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Radar Spectrum Engineering and Management (Ingénierie Et Gestion Du Spectre Radar)

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Radar Spectrum Engineering and Management (Ingénierie Et Gestion Du Spectre Radar) NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION AC/323(SET-182)TP/695 www.sto.nato.int STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-SET-182 Radar Spectrum Engineering and Management (Ingénierie et gestion du spectre radar) Final Report of Task Group SET-182. Published April 2016 Distribution and Availability on Back Cover NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION AC/323(SET-182)TP/695 www.sto.nato.int STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-SET-182 Radar Spectrum Engineering and Management (Ingénierie et gestion du spectre radar) Final Report of Task Group SET-182. The NATO Science and Technology Organization Science & Technology (S&T) in the NATO context is defined as the selective and rigorous generation and application of state-of-the-art, validated knowledge for defence and security purposes. S&T activities embrace scientific research, technology development, transition, application and field-testing, experimentation and a range of related scientific activities that include systems engineering, operational research and analysis, synthesis, integration and validation of knowledge derived through the scientific method. In NATO, S&T is addressed using different business models, namely a collaborative business model where NATO provides a forum where NATO Nations and partner Nations elect to use their national resources to define, conduct and promote cooperative research and information exchange, and secondly an in-house delivery business model where S&T activities are conducted in a NATO dedicated executive body, having its own personnel, capabilities and infrastructure. The mission of the NATO Science & Technology Organization (STO) is to help position the Nations’ and NATO’s S&T investments as a strategic enabler of the knowledge and technology advantage for the defence and security posture of NATO Nations and partner Nations, by conducting and promoting S&T activities that augment and leverage the capabilities and programmes of the Alliance, of the NATO Nations and the partner Nations, in support of NATO’s objectives, and contributing to NATO’s ability to enable and influence security and defence related capability development and threat mitigation in NATO Nations and partner Nations, in accordance with NATO policies. The total spectrum of this collaborative effort is addressed by six Technical Panels who manage a wide range of scientific research activities, a Group specialising in modelling and simulation, plus a Committee dedicated to supporting the information management needs of the organization. • AVT Applied Vehicle Technology Panel • HFM Human Factors and Medicine Panel • IST Information Systems Technology Panel • NMSG NATO Modelling and Simulation Group • SAS System Analysis and Studies Panel • SCI Systems Concepts and Integration Panel • SET Sensors and Electronics Technology Panel These Panels and Group are the power-house of the collaborative model and are made up of national representatives as well as recognised world-class scientists, engineers and information specialists. In addition to providing critical technical oversight, they also provide a communication link to military users and other NATO bodies. The scientific and technological work is carried out by Technical Teams, created under one or more of these eight bodies, for specific research activities which have a defined duration. These research activities can take a variety of forms, including Task Groups, Workshops, Symposia, Specialists’ Meetings, Lecture Series and Technical Courses. The content of this publication has been reproduced directly from material supplied by STO or the authors. Published April 2016 Copyright © STO/NATO 2016 All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-92-837-2095-9 Single copies of this publication or of a part of it may be made for individual use only by those organisations or individuals in NATO Nations defined by the limitation notice printed on the front cover. The approval of the STO Information Management Systems Branch is required for more than one copy to be made or an extract included in another publication. Requests to do so should be sent to the address on the back cover. ii STO-TR-SET-182 Table of Contents Page List of Figures vii List of Tables x List of Acronyms xi SET-182 Membership List xv Executive Summary and Synthèse ES-1 Chapter 1 – Introduction 1-1 1.1 Context 1-1 1.1.1 Adjacent-Band Interference Mitigation for Radar Emissions 1-2 1.1.2 Adaptive/Cognitive Emission Control 1-5 1.1.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) 1-6 1.1.4 Receiver Interference Rejection 1-6 1.2 Objectives 1-7 1.3 Study Organization 1-7 1.4 Report Structure 1-7 Chapter 2 – Improved Transmitter Spectral Purity 2-1 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Background on Spectral Cleanliness 2-3 2.2.1 Spectrally Clean Waveform Formulation 2-4 2.2.2 Spectrally Clean Transmitter Design 2-7 2.2.3 Other Recent and Current Efforts on Improving Transmitter 2-10 Spectral Cleanliness 2.2.4 Technology Watch: Adaptive Solid-State Power Amplifiers and 2-11 Optimized Waveforms 2.2.4.1 Description of the Technology 2-11 2.2.4.2 Possible Impact of the Technology on a Military 2-12 Capability 2.4.4.3 Technology Readiness Level 2-13 2.4.4.4 Related to NATO Requirements 2-13 2.3 Controlling the Pulse Rise/Fall Time 2-13 2.3.1 LiNC-PCFM Radar Implementation 2-14 2.4 Reconfigurable Amplifier Design for Flexible Spectral Mask Compliance 2-18 2.4.1 Fast Load-Impedance Search for Power-Added Efficiency and 2-19 Adjacent-Channel Power Ratio 2.4.2 Load Impedance Optimization Based Directly on PAE and Spectral 2-24 Mask Compliance 2.4.3 The Smith Tube for Joint Circuit and Waveform Design 2-27 STO-TR-SET-182 iii 2.4.4 Next Steps in Joint Circuit and Waveform Optimization for 2-31 Spectrally Sensitive, Adaptive Radar Chapter 3 – Better Receivers 3-1 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Basic Analog Radar Receiver Topology 3-1 3.3 Dynamic Range 3-2 3.4 Mixers and Downconversion 3-3 3.5 Analog Coherent Detection 3-4 3.6 Digital Coherent Detection 3-5 Chapter 4 – Passive Bistatic Radar 4-1 4.1 Background 4-1 4.2 Commensal Radar 4-6 4.3 Vertical-Plane Coverage 4-6 4.4 Conclusions and Recommendations 4-8 Chapter 5 – Cognitive Techniques 5-1 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Cognition 5-1 5.3 Conclusions and Recommendations 5-5 Chapter 6 – Regulatory Issues 6-1 6.1 Summary 6-1 6.2 Today’s and Future Radar Spectrum Environments 6-1 6.3 Current Issues of Interference Between Wireless and Radar Systems 6-2 6.4 Sharing Studies for Coexistence of Systems in the Same Band 6-4 6.5 Sharing Studies for Coexistence of Systems in Adjacent Bands 6-4 6.6 White Space 6-5 6.7 Current Radar Regulatory Standards 6-5 6.7.1 Regulatory Standards at Worldwide Level – ITU 6-5 6.7.2 Regulatory Standards at European Level – NATO 6-6 6.7.3 Spectrum Enforcement and Legal Issues 6-6 6.7.4 Common Definitions 6-7 6.8 Spectrum Regulatory Discussions 6-8 6.8.1 Spectrum Regulatory Discussions at National Level 6-8 6.8.2 Spectrum Regulatory Discussions at Regional Level 6-8 6.8.3 Spectrum Regulatory Discussions at ITU-R Level 6-8 6.8.4 WRC 2015 Agenda Items Related to Radars 6-9 Chapter 7 – Conclusions and Recommendations 7-1 7.1 Summary and Conclusions 7-1 7.2 Recommendations 7-1 iv STO-TR-SET-182 Chapter 8 – References 8-1 Annex A – List of Meetings A-1 Annex B – Bibliography of Work/Outputs of SET-182 B-1 B.1 Book Chapters B-1 B.2 Journals B-1 B.3 Conferences/Workshops B-2 B.4 Journal Special Issue B-5 B.5 Conference Activities B-5 B.6 Tutorials B-5 B.7 Technical Committee B-6 B.8 SET-204 Two-day Specialists’ Meeting on “Waveform Diversity” B-6 29/30 September 2014, Berlin, Germany Annex C – Summary of SET-066 Report C-1 C.1 Introduction C-1 C.2 The Nature of the Problem C-1 C.3 Objectives C-2 C.4 Report Structure C-3 C.5 Mechanisms Which Cause Interference Between Military Radar and C-3 Civil Telecommunications C.5.1 Challenges Imposed on Radar Services C-3 C.5.1.1 Current Environment C-3 C.5.1.2 Future Environment C-4 C.5.1.3 Technical Reasoning C-5 C.5.1.4 Economic Reasoning C-5 C.5.2 The Nature of Interference C-6 C.5.2.1 In-Band Interference C-8 C.5.2.2 Out-Of-Band (OOB) Interference C-8 C.5.2.3 Spurious Band Interference C-8 C.5.3 Features that Affect the Interference Seen in the System C-9 C.5.3.1 Incident Field Strength C-9 C.5.3.2 Radar Receiver Selectivity C-9 C.5.3.3 Spurious Emission Limits of Interference Source C-10 C.5.3.4 Presence of Spurious Pass-Bands in Victim Receiver C-10 C.5.3.5 Radar Receiver Linearity C-10 C.5.3.6 Interference Frequency Offset C-10 C.5.3.7 Polarisation C-10 C.5.3.8 Modulation or Coding Used in the Radar C-11 C.5.3.9 Radar Receiver/Processor Mode of Operation C-13 C.5.4 Initial Considerations of Interference Mechanisms in the Radar C-13 Receiver C.5.4.1 Consideration of Interference-to-Noise Ratio I/N C-13 C.5.4.2 L-Band Range Reduction Caused by Variation in I/N C-13 STO-TR-SET-182 v C.5.4.3 Hostile Source Transmit Power Required to Cause C-15 Range Reduction C.5.4.4 Variation in Detection Probability (Pd) Due to C-16 Variation in I/N C.5.4.5 Receiver Blocking C-19 C.5.4.6 Range Accuracy C-20 C.5.4.7 Azimuth Accuracy C-21 C.5.4.8 Effects on Other Parameters C-25 C.5.4.9 Permanent Effects C-26 C.5.5 Some Interference Scenarios C-26 C.5.5.1 Scenario 1 – Interference Signals in the Frequency C-26 Domain C.5.5.2 Scenario 2 – Interference in the Time Domain C-29 C.6 Conclusions C-34 C.6.1 General C-34 C.6.2 Antennas C-34 C.6.3 Receivers C-35 C.6.4 Impact on Military Radars C-35 C.6.5 Impact of UWB C-35 C.6.6 Transmitter C-36 C.7 Reference C-36 vi STO-TR-SET-182 List of Figures Figure Page
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