year while also winning the Viola Award for Flagstaff Event of the Year. Most im- portantly, the Festival continues to inspire both young and old to learn more about the universe around them.

Donald Johanson, Harrison “Jack” Schmitt, Alan Bean, Alexandra Cousteau, Otto Franz, NAU Science & Engineering Day, Science In The Park, Willow Bend Environmental Education Center, Flagstaff 40 Carolyn Shoemaker: FFoS Archives Medical Center’s Fantastc Voyage, NAU’s Mountain Campus Science Day: FFoS Archives 41 2012 young adults now, who grew up with an annual cel- Quinn loves gems and crystals. She white coats. I think any scientist would Making Waves ebration of science, was the Festival successful in Making Waves with Alexandra Cousteau has always enjoyed how they sparkle. want people to understand that they National Geographic Emerging Explorer Alexandra Cousteau nurturing their interests? Did this exposure to science During the Festival, her fascination with are human beings and they don’t have

Board Members influence their lives? rocks and minerals took on new depth all the answers. Indeed, not having all Bates, Bryan; CCC, President Snook, Jim; Dallas Real Estate, Pres. Elect when geologists showed her what they the answers is what makes scientists Strohmeyer, Brenda; Rocky Mountain Research If there is any doubt, meet the Harrison twins. Station, Sec. Priest, Sue; USGS, Treasurer looked like under a microscope. She scientists.” Biggerstaff, Dolores “We moved to Flagstaff when we were 9 years old,” Edelstein, Rachel; Southwest Windpower Ennenga, Winnie; NAU was captivated. For Samantha Christensen, meeting Evans, Caitlin; MNA explains Quinn. “We didn’t know a lot of people, but Farretta, Kathy; MNA Klimowski, Brian; National Weather Service our new friends at school encouraged us to attend the “After seeing this, I started a rock and the scientists and being in their work- Leibfried, Bill; SWCA Environmental Consultants Malis-Clark, Karen; Coconino National Forest Munger, Molly Flagstaff Festival of Science. So, we did as a family. gem collection at home. I also knew space made science real. “I could envi- Ranney, Wayne; Geologist Rodgers, Jane; National Park Service then that my grandfather really liked sion myself as a scientist.” Schelz, Charles; Flagstaff Area National Monuments We went to a physics lab at NAU and we watched as Schindler, Kevin; Lowell Observatory Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore scientists blew up a watermelon! Our school lab was panning for gold in Prescott. It was one Worssam, Jillian; Flagstaff Unified School District As she points out, the typical visitor Zavala, Bob; US Naval Observatory Stevens, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator fun, but not this much fun. The NAU scientists were of his hobbies. So, for a couple of years, doesn’t get that opportunity. “You’re not Host Participants really enthusiastic.” he and I would pan for bits of gold in a The Arboretum at Flagstaff invited into a scientist’s office. You’re not Arizona Snowbowl Arizona State Parks Prescott creek. He also had the tools to City of Flagstaff Enthusiasm for science appears to be contagious. often exposed to what it means to be a Coconino Center for the Arts Coconino Community College As paleontologist David cut rocks, chemicals to clean them up scientist. But at the Festival you’re see- Coconino National Forest East Flagstaff Community Library and materials to polish them. The Fes- Flagstaff Medical Center Gillette, Ph.D., explains, ing people creating things and engaged Flagstaff Photography Center Kaibab National Forest tival turned my interest in rocks into a Lowell Observatory “Everyone in northern in things. I think about visiting the U.S. Meteor Crater Museum of Northern Arizona Arizona can be a part study of geology, which led to a won- National Park Service Geological Survey, for example. There National Weather Service Northern Arizona University of this kid-friendly and derful interest that I could share with my were all these maps and images on the Norton Materials Recovery Facility Southwest Windpower grandfather.” U.S. Geological Survey adult-friendly event. It’s walls that the public wouldn’t otherwise U.S. Naval Observatory Willow Bend Environmental Education Center a wonderful opportuni- W.L. Gore & Assoc. Using the tools that scientists use see. You really got that inside look and Sponsors ty to reach the public and learning from the scientists them- it made that goal of working in science 1701 Fund Members • Arizona Community Foundation Arizona Daily Sun • Aspen Printing every year, in a commu- The Barringer Crater Company • Bates, Bryan & Barbara selves are important components of the more attainable because you could see Biggerstaff, Charles & Dolores Blue Cross Blue Shield of Arizona • City of Flagstaff nity that’s hungry for science and learning.” Clear Aire Radio • Coconino Community College Festival. that these were real people.” Coconino County • Ecological Restoration Institute EnviroSystems Management Quinn’s sister Mackenzie remembers being fasci- Flagstaff Area National Monuments “When you are not involved in some- She could also see science coming Flagstaff Community Foundation Flagstaff Cultural Partners/Flagstaff Arts Council nated with interactive exhibits showcased by W. L. Flagstaff Medical Center thing, it’s easy to see alive. Samantha began at- Flagstaff Medical Center Foundation Flagstaff Unified School District • GeoFund Gore & Associates. “We were in 6th grade and I really a certain mystique tending the Festival with her Grand Canyon Association • Hayes, Byron & Jennifer Holbrook, Paul & Deborah • Joy Cone • KAFF/KMGN enjoyed the Festival because that was the first year in KOLT/Kool/The Eagle • KNAU • KVNA • Kahl Family about that field,” said father as an 8-year-old in Lowell Observatory • Machine Solutions McClanahan Family • Meteor Crater Enterprises school that we had a human anatomy unit. Some of Molly & Joseph Herman Foundation astronomer Robert 1990, its inaugural year. “My Museum of Northern Arizona the exhibits tied in to what we were learning. I was Nestlé Purina Petcare Co. • Nordstrom & Assoc. Fried, founder of dad capitalized on scientific Northern Arizona University Northern Arizona University Space Grant especially drawn to displays about the heart.” Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff • Putnam, William Lowell Braeside Observatory things whenever he could be- Riordan Mansion State Historic Park Rocky Mountain Research Station • Root, Charlot M. Science Foundation Arizona • Snook, Jim & Linda Mackenzie had been interested in science since just west of Flagstaff. cause of my interest and so Stardust Foundation • Unisource • W.L. Gore & Assoc. W. Leibfried Environmental Services preschool. “I love chemistry and math. All sciences “With a scientist was all over the Festival. He and math come to me easily. Attending the Festival or a physicist, so also has an interest in science added to my education and helped boost my interest much of the image and I think that’s the spirit of in cardiology. I want to be a cardiologist or possibly a of these people is the Festival, that it appeals heart surgeon. My other interests are in pathology and from cartoons or ste- to all ages and is something neurology.” reotypes—mad sci- that a parent and a child can While Mackenzie’s heart is with the heart, her sister entists and people in do together and both be

David Gilette In Front of Illustration By Victor Leshyk: FFoS Archives Robert Fried: FFoS Archives 42 43 2013 entertained and educated.” Life in the Extreme Life in the Extreme The Festival, says Samantha, is one of the reasons Geologist Steve Squyres she studied science in college. At the University of Board Members Snook, Jim; Dallas Real Estate, President Arizona she earned a bachelor’s degree in math, a mi- Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore, Pres. Elect Strohmeyer, Brenda; Rocky Mountain Research Station, Sec. nor in physics and took a lot of courses in astronomy. Priest, Sue; USGS, Treasurer Bates, Bryan; CCC Biggerstaff, Dolores She also worked for the National Optical Astronomy Edelstein, Rachel Ennenga, Winnie; NAU Observatory. After returning to Flagstaff, she began Farretta, Kathy; MNA Haskins, Kristin; The Arboretum at Flagstaff Klimowski, Brian; National Weather Service designing and managing summer space camps for Leibfried, Bill; SWCA Environmental Consultants Munger, Molly Nelson, Roger; US Naval Observatory kids at Lowell Observatory, while continuing to attend Ranney, Wayne; Geologist Rodgers, Jane; National Park Service the Festival with her dad. Schindler, Kevin; Lowell Observatory has to offer.” of hard work, leadership, working with Tweed, Russell; Willow Bend Environmental Education Center Worssam, Jillian; Flagstaff Unified School District others, and follow through.” Stevens, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator “I appreciate the Festival in a whole new way as an Nathan Smith says that exposure to Host Participants adult and look back and see how much it has influ- the many different fields of science The Arboretum at Flagstaff For several years, he was charged with Arizona Snowbowl Arizona State Parks enced my life. In that sense, I have a whole new ap- pushed the limits of his perception. He managing a small group of other child City of Flagstaff Coconino Center for the Arts preciation for what’s happening. Being able to see kids Coconino Community College can remember participating in Festival volunteers. Tasks included running the Coconino National Forest East Flagstaff Community Library go to these things is really thrilling because I have a Flagstaff Medical Center activities from the time he first learned passport stamp booth and, his favorite Flagstaff City–Coconino Public Library Flagstaff Unified School District taste for what they are experiencing and how this may Kaibab National Forest to walk, and probably before that. assignment, the Gore-Tex® Scrunchies Lowell Observatory influence their lives. I am also able to appreciate the Meteor Crater Worms booth. “Through these experi- Museum of Northern Arizona “It sparked my interests in learning NACET events in a different way. Because I have now pursued National Park Service ences I was able to get an early taste of National Weather Service and developing a greater understanding Northern Arizona University science scholastically, I can get more out of the talks Norton Materials Recovery Facility of myself, nature and our intricate, inter- group management and leadership and TGen U.S. Geological Survey that first inspired me. I’ve also had the opportunity to U.S. Naval Observatory dependent relationships,” he says. “The developed skills that will carry me for Willow Bend Environmental Education Center represent Lowell Observatory at Festival events such W.L. Gore & Assoc. Festival provided me with numerous, in- years to come.” Sponsors as Science in the Park and create content specifically 103.7 Eagle Rocks • Arizona Community Foundation Arizona Daily Sun • Arizona Public Service valuable experiences and opportunities Nathan’s Arizona Snowbowl • The Barringer Crater Company for them. I now see kids as excited as I was at that Bates, Bryan & Barbara • Biggerstaff, Charles & Dolores for developing my inquisitive character older sister, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Arizona • City of Flagstaff age, and now I’m the one who gets to inspire kids, the Clear Aire Radio • Coconino Community College Coconino County • Ecological Restoration Institute and inspired me toward a life devoted to Michelle, also Edgar, Robert & Sheila • EnviroSystems Management way I was inspired years ago.” Flagstaff Area National Monuments Flagstaff Community Foundation finding understanding of our place in the grew up with Flagstaff Cultural Partners/Flagstaff Arts Council “To me, raising the awareness of the fantastic Flags. Medical Center Flagstaff Medical Center Foundation grand scheme of life, whether that be in the Festival, at- Flagstaff Unified School District science taking place every day in Flagstaff is one of Geile Charitable Fund • Hayes, Byron & Jennifer Holbrook, Paul & Deborah • Joy Cone • KAFF/KMGN the form of an imagination-igniting visit tending events KOLT/Kool/The Eagle • KNAU • KVNA • Kahl Family the most important things about the Festival,” says Lowell Observatory • Meteor Crater Enterprises to Lowell Observatory to gaze through and serving as Molly & Joseph Herman Foundation founding Festival board member and former NAU Museum of Northern Arizona • Nestlé Purina Petcare Co. Nordstrom & Assoc. • Northern Arizona University the telescope at distant lands, getting a a volunteer. Northern Arizona University Space Grant administrator Dr. Jeanette Baker. “Related to Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff • Putnam, William Lowell Riordan Mansion State Historic Park hands-on lesson in soil structure from Rocky Mountain Research Station • Root, Charlot M. that is the opportunity the Festival pres- “The best Science Foundation Arizona • Snook, Jim & Linda The Arboretum or listening to a speech Stardust Foundation • Tweed, Russell & Tanya • Unisource ents to get young people interested word I can use W.L. Gore & Assoc. • W. Leibfried Environmental Services in science and its importance in the by keynote speakers on topics ranging to describe my world around them.” from dinosaur bones to Martian stones.” experience is As volcanologist Wendell Duffield, As Nathan grew up, he volunteered FUN. It was a Ph.D., says, “Flagstaff’s Festival of at Science in the Park, helping younger blast helping Science is a wonderful way to high- kids interact with science while he con- set everything light and celebrate what an incredible tinued to learn. “Involvement in the Fes- up and getting Science in the Park up variety of scientific research this town tival helped build strong personal skills and running every year. My favorite was

Wendall Duffield: FFoS Archives Telescope Viewing: Russ Ruggles; Radiosonde launch: National Weather Service 44 45 2014 the Gore tent and the life-size Operation game. My ‘aha Arctic explorer and 1990 Festival key- roles in assisting mankind in developing A Grand Adventure note speaker Will Steger, “is the future an intimate understanding of the nature A Grand Adventure: moment’ was when I went to the National Weather Tracking Microscopic Public Enemies of our reality and our relationship to na- DNA Expert Paul Keim, Ph.D. Station and got to watch a demonstration of how they of Earth. We are the stewards, the pro-

Board Members gauge the wind and watch all of the monitors that help tectors of that life. We must educate our- ture and the greater universe.” Smith, Steve; W.L. Gore, President Klimowski, Brian; National Weather Service, the meteorologists forecast the weather. There is a lot selves, make the right decisions for our Pres. Elect Whether cultivating a new wave of Strohmeyer, Brenda; Rocky Mountain Research Station, Sec. more that goes into it than I originally thought! When I children and pave the way so our children cardiologists, geologists, astronomers Leibfried, Bill; SWCA Environmental Consultants, Treasurer can carry on.” Bates, Bryan; CCC was little I really enjoyed all of the hands-on activities or strategic thinkers through efforts like Biggerstaff, Dolores Edelstein, Rachel and as I have gotten older now I love to watch all the the Flagstaff Festival of Science, Science Ennenga, Winnie; NAU Young adults, like Nathan Smith, who Farretta, Kathy; MNA Haskins, Kristin; The Arboretum at Flagstaff kids’ excitement in learning all about science.” grew up with the Festival see science Foundation Arizona CEO and President Munger, Molly Nelson, Roger; US Naval Observatory William Harris, Ph.D., says our future de- Newton, Ronda; National Park Service After visiting Flagstaff as the Festival keynote pre- education as an important part of the Ranney, Wayne; Geologist Schindler, Kevin; Lowell Observatory pends on how well we prepare our young Snook, Jim; Dallas Real Estate senter in 2006, rainforest biologist Margaret Lowman, future. “I believe that our drive to find Tweed, Russell; Willow Bend Environmental Education Center Ph.D., also known as “Canopy Meg,” said she would answers to life’s greatest questions is people. Vaughan, Greg; US Geological Survey Worssam, Jillian; Flagstaff Unified School District Stevens, Bonnie; Festival Coordinator like to see a similar celebration of science in her home- at the heart of scientific advancement “If our young people are well educated Host Participants and discovery. Science has and will play and grounded in science and math,” says The Arboretum at Flagstaff town of Sarasota, Fla. “Science literacy is earmarked Arizona Snowbowl Arizona State Parks as an urgent crisis throughout America,” she wrote in an invaluable role in expanding the hori- Harris, “they City of Flagstaff Coconino Center for the Arts Coconino Community College a Sarasota newspaper. “Science festivals are a great zons of human possibility and open our will discover Coconino National Forest East Flagstaff Community Library future to new and ever-expanding areas and build the fu- Flagstaff Aquaplex way to foster science education and also create a Flagstaff Family Food Center Flagstaff Medical Center venue for family fun!” for greater growth and exploration. Our ture, as science Flagstaff City–Coconino Public Library Flagstaff Unified School District future is truly limitless in its potential, Lowell Observatory is the Endless Meteor Crater Museum of Northern Arizona and science and technology will play key Frontier.” National Park Service National Weather Service Northern Arizona University Norton Materials Recovery Facility Pinecone Preschool U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Naval Observatory Willow Bend Environmental Education Center “If our young people are well educated and grounded in W.L. Gore & Assoc. science and math, they will discover and build Sponsors 103.7 Eagle Rocks • Arizona Community Foundation the future, as science is the Endless Frontier.” Arizona Daily Sun • Arizona Public Service William Harris, Arizona Snowbowl • Bates, Bryan & Barbara Biggerstaff, Charles & Dolores Science Foundation Arizona CEO and President Blue Cross Blue Shield of Arizona • City of Flagstaff Clear Aire Radio • Coconino Community College Coconino County • Ecological Restoration Institute EnviroSystems Management Flagstaff Area National Monuments Flagstaff Community Foundation Flagstaff Cultural Partners/Flagstaff Arts Council Flagstaff Medical Center • Flagstaff Unified School District Hayes, Byron & Jennifer • Holbrook, Paul & Deborah Joy Cone • KAFF/KMGN • KOLT/Kool/The Eagle • KNAU KVNA • Kahl Family • Lowell Observatory McClanahan Family • Meteor Crater Enterprises Molly & Joseph Herman Foundation Museum of Northern Arizona Mylrea, Kenneth and Mary Ellen Nestlé Purina Petcare Co. • Nordstrom & Assoc. Northern Arizona University Northern Arizona University Space Grant Pepsi Cola Co. of Flagstaff • Putnam, William Lowell Riordan Mansion State Historic Park Michelle Smith says she has enjoyed watching the Rocky Mountain Research Station Root, Charlot M. • Science Foundation Arizona Festival transform from a very small event with a cou- Smith, Steven & Kathryn • Snook, Jim & Linda Stardust Foundation • Tweed, Russell & Tanya • Unisource W.L. Gore & Assoc. • W. Leibfried Environmental Services ple of tents to a 10-day, citywide community celebra- tion. “It gets kids excited about learning, which I think is the coolest part. It has definitely sparked my interest in many things. I find myself more curious about the science behind-the-scenes in many aspects of my life.” “What really counts in science education,” says

Margaret “Canopy Meg’ Lowman: FFoS Archives William Harris: FFoS Archives; Science in the Park: Tanya Rae 46 47 The Authors

Kevin Schindler Kevin Schindler has worked at scientific research organizations for nearly thirty years, first in the Inver- tebrate Paleontology Division of the Florida Museum of Natural History and later as the Outreach Manager at Lowell Observatory. He now serves as Lowell’s Communications Manager. Schindler regularly writes for various publications, with topics including history, science and baseball. He contributes a regular column, “The View from Mars Hill”, to the Arizona Daily Sun. In 2012 he was awarded a Viola Award as Flagstaff’s Science Educator of the Year. [email protected]

Bonnie Stevens Bonnie Stevens is an Emmy award-winning jour- nalist, broadcaster, public relations consultant, author and has served as the Flagstaff Festival of Science coordinator since 1995. Her media career includes more than 15 years in science and environmental news reporting. She hosts the weekly KNAU Arizona Public Radio science research program Brain Food; and, is the editor of Flagstaff Business News and Quad Cities Business News. Stevens has been honored with the Athena Award for business leadership and the Viola Award for Science Leadership. Stevens also is the author of the children’s science education book Quaking Aspen. BonnieStevensPR.com

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