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Christopher White Table of Contents
Christopher White Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Peter the “rock”? ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Churches change over time ...................................................................................................................... 6 The Church and her earthly pilgrimage .................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1 The Apostle Peter (d. 64?) : First Bishop and Pope of Rome? .................................................. 11 Peter in Rome ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Yes and No .............................................................................................................................................. 13 The death of Peter .................................................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 2 Pope Sylvester (314-335): Constantine’s Pope ......................................................................... 16 Constantine and his imprint .................................................................................................................... 17 “Remembering” Sylvester ...................................................................................................................... -
Counter-Reformation Rome As Caput Mundi
chapter 7 Romanus and Catholicus: Counter-Reformation Rome as Caput Mundi Simon Ditchfield Rome is not just a place to visit but an idea to “think with.” When Rome became headquarters of the first world religion with followers on all four continents then known to Europeans—Europe, Asia, Africa, and America—the Eternal City had been Christian for more than a millennium. In his famous sermon delivered on the feast of Sts. Peter and Paul (29 June), Pope Leo I (r.440–61) un- equivocally promoted the connection between Christian Rome and the “heav- enly Kingdom” of a celestial Jerusalem: For these are the men, through whom the light of Christ’s gospel shone on you, O Rome, and through whom you, who was the teacher of error, were made the disciple of Truth. These are your holy Fathers and true shepherds, who gave you claims to be numbered among the heavenly kingdoms, and built you under much better and happier auspices than they, by whose zeal the first foundations of your walls were laid: and of whom the one that gave you your name [Romulus] defiled you with his brother’s blood. These are they who promoted you to such glory, that being made a holy nation, a chosen people, a priestly and royal state [1 Peter 2:9], and the head of the world [caput mundi] through blessed Peter’s Holy See you attained a wider sway by the worship of God than by earthly government.1 In the early modern era, this very claim that Rome be considered caput mundi through the authority of St. -
Through the Eye of the Dragon: an Examination of the Artistic Patronage of Pope Gregory XIII (1572-1585)
Through the eye of the Dragon: An Examination of the Artistic Patronage of Pope Gregory XIII (1572-1585). Vol.1 Title of Degree: PhD Date of Submission: August 2019 Name: Jacqueline Christine Carey I declare that this thesis has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this or any other University and it is entirely my own work. I agree to deposit this thesis in the University’s open access institutional repository or allow the library to do so on my behalf, subject to Irish Copyright Legislation and Trinity College Library conditions of use and acknowledgement. For Sadie and Lilly Summary This subject of this thesis is the artistic patronage of Pope Gregory XIII (1572-1585). It examines the contribution of the individual patron to his patronage with a view to providing a more intense reading of his artistic programmes. This approach is derived from the individual interests, influences, and ambitions of Gregory XIII. It contrasts with periodization approaches that employ ‘Counter Reformation’ ideas to interpret his patronage. This thesis uses archival materials, contemporaneous primary sources, modern specialist literature, and multi-disciplinary sources in combination with a visual and iconographic analysis of Gregory XIII’s artistic programmes to develop and understanding of its subject. Chapter one examines the efficacy and impact of employing a ‘Counter-Reformation’ approach to interpret Gregory XIII’s artistic patronage. It finds this approach to be too general, ill defined, and reductionist to provide an intense reading of his artistic programmes. Chapter two explores the antecedent influences that determined Gregory XIII’s approach to his papal patronage and an overview of this patronage. -
The Popes and the Rosary 17
The Popes and the CJ(osary By BRO. CYRIL DORE, 0 . P. ROM the thirteenth century down to our own day the successors of St. Peter manifested an ardent desire to see the Rosary devotion extended throughout the universal Church. This desire has expressed itself in some of the most sublime words that have ever come from a source noted for striking utterances. The nature of the con stituent parts of the Rosary, its excellence and its efficacy have never been set forth more succinctly and authoritatively than in documents that have emenated from the See of Peter. In these Papal pronouncements we see manifested an ardent and sincere appeal to the Catholic World, encouraging the faithful to a greater devotion and reverence for the mysteries of the life, suffering and glory of Our Lord Jesus Christ and to a more generous love for Mary, the Queen of the Most Holy Ro sary. It is also worthy of note that more than forty-two Popes have given proof of an all-consuming zeal in no less than one hundred and ninety documents, all of which radiate with their love for the Marian Psalter. That some of the pronouncements, among this vast wealth of Papal literature, have been lost, is not at all to be wondered at. When we consider the number of years that have elapsed, during which these documents were scattered all over Europe, we are forced to marvel at the great number that have been preserved. Besides, many of the earlier documents on Rosary devotion were written to a particular locality or to commem orate a passing event. -
The Massacre of St. Bartholomew, Instigated by the Pope of Rome
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. @fjUF. COFllrin~f l]nJJ CI' ~helf :"R~ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 'rite Ma~~cte of St. 1BatthololIlevv. (ILLUSTKATEDo) PREFAOE - A great contest has begun in onr country. Tile Romau Catho!ic Hierarchy has declared its intention to take possession of this Be-' public, to extirpate Protestantism and compel all mell to bend the knee before its altar~. Order~ have cOllle from Home to destroy our public school system - the corner stone of a free gOTeI'nllJent - and those orders ~re being executed to the utmost. The press is largely under control of the papal priesthood-so much of it as i~ Hot so controlled ,vill no·t publish any thing refiecting on the hierarchy for fear of offending theil' Homan Catholic readers, anrl so 108in~' subscribers. 'fhougb this remark applies more partie ularly to the secular press, yet those religIOUS pnblications - the Ol'galls of the \Tarious protestant clmrcbes s£'em timid and fear to set fortlJ the whole truth respectiNg the eyil designs or Rome upon the liberties of the people of the United States. Still, siIlce the late bold a.ttack - of Home upon our school system, whiclt attack seemed to culminate in Boston, the American peop . l.ve begun to inquire as to this fearful power, ~which has its bend in I u foriegn land. What are its principlrs, wha.t its history, and its aims in this country, are some' of4ihe inquiries now being made by thousands of American citizens. To meet the demand for such information about 20 independent newspa. pel's have come lllto existence, a,lld they are telling tile wllOle truth without fear or favor. -
The Papacy and the Art of Reform in Sixteenth-Century Rome
THE PAPACY AND THE ART OF REFORM IN SIXTEENTH-CENTURY ROME From his election in 1572 to his death in 1585, Pope Gregory XIII, schooled in the upheavals in the Catholic Church that marked the preceding violent decades, undertook to mend and reform the institution he headed by building and restoring Rome’s streets, churches, and public monuments. One major monument, unstudied heretofore, is the three-story apart- ment called the Tower of the Winds rising up from the Vatican Palace. It was built and painted to celebrate the most famous achievement of Gregory’s papacy, the calendar reform. The program of the entire tower proclaimed with assurance not only Gregory’s political and religious authority over the capital, but also Gregory’s domination of nature, time, and past and present cultures. Its innovations in architecture and decoration – efflorescent Flemish landscapes in all of its seven rooms – and its wider religious and political purpose in the cul- ture of Gregorian Rome and the Counter Reformation, are the subject of this book. Nicola Courtright is associate professor of fine arts at Amherst College. A scholar of Baroque art, she is a Fulbright and American Academy in Rome Fellow. THE PAPACY AND THE ART OF REFORM IN SIXTEENTH-CENTURY i ROME j GREGORY XIII’S TOWER OF THE WINDS IN THE VATICAN nicola courtright Amherst College published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, usa 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Nicola Courtright 2003 This book is in copyright. -
The Theater of Piety: Sacred Operas for the Barberini Family In
The Theater of Piety: Sacred Operas for the Barberini Family (Rome, 1632-1643) Virginia Christy Lamothe A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Music. Chapel Hill 2009 Approved by: Tim Carter, chair Annegret Fauser Anne MacNeil John Nádas Jocelyn Neal © 2009 Virginia Christy Lamothe ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii Abstract Virginia Christy Lamothe: “The Theater of Piety: Sacred Operas for the Barberini Family (Rome, 1632-1643)” (Under the direction of Tim Carter) In a time of religious war, plague, and reformation, Pope Urban VIII and his cardinal- nephews Antonio and Francesco Barberini sought to establish the authority of the Catholic Church by inspiring audiences of Rome with visions of the heroic deeds of saints. One way in which they did this was by commissioning operas based on the lives of saints from the poet Giulio Rospigliosi (later Pope Clement IX), and papal musicians Stefano Landi and Virgilio Mazzocchi. Aside from the merit of providing an in-depth look at four of these little-known works, Sant’Alessio (1632, 1634), Santi Didimo e Teodora (1635), San Bonifatio (1638), and Sant’Eustachio (1643), this dissertation also discusses how these operas reveal changing ideas of faith, civic pride, death and salvation, education, and the role of women during the first half of the seventeenth century. The analysis of the music and the drama stems from studies of the surviving manuscript scores, libretti, payment records and letters about the first performances. -
History & the Bible: HIS-Story
History & The Bible: HIS-Story – God’s Divine Hand in World Events There is a study of history that is not to be condemned. Sacred history was one of the studies in the schools of the prophets. In the record of His dealings with the nations were traced the footsteps of Jehovah. So today we are to consider the dealings of God with the nations of the earth. We are to see in history the fulfillment of prophecy, to study the workings of Providence in the great reformatory movements, and to understand the progress of events in the marshalling of the nations for the final conflict of the great controversy. – {8T 307.2} ~2166BC Abram Born in Ur of the Chaldeans ~2091BC Abram and Sarai move to Canaan with Lot ~2066BC Isaac born to Abraham and Sarah ~2006BC Esau and Jacob born to Isaac and Rebecca ~1915BC Joseph born to Rachel ~1876BC Jacob moves family to Egypt and settles in Goshen ~1890BC Children of Israel become slaves in Egypt ~1530BC Moses Born ~1490BC Moses Fled Egypt as a fugitive March 17, 1450BC Exodus of Children of Israel from Egypt ~1050-1011BC Reign of King Saul ~1011-971BC Reign of King David ~971-931BC Reign of King Solomon 797BC Cyrus identified by God through Isaiah the prophet to be the eventual conqueror of Babylonian Empire approx. 150yrs prior to his birth (Isa 45:1-3). 742BC Isaiah gives prophecy of Isaiah 7:8 foretelling captivity of Samaria and Judah within 65yrs for apostasies spoken in Lev 26. 19yrs later, in 723BC, Samaria is subdued and 65yrs later, 677BC, the progressive fall of Judah with the capture of Manassah occurs, according to Jeremiah 50:17-20 (Patriarchs & Prophets 382.3). -
The Lives and Times of the Popes
in n- COLLEG 17 ts)?='?^^C3 -j^^=r^ = 0" K=7=n £=—=r>- 1 ~> g 1 r> m 1 •;- L^^t^><f EDITION DE LUXE Limited to one thousand numbered and registered sets Set No. SHIMON PETRVS-PPAPA BETHSAIDENSIS > THE LIVES AND TIMES OF THE POPES INCLUDING THE COMPLETE GALLERY OF THE PORTRAITS OF THE PONTIFFS REPRODUCED FROM "EFFIGIES PONTIFICUM ROMANORUM DOMINICI BASAE" BEING A SERIES OF VOLUMES GIVING THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD DURING THE CHRISTIAN ERA RETRANSLATED, REVISED, AND WRITTEN UP TO DATE FROM LES VIES DES PAPES BY THE CHEVALIER ARTAUD DE MONTOR IN TEN VOLUMES NEW YORK THE CATHOLIC PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA NOV 28 1941 Nihil Obstat REMIGIUS LAFORT, S.T.L. CENSOR Imprimatur 9B9BJOHN M. FARLEY, D.D. ARCHBISHOP OF NEW YORK New York, February i, 1911 Copyright, 1911, by THE CATHOLIC PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA THE LIVES AND TIMES OF THE POPES THE LIVES AND TIMES OF THE POPES 1 SAINT PETER—A.D. 42 SAINT PETER, the Prince of the Apostles, and first of the Christian pontiffs, was originally named Si- mon. His father was a fisherman of Bethsaida, near the Lake of Gennesareth, in Galilee, which was also the birthplace of his brother, Saint Andrew. When Simon was about forty years old his brother presented him to our Sa- viour, who, receiving him as one of his apostles, surnamed him Cephas, which in the Syriac signifies Stone, or Rock. "Upon this Rock I will build my Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it." By these words our Saviour intimated that, in raising Saint Peter to the dignity of the chief of the apostles, he made that dignity the foundation- stone of his Church. -
History of Science
ALOYSIUS LILIUS AUTHOR OF THE GREGORIAN REFORM OF THE CALENDAR Francesco Vizza* Abstract During the 16th century the disagreement between the dates of the Julian calendar, that had been in use since 46 BC and the vernal equinox, necessitated a correction to the computational rules used to regulate the flow of time. This was a very difficult task as it was necessary to resynchronize the civil time with celestial indicators, maintaining a lien adamant: the date of the vernal equinox, conventionally fixed perennially on March 21. In fact, during the Nicaea Council (325) the celebration of Easter was fixed on the first Sunday following the XIV Moon (Full Moon) belonging to the first month after the vernal equinox. Aloysius Lilius, a physician, astronomer and mathematician, using imprecise astronomical data contained in tables from three centuries before, was able to elaborate a calendar that has stood the test of time. By the use of two equations he was able to synchronize the solar and lunar cycles and to develop a useful tool, named the epact cycle, to determine without uncertainty the Easter date. Furthermore, the Lilian method offers the possibility to correct the calendar according to the variation of the tropic year during time. Unfortunately, only a few details of his personal life are known. Indeed, he has left only a few faint traces in public or private archives, so that today his name is almost unknown. In this paper are reported the few details known of his life and a reconstruction of his plan for the calendar reform. * Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Componds (ICCOM-CNR) Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Italy), E-mail: [email protected] 1 1. -
Santa Maria Maggiore St Mary Major
Santa Maria Maggiore St Mary Major Piazza di Santa Maria Maggiore Santa Maria Maggiore is a 5th century papal basilica, located in the rione Monti. and is notable for its extensive Early Christian mosaics. The basilica is built on the summit of the Esquiline hill, which was once a commanding position. (1) (i)! History Ancient times The church is on the ancient Cispius, the main summit of the Esquiline Hill, which in ancient times was not a heavily built-up area. Near the site had been a Roman temple dedicated to a goddess of childbirth, Juno Lucina, much frequented by women in late pregnancy. Archaeological investigations under the basilica between 1966 and 1971 revealed a 1st century building, it seems to have belonged to a villa complex of the Neratii family. (1) (k) Liberian Basilica - Foundation legend - Civil war According to the Liber Pontificalis, this first church (the so-called Basilica Liberiana or "Liberian Basilica") was founded in the August 5, 358 by Pope Liberius. According to the legend that dates from 1288 A.D., the work was financed by a Roman patrician John, and his wife. They were childless, and so had decided to leave their fortune to the Blessed Virgin. She appeared to them in a dream, and to Pope Liberius, and told them to build a church in her honor on a site outlined by a miraculous snowfall, which occurred in August (traditionally in 358). Such a patch of snow was found on the summit of the Esquiline the following morning. The pope traced the outline of the church with his stick in the snow, and so the church was built. -
Theological Quarterly
THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY. VOL. XIII. JANUAI{Y, 1909. No. 1. "JERUSALEM, ROME, AND WASHINGTON." An Italian gentleman of pleasing address, his cloan-slrnvon face beaming happiness and his piercing eyes kindling with the enthusiasm of hope and bright prospects, stood "before a highly distinguished audience" on tho 30th of January, 1893. From the windows of the room in which he had come to speak the suave gentleman could have looked out, had he cared to do so, upon many an object dear to the hearts of citizens of the North American Republic. Ho might have been said to be standing in tho shadow of tho dome of tho Capitol of the United States, and almost within harking distance of the Presidential J\fon sion. All around him could be observed the material evido11ces of the activities of a great government. The gentleman was fully conscious of his surroundings. He was pleased to know that he was exactly where he was. I-Io loved and admired the beantiful American city on the Potomac. But his love was hardly that of the patriot, and his admiration differed from that of the tourist. Ho loved and admired the city, and tho country which had made tho city tho seat of its government, not so much for what they were at the time of his address, but for what they would be, and what he ardently hoped to be in strumental in making them, within a measurable space of time. Tho gentleman was a person of authority, but ho was not independent. At the moment of which we arc speaking he was representing a higher authority far away, and his remarks were inspired by.