Assessment on Use of Spectrum in the 10-17 Ghz Band for the GSO Fixed-Satellite Service in Region 1
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5G Candidate Band Study
5G Candidate Band Study Study on the Suitability of Potential Candidate Frequency Bands above 6GHz for Future 5G Mobile Broadband Systems Final Report to Ofcom, March 2015 Contributors Steve Methley, William Webb, Stuart Walker, John Parker Quotient Associates Limited Compass House, Vision Park, Chivers Way, Histon, Cambridge, CB24 9AD, UK EMAIL [email protected] WEB www.QuotientAssociates.com Ver si on 02 Status Approved History Reviewed by Ofcom Type Public 5G Candidate Band Study | Contributors Final Report : qa1015 © Quotient Associates Ltd. 2015 Commercial in Confidence. No part of the contents of this document may be disclosed, used or reproduced in any form, or by any means, without the prior written consent of Quotient Associates Ltd. ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Objective and scope Within industry and academia there is significant activity in research and development towards the next generation of mobile broadband technologies (5G). Coupled with this there is increasing interest in identifying the frequency bands that will be needed to deliver 5G services. At the moment there is no overall consensus on what 5G will actually be. Work in ITU-R (WP5D) is ongoing to develop a vision for 5G (IMT 2020) including identifying the target capabilities. It is, however, widely accepted that at least one element of 5G will require the use of spectrum bands at much higher frequencies than those that current mobile broadband technologies can make use of, e.g. bands above 6 GHz. A first step currently being discussed is a proposal for an agenda item for the World Radio Conference after next (WRC-19) to identify suitable high frequency spectrum for 5G in the ITU Radio Regulations. -
Design of SWB Antenna with Triple Band Notch Characteristics for Multipurpose Wireless Applications
applied sciences Article Design of SWB Antenna with Triple Band Notch Characteristics for Multipurpose Wireless Applications Warsha Balani 1, Mrinal Sarvagya 1, Tanweer Ali 2,* , Ajit Samasgikar 3, Saumya Das 4, Pradeep Kumar 5,* and Jaume Anguera 6,7 1 School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Reva University, Bangalore 560064, India; [email protected] (W.B.); [email protected] (M.S.) 2 Department of Electronics and Communication, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India 3 MMRFIC Technology Pvt Ltd., Bangalore 560016, India; [email protected] 4 Department of Information Technology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Sikkim Manipal University, Sikkim 737102, India; [email protected] 5 Discipline of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa 6 Fractus Antennas, 08174 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] 7 Electronics and Telecommunication Department, Universitat Ramon LLull, 08022 Barcelona, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.A.); [email protected] (P.K.) Abstract: A compact concentric structured monopole antenna for super wide band (SWB) applica- tions with triple notch band characteristics is designed and experimentally validated. The antenna covers an immense impedance bandwidth (1.6–47.5 GHz) with sharp triple notch bands at 1.8– 2.2 GHz, 4–7.2 GHz, and 9.8–10.4 GHz to eliminate interference from co-existing advanced wireless services (AWS), C bands, and X bands, respectively. By loading an E-shaped stub connected at the top of the patch and by etching a split elliptical slot at the lower end of the radiating patch, the band rejection characteristics from 1.8–2.2 GHz for the AWS and 4–7.2 GHz for the C band are achieved, Citation: Balani, W.; Sarvagya, M.; respectively. -
ITU-R FAQ on the Digital Dividend and the Digital Switchover (DSO)
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION – RADIOCOMMUNICATION SECTOR ITU-R FAQ on the DIGITAL DIVIDEND and the DIGITAL SWITCHOVER A: DIGITAL DIVIDEND Question: What is the Digital Dividend? The digital dividend is the amount of spectrum made available by the transition of terrestrial television broadcasting from analogue to digital. Question: What makes the Digital Dividend possible? The Digital Dividend is made possible by the transition from analogue to digital TV broadcasting as a result of the improved spectrum efficiency provided by the new digital technologies: a) Digital video compression reduces the transmission size (bits) of the video signal. As a result, instead of one analogue TV programme several (typical four to twelve) digital programmes of equivalent quality can be broadcast in the same 6-, 7- or 8-MHz wide channel. b) Digital modulation (COFDM) minimizes the multipath interference effect (phenomena when the signal is received directly from the transmitter and as reflection from various objects). Consequently, the signal level required for good TV reception is significantly lower for digital, hence transmitter power is lower. Since the need to cope with multipath reception is reduced, this may also lead to a decrease in the number of broadcasting stations. c) The re-use distance is smaller, i.e. the same frequency or TV channel (for other programmes) can be used at locations that are closer to each other than in the analogue case. This reduction in the re-use distance is due to the fact that digital TV can operate at significantly lower protection ratios than analogue TV. d) The same frequency can be used by adjacent transmitters as long as the same broadcast content is transmitted, i.e. -
SPECTRUM for MOBILE Digital Dividend Status
SPECTRUM FOR MOBILE Digital Dividend Status Peter Lyons, Head of Middle East and North Africa, Government & Regulatory Affairs, GSMA 11 APRIL 2013 17 MAY 2014 © GSMA 2014 GSMA OVERVIEW GSMA BY THE NUMBERS SPECTRUM FOR MOBILE © GSMA 2014 ENABLING A MOBILE FUTURE ACCELERATING MOBILE INNOVATION THROUGH GLOBAL INITIATIVES FUTURE COMMUNICATIONS CONNECTED LIVING Creating an enhanced mobile experience via Realising the potential of connected devices voice-over-IP, messaging and content- across many sectors to improve lives sharing applications MOBILE COMMERCE NETWORK APIs Enabling transactional services via Developing interfaces to fully exploit mobile contactless radio technology network capabilities MOBILE IDENTITY SPECTRUM Authenticating users securely Promoting effective spectrum policy and and conveniently delivery of mobile broadband SPECTRUM FOR MOBILE © GSMA 2014 BENEFITS OF THE DIGITAL DIVIDEND ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE SUB 1GHZ BANDS The benefits of sub-1GHz spectrum are crucial for high quality, cost effective mobile broadband deployment Cell radius Ideal for economically deploying mobile broadband over large areas - especially in rural areas <700MHz 700MHz Improved saturation in urban areas and better in- 800MHz building penetration improves quality of service 2100MHz 5800MHz The digital dividend means more 1GHz spectrum is being made available for mobile broadband services around the world SPECTRUM FOR MOBILE © GSMA 2014 THE DIGITAL DIVIDEND AS TELEVISION BROADCASTING MOVES TO DIGITAL, MORE CAN BE DONE WITH LESS SPECTRUM. Unique opportunity -
International Harmonisation and National Spectrum Management
Imperfect Harmony: International harmonisation and national spectrum management Imperfect Harmony: International harmonisation and national spectrum management Introduction Final preparations are underway for the World Radiocommunication Conference 2019 (WRC-19), a two-month conference beginning this October in Egypt. The world radiocommunication conference (WRC) is held every three to four years, with the overarching objective to review and revise the Radio Regulations. The Radio Regulations are international treaties between member states of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)1 that govern the use of radio spectrum and satellite orbits. International governance of radio spectrum use aims to reduce cross-border interference and develop equipment ecosystems. This is done by regional (or global) allocation of frequencies for particular communications services2 and through implementation of technical and regulator standards. This process is referred to as spectrum harmonisation. Although spectrum harmonisation is an international effort, spectrum resources are (typically) managed and assigned at a national level. Harmonisation can therefore limit the decisions of national spectrum managers, and there may be instances where the collective international interest does not align with national interests. Though the role of spectrum harmonisation and role of cross-country coordination between national spectrum managers are well established, this essay discusses the benefits and limitations of harmonisation and considers emerging coordination issues that need to be addressed at national and international scale3. This essay argues that the harmonisation facilitates benefits of coordination – but fundamentally cannot deliver without national action. It also supports the view that national spectrum managers should, at times, prioritise national interests over international harmonisation. The essay concludes by summarising future issues beyond the scope of coordination that are relevant to cross-country coordination. -
Terahertz (Thz) Generator and Detection
Electrical Science & Engineering | Volume 02 | Issue 01 | April 2020 Electrical Science & Engineering https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/ese REVIEW Terahertz (THz) Generator and Detection Jitao Li#,* Jie Li# School of Precision Instruments and OptoElectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China #Authors contribute equally to this work. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history In the whole research process of electromagnetic wave, the research of Received: 26 March 2020 terahertz wave belongs to a blank for a long time, which is the least known and least developed by far. But now, people are trying to make up the blank Accepted: 30 March 2020 and develop terahertz better and better. The charm of terahertz wave origi- Published Online: 30 April 2020 nates from its multiple attributes, including electromagnetic field attribute, photon attribute and thermal attribute, which also attracts the attention of Keywords: researchers in different fields and different countries, and also terahertz Terahertz technology have been rated as one of the top ten technologies to change the future world by the United States. The multiple attributes of terahertz make Generation it have broad application prospects in military and civil fields, such as med- Detection ical imaging, astronomical observation, 6G communication, environmental monitoring and material analysis. It is no exaggeration to say that mastering terahertz technology means mastering the future. However, it is because of the multiple attributes of terahertz that the terahertz wave is difficult to be mastered. Although terahertz has been applied in some fields, controlling terahertz (such as generation and detection) is still an important issue. Now- adays, a variety of terahertz generation and detection technologies have been developed and continuously improved. -
TS 101 756 V1.2.1 (2005-01) Technical Specification
ETSI TS 101 756 V1.2.1 (2005-01) Technical Specification Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB); Registered Tables European Broadcasting Union Union Européenne de Radio-Télévision EBU·UER 2 ETSI TS 101 756 V1.2.1 (2005-01) Reference RTS/JTC-DAB-32 Keywords DAB, digital, audio, broadcasting, radio, broadcast, registration ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: http://portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. -
Molecfit: a General Tool for Telluric Absorption Correction I
A&A 576, A77 (2015) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201423932 & c ESO 2015 Astrophysics Molecfit: A general tool for telluric absorption correction I. Method and application to ESO instruments?;?? A. Smette1, H. Sana1;2, S. Noll3, H. Horst1;4, W. Kausch3;5, S. Kimeswenger6;3, M. Barden7, C. Szyszka3, A. M. Jones3, A. Gallenne8, J. Vinther9, P. Ballester9, and J. Taylor9 1 European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Alonso de Cordova 3107 Vitacura, Santiago, Chile e-mail: [email protected] 2 now at ESA/Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA 3 Institute for Astro and Particle Physics, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria 4 Josef-Führer-Straße 33, 80997 München, Germany 5 University of Vienna, Department of Astrophysics, Türkenschanzstr. 17 (Sternwarte), 1180 Vienna, Austria 6 Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile 7 International Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 17, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany 8 Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile 9 European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany Received 2 April 2014 / Accepted 23 December 2014 ABSTRACT Context. The interaction of the light from astronomical objects with the constituents of the Earth’s atmosphere leads to the formation of telluric absorption lines in ground-based collected spectra. Correcting for these lines, mostly affecting the red and infrared region of the spectrum, usually relies on observations of specific stars obtained close in time and airmass to the science targets, therefore using precious observing time. -
Guidelines for the Preparation of a National Table of Frequency Allocations (NTFA)
INFRASTRUCTURE International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Development Bureau Place des Nations Guidelines for the preparation of a CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland NATIONAL TABLE OF www.itu.int FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS (NTFA) ISBN 978-92-61-15591-9 9 7 8 9 2 6 1 1 5 5 9 1 9 Printed in Switzerland Geneva, 2015 07/2015 (NTFA) ALLOCATIONS OF FREQUENCY TABLE A NATIONAL OF THE PREPARATION GUIDELINES FOR Telecommunication Development Sector Guidelines for the preparation of a National Table of Frequency Allocations (NTFA) These guidelines focus on the detailed preparation of a National Table of Frequency Allocation (NTFA). In addition it is providing a brief overview of the essential requirements of the international and national spectrum framework(s) to assist in the understanding of how an NTFA should operate within these frameworks. This report was prepared by ITU expert Terence Jeacock, under the supervision of the ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT) Spectrum Management and Broadcasting Division and with the co-operation of the ITU Radiocommunication Bureau (BR). Please consider the environment before printing this report. ITU 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Guidelines for the preparation of a National Table of Frequency Allocations (NTFA) Table of contents Page 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 2 The ITU Radio -
Polarimetric Remote Sensing in Oxygen a and B Bands: Sensitivity Study and Information Content Analysis for Vertical Profile of Aerosols
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 2077–2092, 2016 www.atmos-meas-tech.net/9/2077/2016/ doi:10.5194/amt-9-2077-2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Polarimetric remote sensing in oxygen A and B bands: sensitivity study and information content analysis for vertical profile of aerosols Shouguo Ding1,a, Jun Wang1, and Xiaoguang Xu1 1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA anow at: Earth Resources Technological Inc., Laurel, MD 20707, USA Correspondence to: Jun Wang ([email protected]) Received: 5 November 2015 – Published in Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss.: 18 January 2016 Revised: 18 April 2016 – Accepted: 25 April 2016 – Published: 11 May 2016 Abstract. Theoretical analysis is conducted to reveal the in- spheric window channels for retrieving the vertical profiles formation content of aerosol vertical profile in space-borne of aerosols, especially highly scattering aerosols, over land. measurements of the backscattered radiance and degree of linear polarization (DOLP) in oxygen (O2/ A and B bands. Assuming a quasi-Gaussian shape for aerosol vertical pro- file characterized by peak height H and half width γ (at half 1 Introduction maximum), the Unified Linearized Vector Radiative Trans- fer Model (UNL-VRTM) is used to simulate the Stokes four- Aerosols are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and play an im- vector elements of upwelling radiation at the top of atmo- portant role in the climate system through their direct effects sphere (TOA) and their Jacobians with respect to H and γ . on the transfer of radiative energy (Forster et al., 2007) and Calculations for different aerosol types and different combi- indirect effects on cloud microphysical properties by serving nations of H and γ values show that the wide range of gas as cloud condensation nuclei (Twomey, 1977). -
Cognitive Radio in NATO (STO-TR-IST-077)
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION AC/323(IST-077)TP/497 www.sto.nato.int STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-IST-077 Cognitive Radio in NATO (La radio cognitive au sein de l’OTAN) Findings of Task Group IST-077. Published January 2014 Distribution and Availability on Back Cover NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION AC/323(IST-077)TP/479 www.sto.nato.int STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-IST-077 Cognitive Radio in NATO (La radio cognitive au sein de l’OTAN) Findings of Task Group IST-077. The NATO Science and Technology Organization Science & Technology (S&T) in the NATO context is defined as the selective and rigorous generation and application of state-of-the-art, validated knowledge for defence and security purposes. S&T activities embrace scientific research, technology development, transition, application and field-testing, experimentation and a range of related scientific activities that include systems engineering, operational research and analysis, synthesis, integration and validation of knowledge derived through the scientific method. In NATO, S&T is addressed using different business models, namely a collaborative business model where NATO provides a forum where NATO Nations and partner Nations elect to use their national resources to define, conduct and promote cooperative research and information exchange, and secondly an in-house delivery business model where S&T activities are conducted in a NATO dedicated executive body, having its own personnel, capabilities and infrastructure. -
Deliverable)D2.2) Regulatory,)Standardisation)And)Technology)Framework)
CoRaSat' COgnitive'RAdio'for'SATellite'Communications' FP7;ICT'' Collaborative+Project+/+Grant+Agreement+no.:+316779+ Collaborative+Project+ + ' Deliverable)D2.2) Regulatory,)Standardisation)and)Technology)Framework) + Project+acronym:+ + CoRaSat+ Project+full+title:++ COgnitive+RAdio+for+SATellite+Communications+ Grant+agreement+no:+ 316779+ Project+web+site:+ + www.ict-corasat.eu+ ' Deliverable+No.++ D2.2+ Delivery+Date+ M9+ WorK+PacKage+No.+ 2+ WorK+PacKage+Title:+ CoRaSat+ FrameworK+ and+ Scenarios+Definition+ Authors+(Partner)+(Per+Beneficiary,+if+more+ K.+Liolis,+G.+Schlueter,+J.+Krause,+F.+Zimmer+(SES)+ than+one+Beneficiary+provide+it+together)+ S.+ Chatzinotas,+ D.+ Kapetanovic,+ S.+ Krisha+ Sharma,+ M.+ Butt+(UL)+ T.+Gallet,+L.+Combelles,+E.+Corbel+(TAS)+ M.+LóPez/Benítez,+B.+Evans+(UNIS)+ J.+Grotz+(NTC)+ A.+Vanelli/Coralli,+D.+Tarchi,+A.+Guidotti+(UNIBO)+ Status+(F:+final;+D:+draft;+RD:+revised+draft):+ F+ Dissemination+level:+ PU+ (PU+ =+ Public;+ PP+ =+ Restricted+ to+ other+ Program+ participants;+RE+=+Restricted+to+a+grouP+sPecified+by+ the+ consortium;+ CO+ =+ Confidential,+ only+ for+ members+of+the+consortium.+ File+Name:+ CoRaSat_Del_D2_2_r1_v0.docx+ Project+start+date+and+duration+ 01+October+2012,+36+month+ ICT−316779'CoRaSat' Deliverable'D2.2 INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Release'1.0' page.'2'of'269 ICT−316779'CoRaSat' Deliverable'D2.2 T ABLE OF C ONTENTS 1' EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 5' 2' SCOPE AND STRUCTURE