Radiation Victims April 10-14, 1980

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www.laka.org | [email protected] | Ketelhuisplein 43, 1054 RD Amsterdam | 020-6168294 Proceedings of the National Citizens'Hearings for Radiation Victims April 10-14, 1980

Nat ional Committee for Radiation Victim s N ational Committee for Radiation Victims

3 17 Pennsyl vania Avenue S.E ., w ashingt on , D .C. 20003, 2021543· {) 222

The No tionul Co m niittccIor Radia tion Vict ims is

• ,\ ssisting Citizc-ns' I k a r ings in loca l a rt-as • Coo rdinat ing :" at io llal Ra d ia tio n Vic-rims Da y •In itia ting a m aj or medi a ca m pa ig n • P u b lish ing a m ont hl v m -wsh-tu-r . SI' V. \,/i" f' • D ist r ib u ti ng ra di atiou hea lth information • D irect ing T ill' n uck St O/J5 l ierv ca m p a ig n

Slt'ering Co rnm ince

R obe-r t Alvarez: Environmc-utal Policy Center Da vid Cortright . SAi'\ E Vah-rir- I Icin om- n . ln n-rfaith Coali tio n on Corp ora u - Re spons ib ility .\Iike J!'nd rzejn yk. Fellowshi p of Rccon cilia tion v' X uch-a r \\"eapons Facil ities Projcct Ad a Sanc hc z.. Vu -wpo im Syndicau- Pa m Solo. Am e rican Fri('llds Service Conuuiucc-/ Xurlcar \-\'('a p o lls Fa cilities P roject Xo rrnan Solom on. C o rnmittee- for U. S. Ve te ra ns of H iroshima a nd ;'\agasak i Kilty Tucke-r: Hc-al t h a nd Ellngy l. ea rn ing P rojec-t El r-an o r wah crs. Environmental Policy Ce-n t e- r Kunn \ \"ilso n . X a noua! Co m m it te-e- for Ra d ia tio n Victim s Contents

Introdu cti o n . Edited Excerpt s from Nati on al Citizens ' Hearings for Radiati on Victims , 2 Co mm issio n Panel Report 26 Resources 29

Ed itor: Ell i Wa lte rs

Acknowledgements

Special than ks to Karen Wilson and Mary Black for editing and proo freading assistance, to Lesley Haas for developing the photog raphs , to Nancy M ainland for typesetting the copy , and to Clarity for laying out the final copy .

Portions of the Introduction origi nally appeared in SANE WORLD Special Report, May 1980.

Photo credits: Page 6, atomic mushroom/Defe nse Dept. photo (Marine Co rps .) T/ Sgt. Joseph A. , Gudas: page 11. Paducah. Ken tucky/ DOE photo by Ed Westcott; page 15, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory/LLL photo; page 17, uranium miners/ DOE, Grand Junction Office: page 19. Ted Lombard/ Ma ine Times -Tom Jones; page 21, Bikini Atol l (july 1. 1954 )/DOE photo. A. II other photog raphs copyright 1980 by Doug Magee. NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR RADIATION VICTIMS

Sce nes from th e Nati on al Citizen s' Hearings for Rad iation Victims. A pril 10-14, 1980

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CITIZENS' HEARINGS FOR RADIATION VICTIMS Introduction

T he C itize ns' H earings for Radia tion The Hearings' fellow ship beca me That evening , people aga in gathered Victims we re uniq ue. They we re histor ce nt ra lized as J ean Ra lph rose to in the hotel lob by. This time , however , ic. For t hos e ra d ia tion vict ims. c ro wded welcome th e partici pants. Ral ph's la te th e re were no awkward sile nces .In less int o a w ashi ngt on . D.C. hotel lobby. hu sb and was ex posed to ra d ia tion wh ile th an 24 hours, no one wa s -c-or would they rep rese nt ed a n en d and a beg in serving as part of the occu pation/clean be - a lone again . T he conversa tions and ning of im m en se iru portu nce . up force in Nag asak i in September informal mee ti ngs co nt inued until th e The I le a rings ' .... ('TC a n en d [0 the iso 1945 . l Ie d ied a pa inf u l, ea rly d ea th of morning ho urs. lat ion of those people - a tomic vete ra ns, hone m a rr ow ca ncer. Ilis wife a nd nucle ar workers. dow nw in d residents ch ildren have re cei ved no co m pensa tion and ot hers -, wh o have suf fe red from from th e gov e rn ment he had served in April 13, 1980 human -m ade radia tio n a nd ha ve t he n wa rt ime. [

M vn d elsoh n: A lbe rt Einste in . one of t he world 's g reat \ '': ('1"(' ('llgagrd a t th e test sites or a t t he clean ing -up opera scientists. a nd a ma n whose own theoret ical work ha d p ro tions at Ili rosh im a a nd Nagasa ki exposed to la rge amounts vided a b asis for wha t was [0 ( orne , caught someth ing of the of radiation , to t he civili ans who were victims of th e fa llo u t pro b lem a nd the prospect. \Vril ing shortlv after till' re lease fro m nuc-lr-ar v·,'ea po ns tests, to t he people expo sed in of th ose two bom bs, he sa id tlu - follow jng: "T hro ugh the in d ust ria I a IH I commercial est a b lishmcn t s - t his is t he groul' we han' brought LO get her today, And t his represe nt s a n n-k-asr-o f a tomic e ne rgy (lUI' generation has brought in to t he histo ric o c-c-a sion. for t his is t he first tim e' tha t victims o f ra d i world t he most revolu tiona ry Force since p reh istoric m an's ation expo sure from a ll pans of tln- U nited States ha ve come di scovcrv of fire . This basic power of tlu- un iver se cannot be toge t her to sha re t hei r experiences . t he ir u ntk- rst anding . fitt e- d in tl u- outmoded co nn.'IH of narrow n a tiona lism . For a nd to sha n' t hc-ir sea rc h for n -mcdial . meaningful act ion s. theft' is no sec ret . th en' is no defense, then' is no p ossib ility of contro l of a tomic c llc rg y except through the aroused These llea rings ha w bee-n ca lled a nd orga nized understa ndi ng a nd insistenc e of t he peo ples of t he worl d ." beca use a nu m bc r of groups wirh a n interest go t to gethcr A nd in part at least . we re prese nt pa rt of those peoples o f" thc with a num ber of ind ivid ual s with d ee p concr-rus a nd prob worlrl loo king back now t hree a nd one-ha lf deca d es la ter ;H lems, Le t me u-ll you qu ick ly who the sponsoring grou ps what has follow ed th at most rev olu tio na ry of huma n discov a rc : th e A me-rica n Fr ien ds Serv in' Cornmincc and the Fcl c ries, For wha t we've witnessed has bee n a long. slow process lo wvh iP or R c- co n cilia tion, working jo intly t hro ug h t hei r :\' u of t he real izat ion of the dangers of ex posu re to radiation clea r \\'ea po ns Facil ities Project . th e Black Il ills All iance . th e c-a nrr-r product-d. th e genetic damage whi ch In-co me s Clngy a nd La it y Concerned , th c Committee fo r Vcn-raus of visihh- in ma ny cases onl y m any yea rs la te r. W e've- live-d Il iro shim a and :\'agasaki, th e Environment a l Policy Ce nt er ,

th rough a pe riod of co nsc io us d ccr-p tion . no t wa nting (0 [

and t he govern me n t wh ich has been d eeply invo lved in the Vivia n W a u-rrnan .

2 regula r basis to the fall ou t fro m at mospheric we,lpons test to uncove-r se rio us vio la tio ns in these facilities - serious ing : a nd Steve wodka. the Intr-rnational Rcprcsem a rivc of exposure to radia tion - has ne ver fined any of these the O il. Ch e-mical a nd Atomic \\'orkt'rs, a nd a healt h and conn-actors one penny, eve n when serious violations have sa fetv {'X pe-rt . bee-n UIlCO\'('f(·(l. So the reason why I' m here today is that vcvr-rul of th e victims who a re going to testifv before the Com m ission co m e from these DOE-o pe rated pia Ill s . a nd it is ou r hope th a t afte r th is n-sti mo ny comes in t his will help our CITIZENS' FOR uniou ill ge tti ng th('s(' worke rs under the prou-ction of the HEARINGS OS IIAct . whic h is a position tha t our int e rnatio na l un ion RADIATION VICTIMS has taken no w for the las t five years, ,\lo /(Id w hn: COIlg'n'ssWOlllill1 l'u u-ir- in Sc-hroe-der from De-uvr -r. Colorado i... 011(' o f the sponsors of t1H'.'i(' l h-ar-ings : "lie" !la,> as ke-d us to n -ad t lu- foll()w ill ,~ stau-nu-nr into t hr u Tllrd : I support the National Citizens' Hearings on Radiati on Victi ms. The opportunity for the victims of our nuclear hazards to tell their stories is long overdue. These are stories we must hear if we are to deal with the real consequences of the nuclear age, Questions on compensation, public and occu pati onal exposure standards, and government respons ibility for health effects associ ated with radiation are now arising. We did not foresee these problems in the dawn of the nucl ear age, so today we are not prepared with the answers. Our nuc lear program was bui lt in the name of 11 'od hu : ., . 0 ur u nion rt'prese nts a bou t 10 ,000 workers in national securit y, protecting the lives of Americans . However, as you hear these witnesses relate their tlu- n uc-h-ar ind ust rv. T hese worke rs a rt' depende nt on the experiences , one can't help but wonder who was fut u re \'ia h ility of t ha t industry for tl u-ir jobs a nd their protected , and at whose expense. livclih oods. Al till' same tim e, these workers a re also peop le As the Cong ressional representative of Denver, who are hearing the hrunt of t hc e ..i1l oUSJll'SS of this ind ustry, Colorado, thi s issue is partl cularly signifi cant to me. of the lack of co nc ern by govcrurm-nt reg-ula tors. m ore so The Denver area has the Rocky Flats plant , uranium t ha n any ot her group in the United Sta tes. T he worke-rs mining, and high levels of background radiation, to know firsthand ahout tilt' ir n-spo nsib!c alt itude o f t his ment ion just three reasons why I'll be interested in ind ustry tow ards t he prou-ction of their workers fro m radia the Hearings' findings. However, as the witnesses tion. O u r wor ker s have be-r- n at till' forefront of tryin g to get who have come from all parts of the country wi ll tell info rm at ion 10 t hc Am erican public as to the t·(}\Tr ·u p tha t you, this is a nati onal issue deserving 01 nati onal attention. is goi ng 0 11 insid e this ind ustr y. Ka re n Silkwood, for exa m These Hearing s are a smail step toward p te. was a nu -m be- r of ou r un ion , She was working with completing a huge, unpleasant task . Future genera myself a nd this inu- ru at iona l union , She was on he r way to tions will applaud us for the work we start here provid e information to a S ('U' r UTk T il1U'S reporter on the today. nig ht of 11(" 1' dr-a th. bec a use she co u ld not [rust the federal rt'gulatory ilgt'ncies to get rhc info rmation ou t to tilt' Ame rica n public or to d o anythi ng with it. \ 10st of our wo rke rs. these 10 ,000 worke rs in the OCA\\'.

3 Jet me . as a sing le m other , ado pt n ot one. but t w o beautiful. death s rq >l"t'st' nts. Ever y one of the m : for my father who was healthy littl e girls wit h olive skin and dark eyes and masses of a ll im clh-ct . who was a n educa to r, who was a writer, who cu rly hair. But they'r e not a re p lac ement for that baby that was a pot't . and who d ied way too young, w hen I thin k of lilt' d issolved. nor will t he)' ever be. co nt rib u tious II{' co uld haw made . WIl(' 1l I thi nk of my These lillie girls as t hey've grown up sa y, "Tell me you llger siste- r a nd thc beautiful toys she made and joy and abou t grandpa ," because they don't remem ber grandpa. lo\"(' th at sl\l' b rought in to t he world a nd LIlt" coru ribudcns T hey would ask : " W ou ld he like us? W hat was he like? W<'il, she co u ld han ' made, and then you mu ltiply tha t not once or d id he write neat poems? Or was he a go od teacher? When twic-e or t hree rimes. but you m u ltiply t ha t around th e lu- w ok you ou t on p icn ics. what did he d o wit h you?" And coun uy. thousa nd s o f rimes. lill' y remember A UIH Marilyn. and they ask qu estions about . .Sou thern Uta h ha s suffe red a traged y I thi nk m y nir-cr- Hill a ry. and how come she has sca rs on her ne ck unpa rulk-k-d in tlu- U.S. W(' just ha ppened to be silting in Iorn a birt h d efect . And they ask about till' baby tha t rlu- wron g pla ce whcu the winds hh-w. And still a n' , , . <1 di ssolved. bo mb wa" ck-toua u-d uudcrground yt'st('rday mo rning. .. I try to a nswer the-ir q uest ions and in the ha ck of my Ii eal h 1:\ I/O/ a t '('7Jvaliant It'!!.f/r')' to Inl!'(' 0 Ill' eliildrrn]o r Ihv mind . ove r a nd ove-r ag-ai n, I t hin k wh at a loss, m ore th an [ uturv

the cloud went ovcr c- you saw a clo ud and they kept saying Nuclear worker s and citi zens living near facilities involved in there was no danger. . . producing or testing nuclear weapons are dying, in near-epidem ic numbers, because of conti nued nuclear arms build-u p. The d ay Dirty H arry we nt over. ( Daddy) called m y The New England Jo urnal of Medicine reported findings In mother and sa id, " Keep t he child re n indoors." He wen I February 1979, from a study of Children born between 1951 and w 1958 who died 01 leukemia during that period. Twenty-si x nuclear a head a nd went about h is ork . because he had been to ld test s dumped radioactive fall out ont o Utah during those seven th a t possib ly t he on ly effect of expos ure wou ld be ste rility. years. Researchers found a 40 percent increase statewide In the and he was n't pa rticula rly wor ried abou t that because, as he leukemia inci dence lor that group of children during that time. But. l or chi ldren born in sout hern Utah-a region receiving the told m y moth er, "We already h ave our family." H e a lso was highest fallout levels-chi ldhood leukemia incidence was 250 horseback rid ing with th ree ot her frien ds wh en a cloud from percent higher than for child ren born before or alter. a test th ai ha d not been anno unced went di rec tly overhead, Several studies by the Jeffe rson County , Colorado Healt h of that he Department found that the ROCky Flats Weapons Facilit y has and th e daughte r one of these fello.....s was rid ing contami nated much of the land area near Denver with deadly plu with said Daddy looked up and said , It looks lila' the clouds tonium. As one of the deadlies t toxins known, one-bill ionth of a ojdoom . T IH'Ytu rned aroun d and rode ha ck iruo [Own. and gram of plutonium lodged in the lung is capable of producing lung cancer; fires at the faci lity during the past 20 years have of tho se fou r men. th ree have d ied of ca ncer. . . He ( Daddy ) released several hund red pounds of it into the atmosphere. Sub died of leukemia . stanti ally higher cancer rates, particularly for cancers of the testes , throat , liver. lung, and colon have been noted among men M organ : Excep t to stay in the ho use on that one occa sio n. livi ng dow nwind of Rocky Flats than for other parts of the state . Radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in British thai was t he only wa rn ing they gave you? nuclear dockyard workers have been found . The docky ard work Cat alan : Righ t. ers were followed over a 1o-year period . They were exposed to mi xed neutron-gamma radiation from the refueli ng of nuclear react ors, but most exposures were below the internationally accepted maximu m permissib le level of 5 rem per year. There was a sign ifi cant increase in chromosome damage with increas ing exposure. The Ohio State Department of Health has reported that cancer and heart disease rates in Pike County , Ohio, are four times higher than in any other county with in the state. The only major industry in this light ly populated , rural area is the DOE owned, Goodyear Atomi c-operated Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Portsmouth. A recent General Account ing Office report disclosed that the DOE is lax in protecting worker health and safety at the government-owned . contractor- operated uranium enrich ment plants in Portsmouth. Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Paducah, Kentucky. Among the mo re well-known and controversial studies of the link betw een low-level exposure to ionizing radiati on and in Preston T ruman, former creased risk 01developing cancer is the study of Hanford Nuclear Reservation workers by Thomas Mancuso. A positive correlatio n, res ident of Southern U ta h up to 25 percent chance of Increased risk and higher among older workers, has been found for cancers of the bone marrow , lung, pancreas, and colo n among workers averaging a total two racs T ruman : I ca nno t remember a day when t he atomic bomb life ti me exposure. This exposure level, less than one-half the ex and the th reat of atomic wa r h as not loomed very close . The ternal radia tion exposure allowed for workers , Is equivalent to testing sta rt ed in Nevad a on J anua ry 27 . 1951 , I was born the cumulati ve li fetime exposure individuals may receive from routi ne medical x-ravs. that same year. I ca n remember scvera l times getting up wir h t he rest of the family a nd driving ou t to m y father's

4 farm in t he mome nts before dawn and wa tc hing the western sky ligh t up wit h the flas h fro m the bombs in Nevada ap proxima tely 112 mil es away. I remembe r on occasion hearing the sound waves come over. I remember lat er in the mornings watchi ng on a cou ple of occas ions clouds come over . .. It was kind of al most a ca rn ival at mosphe re in the beginning with the radio tell ing us where the clouds were going. following the tests. a nd a lways assuring us there was no d anger. . . Thomas H. Saffer, Nation I remem ber one morning going to t he store wit h a al Coordinator of the Na friend of mine to ca sh in pop bonlcs. . .and listening to tional Association of some people fro m the town talk about a boy our age who was Atomic Veterans dying of leukemi a a nd listen ing to the details of the nose Saffer .' . ..( the ) scene th at greeted us when we ex ited the bleeds a nd the suffering he was going thro ugh.. .1 trench lines was fro m a shot by the name of Hood . which was remember asking some people why the little boy was dying. w e were told it was his time a nd tha t God wanted the lirrle fou r times the size of a bom b that was d eto na ted and hoy hack in hea ven. We asked if we could ge t the same thing dr opped on H iroshim a . It was a neutron bomb. ..it was a nd we could die . too. And we were told that yes, if it was de tonated from a height of 1500 feet. It was a frightening expe rie nce . W he n I was in the trench lines on that bomb, I our time to go . tho ught I would never leave the trench lines because . ..1 1 remember whe n the little boy died, and 1 remember was ricocheted a nd bounced off the wall from sid e to side of within a couple of years of that rime there were the stor ies of t he trench for a good ten seconds. I opened my eyes: I could simila r cases in the surro und ing areas. ..the suspicion no t see because of the dirt a nd dust and rocks th at were turn began to grow then. a nd those of us who used to ride horses bling on top of me . 1 had great d ifficulty b reathing because together, we sta rted to ref er to the atomic bomb as a I was hype rve ntil ating so badl y because I was so frighte ned. demon .. and yt'l I was a Mar ine lieut en ant and I wa s neve r supposed W e knew what fal lout was but that wa s the first time I to be frightened. knew it could kill. . .we were told how we would have to go Twenty-two physicia ns an d S32,000 in medica l in to fallou t shelt ers for maybe up to two weeks if a n atomic f'xpe nses lat er , I have yet to have a diagnosis. Yet I fully bo mb wa s dropped on the city of Los Angeles. I remember subscr ibe to the theory th at my proble ms are radia tion the puzzled look on the face of our instructor whe n I asked rela ted . on ly because of th e research I've been a ble to do in him why we have to go into a fallou t shelter if a bomb hit s the last two yea rs. I'm not alone. T he m an y members of our Los Angele s when we do n't do anything whe n they test them Association, ot her atomic vete ra ns. have go ne from doctor in Nevada . .. to doctor a ttem pt ing to get a diagnosis a nd many of them found co pies of m inutes o f Atomic Ene rgy have been u nable to obtain that d iagnosis. Commissio n meetings in 1955 and we hear co mmissioners of I am representing the ( Na tiona l) Associatio n ( of the AEC say ing th ings like : " People have got ro lea rn to live Atomi c Ve-u-raus) . and we arc int erested in contacting other with the fac ts of life and part of the fact s of life a re fall ou t. " a tomic vet era ns . othe r veterans of the 250,000 people who pardciparcd in nuclear weapons test ing. We're hcadquar . . •atomic bombs we ren't the only things tha t exposed tcred in Bu rling ton , Iowa , and we are the re for the express us to radiation. There were some hideous plu tonium and purpose of assisting the veteran in filing cla im s. We publish u raniu m d ispersal experiments tha t were ca rried OU L And a ncwsleucr. and we provide lega l assistance and other as there were a lso tests on a n atomic rocket engi ne which sistance in helping him file a claim. .. leaked radiati on into the at mosphere. ..the dangers of 1 wil l neve r forget the day...1 read in the fronl page of ra dia lion to the citizens of Utah and downwind from the Nevada T est Site d id nOI en d in J uly of 1962. They persist the Los Angeles Ti mes. . .that stated , "A-T est Vete ra ns to until th is da y with vent ing. with the cra tcring rests that went Get More Aid ." Now . nea rly a year la ter. I'd like to recoun t on u ntil 1968 and it's got to end. Enough is enough. If the to you some of th e types of a id we've been abl e to receive. government doe sn' t believe us, and doesn't want to he lp, T he first type of a id that we've been a ble to receive is the fact that d oesn't mailer to me . We bu ry the dead . they do n't. th a t we a rc receiving continual denial s and rejections of Sm ith : H ave vou had many medical expenses, sir ? claims by the Ve te rans' Adminis tration . To date, 600 Avtest claims have been filed with bu t ten approvals, only one of Truman .' Yes. which was conside red radiation-related. .. no mon ey has Smith : Could you pu t a figure to it? been appropr-ia ted to study the rad iological heal th effects or T rum an: Probably in excess of SI00.000 ... .a n expected medical follow-up on any of the hundreds of thousan ds 01 us inc ide nce of th yroid cancer in St. George, Uta h would be 36 who wert' exposed to io nizing radiation by nuclear weapons cases of th yroid ca ncer. Yet the go vern ment 's task force on u-sring. Approx imately S18 million is expended a nnually to rad iation just sai d that the tests may have ca used up to 96 stu dy ot her radiat ion.exposed pe rsons. Excepting the 1977 cases. .. epid emiological study by the Center for Disea se Co ntrol of

5 tlu-Sho t Smoky veterans. not OTH.' cen t has been all oc a ted lei it e xt rcrnelv d ifficul t fo r a vete-ran 10 p rovide al l of the do a medica l stud y on a ny of us, .. support ing doc u ments tha t a rt- nec cssa rv to su p po rt his T ht' Defense N uclear Agt,tlcy. . . tells us rbcy w r-n c-laim. ),t uch of tlu- informa tion rhcy as k us 10 provide' is established 10 assist til(' veteran. yCl thc y ma ke suc h state eithcr non-cxist e r u or is mainta ined ltv agencies tha t refuse rncnts as, "These guys, the veterans . a re gcn ing old e-nou g h to reve al it. , \\ 't· ruai main tha t the film badges do no t tel l so tha t th ey a n' just gell ing sick from bei ng on tlu- good old t he story a w l should nor be used as t he mea su ring de\·in· be. eart h. "l'be vcu-ra ns a rc sim pl y developing the d iseas{'s t hat I wr-cn hea lth a nd ill ness a mong U.!I. :\lany paniciparus ill no rmall y accom pany mi dd le ,lge or old age'. They have just lIlt'sc' ( nuck-arj l e SLS won ' no badges. The badges measured hCTOlW:' anti-nuclea r torch bearers . we- sim p ly art' un ..... illing exte rnal g- a lTl llla radiat ion only, t here was no me thod of to conceive rba r : ~ 2 0 0 of every 10.000 lest pa rt icipants who measu rin g wha t om- inhak-d or inges ted . ..then' ii> no d (,ll ~ di e o f cancer should be' compen sated.Someb ody h,ls r on in g th at tlW1"I' is a ll alarm ing ly h ig h morta lit v and morbid u y vinccd tlu-ru to bla nu- it on radiation ." I think th a t is a n'ry r-an- a mong t he' atomic veu- ranv. pa th r- ric g rou p of siarcmcms pert ai ning to 1!1Ose of us who ~ lon e y . .is the problem . not t hc- narional conscience an ' su ffering from ..... ha t we consid er our radiation-induced . ..lil t' inj ust ice conuuur-s. We fl·d il is time lO reverse rhr illnesses . iujusticcs. Then- is not 011(' of us in tlu- Association who d oe, And finall y. ..d l C' Ve terans A dmi nistra tio n has ma de lIo 1 10 \' 1' his couru rv o r who would not p ut on thc u nifor m

ATOMIC VETERANS named the Atomic Energy Comm issi on (AEGj] was empo wered 10 oversee the U.S . atomic weapon s development program. The United States detonated 600 nuclear weapons durin g When the testing halted in 1958, 98 shots had been conducted. the years trom 1945 to 1977 incl uding 184 atmospheri c test s and The 15·megaton Snot Bravo on Bikini atoll on March 1.1 954, was five underwater blast s. The Pentagon esti mates that 250.000 to the largest U.S. bomb ever det onated. Fall out was measured 500.000 soldie rs. airmen , sailors, marines, and civilians were more than 300 mil es away. exposed to tne atmospheric tests alone . In addition. unknown thous ands of military personne l and civi lians have been exposed American serviceme n in the area were exposed to significan t to radiation from the ato mic weapons fue l and manuf acturing levels of radiati on whil e observing th e blasts and conduct ing cycles and the continuing underground weapons test ing experiments on the target is lands. Monitoring equipment , meas program . Americans were exposed to radial ion in Japan, the Marshall uring onl y the gamma radiation present, consistently recorded Islands , and the United States , primarily Nevada. Veterans have high radiation levels thro ughout the area. otnctars have de testified before Congress and have shown medical records to scribed some of the small islands in the testing area as ideal attest that they are experiencing possib le radiation-i nduced locations for studying how plutonium and other radlonucudes health problems. Blood and bone marrow diseases (inc luding enter and remain in an ecosystem. leukemi a). cancers of other radiosensit ive tissues , respiratory The escalating cold war and negative world reaction to the diseases, chromosome damage, general deterioration of health , South Pacific tests transferred part of the weapons testing pro and sterili ty have been reported. No att empt s at long-t erm health foll ow-ups of atom ic veter gram to the continental U.S. to determine whether soldiers ans were made by the federal government until 19n . That year, would be adversely affected by the rigors of nuclear war. The test the Department of Health , Educati on and Welfare's (now the site , located in Nevada. was approved and used bel ore comp lete Department 01 Health and Human Services) Center for Disease rac toroqlcat safety and security analyses were completed. Control began an epidemiological (healt h study observing the in Maneuvers consisted of platoon and helicopter movement cidence, distribution, and control of a partic ular disease in a to ward gro und zero within minutes after detonation. Instances selected population) survey of the 3,224 men present at the 1957 have been reported that some groups stoppe d less lhan 200 "Smoky" blast. The fi ndings. released in October 1980, found yards from ground zero. Measuring devices for some deton ations nine cases 01 leukemia among the test participants. The recorded 100 rems an hou r, dropping to one-fifth 01 that within expected incidence for leukemi a in this group of men is 3.5 minutes. cases. In December 1977. the Defense Nuclear Agency (a Depart The AEC was in Charge 01 the radiological salety progr am in ment of Defense agency) began its Nuclear Test Personnel 1951 . Each man wore a fil m badge and a one-rae exposure limit Review program . Am ong the features of this program is a mor was set . Led by an AEC monitor, Gls marched single file to bidity / mo rtali ty study (funded in conjunction with the Depart wi thin 900 yards of gro und zero. Citing the " unrealistic maneu ment of Energy) by the National Academy of Scien ces of abou t vers" resul ti ng from this . the Defense Department gradually 40,000 test participants . The purpose of this st udy is to deter gained con trol over the radio logical safety program , so by 1953. mine whether there is an increased incidence of disease among it assumed full responsib ilit y for permitting troops to maneuver these individuals. The study is expected to be compl eted in 1982. closer to the blasts. The 2nd Marine " Pioneer" Engineer Battalion and a detach The maxim um permissible expos ure for ground troops over ment of U.S. Navy s eeoees entered Hirosh ima and Nagasaki, a t a-week period was raised to six reds. Only one fil m badge per Japan. in September 1945, as part of the U.S. occupat ion forces. platoon 01 men was required ; complete exposure records were These men liv ed and worked near or at ground zero Without not kepi because one-tim e exposures were con sidered "i nstqnitt protective clot hing and no radiation monitoring was conducted. Some of the veterans Involved suff ered Irom nausea and physical cant." This deci sion was also based on the lack of trained weakness or coll apsed. Thirty-five years later, an independent personnel at the test site to develop and read radiation dosage organization has identified five confirmed cases of multiple my data . Many veterans exposed to radiation duri ng these tests eloma (a radiation-in duced disease) among former marine s sta claim they have cancer but do not have any proal they were at the tioned in Nagasaki. tests because no radiation exposure was recorded for them. A The Veterans Ad mini strati on maintains that the servicemen fire at a Veterans Admi nistra tion record center also dest royed serving in Japan in 1945 suffe red no biological harm fro m the many records. radiati on. More than thi rty claims for medical compensat ion The signing 01 the 1963 Atmospner!c Test Ban Treaty halted benefits have been fil ed at the VA by these men during the past the use of soldi ers as guinea pigs for atmospheri c testing . Test two years ; none has been grant ed. Testing new atomi c devices in the South Pacific Marshall ing underground continues today, and people , civi lians and Islands began in 1946. The Atom ic Energy Comm ittee [later re- military personnel, are still being exposed.

6 agai n to defend it. \Ve ask that we reverse t he situ a t io n; th e su bs ta nce. You can still derive a cont inuo us fear of burden of pro of shou ld not be on us. It should be on th e gov after-effects - a fear that doesn't go away over t he crnmc m . A llo w th e a tomic veteran to di e a no b le death. n"e years and t he se nse of ha ving som et hing left in you r body, mrn u-ho should havc been decora ted [or o ur i-aior in tm r a fea r of a poi son tha t m a y ta ke effect a t a ny time, and st rikc {akillf!. of ioh at uc U'f'rf' [creed to do are dyhlK as reject ed you d own , may ca use some kind of debil itating illness or and [orgntten 1)('T5fJ1/s . dea t h . It 's a dimension of fear th at is uniq ue a nd spec ific to \\'c arc the livin g a nd dy ing examples of lll(' effects of nuclea r techno logy a nd to rad ia tion effect s. nuclea r \\'ea pons testing a nd expo su rC' to low-level ion izin g radiation . U nfortu nan-ly. t im e is not on our side, because one day o ur voices will be sti lled a nd quieted by o ur demise . \\'e ca nnot re ve rse wha t happened ; we on ly wish a nd pray a nd insist th a t it never happen ag a in . W hat ha s become of this na tion t ha t ex to ls huma nitaria nism as a way of life? T he situat ion of t he atom ic vetera n is indeed t ragi c -it is a nationa l d isgrac e. Sih. 't ,.~tri : I 'm wondering if yo u co u ld exp la in to us a little b it more a bout how t hese tests actu a lly wo rked . S(~!j"n : O n Sho t 1100 <1 . .it was a 77 -kil mon bomb - we Pat B roudy, widow of wr-rr- just a lillie o ve-r th ree miles fro m Ground Ze ro. After atomic ve te ran det onatiou. the re was a heavy incid ence of tr enc h lin e co lla pse . ,\ l a ny Marines had til be d ug ou t of the trenc hes . It Broudy : . W hen my hu sb and was diagnosed :lO years look t he ('In n ge ncy rescue force approximately 40 to :)0 after his exposu re, it was a very , very trauma tic ex pe rie nce minutes to co mplete t he ex tr ica tio n of Ma rines fro m the for ou r who le fa m ily. ~ l y son, who a t th e ti mc was 14 yea rs t n -nc hcs . .It wa s a pa thetir sig lu . And then, we a ttacked old , ra n away From home beca use he co u ldn't fa ce th e lowards Orou ud Zero and e nded up a pp roxi mately 300 pro b lems th ai he was raced with . He dropped out of sc hoo l. vard, fro m (j r-ounr] Ze ro after the d r- to n a tiou. a nd c-ould not co m munica te with anyone. \tV e a ll went for ,\1o rga n : At the time of the deton at ion . d id a ny of t he co u nse lling and fort una tel y a fter a few m onths of th a t we Xlariuc- s have portion s of their bod ies a bove the t re nc hes? \\'('1"( ' uhle (0 ha nd le it ou rselv es. Sa! fn ." \\'e had ou r left a rms ove r our eyes a mi , at the time I have bee n denied rive times hy th e Vetera ns' A d m inis of d eto nat io n . we d id sec o ur hones as t ho ugh it wert' a tration because of the bu rden of p ro of be ing U PO Il tlu- c-la im colored x-rav"iu o ur left forea rm . a nt : \\T must prO\'(' tha t th e ir radi a tion doses caused t he ir l _l jf O ll ." In listenin g to t hcse first thrce witnesses . I kit m ysel f ca nce rs. \'\'c must pro ve that they a rc de ad or ill b('CCIUSe of haying a slrange d eja-ru ex perience. It sounded just like th at certain ex posure. The government ha s a ll thes e rec ords what I hea rd at l li roshi m a when I int er viewed people t hcn a t tlu-ir dis pos al. b ut t hey will not give them to us. . .t he hack in I U G ~ . A nd tl u- specia l feature of wha t we've been tIOCUlT1 elllS a rc still class ified . The govcrnmcm has destroyed hearing has to do wit h thc physica l and psyc ho logical nature th e records of most of t he veterans we have ber-n in cent a rt of rad ia tion effect s a nd especially the p hysica l effects an d with. There are no ord ers se nd ing these men to t he I CS l ~ . psyc ho logy of invis ible co ntam ina tion. Yo u don't have to I lu-re are no m ed ica l reco rds to p ro ve that t hey 've ha d han' allY m arks 011 your bo d y wh en you a rc ex posed to t his c hromosom a l wreckage. that they ha ve had urinalysis an d bloo d work whic h would pro ve t he co n te-nt of th e ces ium and str on tium and pluto nium in t heir bod ies, .. \ \'e arc fig h ting a t rcmr-n do us lv h ard uphill batt le. A h ill was introduced.. to com pensate t he ci vilia ns exposed downwind from these tests. th e uranium mi ner s a nd the shee p herds not hing a bout th e vet e ra ns. W e alway s knew

that u:e u-ere second class citizens, but u'e didn t }U IO U' that u'e U'f're below t he stat us (~f.5hee l) . . .In addition to a ll of th e roreg-oing p ro ble m s t ha t \vc vetera ns a re comcudin g wit h , we- ha n ' t hc Feres Do ct rin e which forb ids t he ve tera n or his fam ily to sue the United States Governmen t. In ad d it ion, if we pa y a n a ttorney more th an $ 10 to represent us bef ore the Board of Vet erans Appeals, t ha t a ttorney is su bject to a prison term .

In closin g , I wo uld like to say that it seems as though t his t hi ng has co me fu ll circle. The govnnmen t murdered ou r hu sbands - now they want to take ou r children into t he • armed forces. . 7 Week.s : First. I ha ve been asked to read a sta te me n t from O rville Kel ly...he is t he president and founder of the Natio na l Assoc iation of Atomic Ve terans in Bu rlington. lo ..... a .

It was my hope to be wit h you. ..however, my cancer has progressed to the point where I am unable to travel. . . - I. . .participated in the test ing of 22 nuclear de vices at Enlwetok Proving Grounds, Marshall / J ohn Kni ghts, Islands, located in the South Pacifi c.. .1 served as atomic veteran Commander on one of the islands in the ato ll for a period of one year, . .Several of the weapons were Knig hts , I was a Major in t he Army when I headed a small in a megaton classification, including one two con tingent from Aberdeen Proving Grounds to Eniweto k in megaton weapon , We drank water from the lagoon 1948 . We helped design a remote con trol vehicle tha t wen! where much of the testing took place ; we lived in in afte r the blast and picked up the sam ple of the residuals the same lagoon and breathed the radioacti ve dust rig ht from till" cen te r of the crater. T he first lank I sent in caused by the shots. We were involved in several got stu ck rig ht in t he cente r of the crater, and we had a fall outs during the testing . rese-rve la nk wh ich I sent in a nd we got the sam p le. Several , • • 1 had no major health problems until my days la ter . when the radiologi ca l sa fety peo ple thought it cancer was discovered in June of 1973 . I im mediate ly filed a disability claim with the VA and my claim was relatively safe, I wen t in to t he crater to ret rieve the was denied in 1974. For the next five years, I con sta lled vehicle...1 litera lly d ove un der the fr on t of the tank ti nued to gathe r all the information pertaining 10 and gOl the tow line th rough the towi ng eyes u nder t he fro nt radiation exposu re in my case that I could find. of the vehicle and we pulled it out. Back on boa rd the . . .Many , many times I became frustrated radiologi cal sa fety sh ip, the needle on t he radiation meter because I was sent from one agency to another to bou nced off sca le and I was sent to t he showers for a obtai n information which I later discovered should scr u bd own with stiff br ushes. I was still vcry hot a nd in a have been readily available to me. I found little or no sta te of shoc k after t he shower and I was se nt back to m y cooperation from the Defense Depart ment , Depart sta teroom to recu pera te. An hour la ter 1 suffered seve re ment of Energy, or from the Nevada Test Site . nausea and vo m ited. In April 1978, I reopened my claim to present In 1957 , I h ad pains in m y legs th at lasted for about 30 new evidence . . .Af ter several months my claim was once again denied. Meanwhil e, I had accu mulated d ays a nd th en di sa ppeared. Early in t he 1960s. m y gums new evidence and my claim was reopened . It was start ed to bleed a nd I lost mo st of m y teeth. , .1 di sr-overed I again denied . had canccr of t he bl add er in 1969 , Febr ua ry 1969. ju st tw'o In June 1979 . my claim was sent to the Board of we e ks after I was re tired from act ive participation in the Veteran s Appeals in Washi ngt on , D.C. On Novem Reserves. . . I' ve had eight o perations on m y blad der. . .1 ber 23 , 1979 , I received word that the Board of Veter filed my ctairn back in 197 9 a nd I've been turned down fou r ans Appeals had approved my claim with the fi nal tim es by the Boa rd of Vete ra ns Appeals. conclusion that 'the probable cause of Mr. Kelly's My last a p pea ra nce before t he Boa rd was in Ap ril of cancer was exposure to radiation at Eniwetok Atoll.' 197 9. On Dcccm bcr z u tt wy denied m y cla im . ..duri ng t his It took six years for me to wi n my battle to rhrcc.quancrs of a year. the Vet erans Ad m in istratio n has establish service-connected disabi lity for rad iation been ta lking to eXJlt'r ts in the Field to deterrnim- how the y exposure. cou ld tu rn m y claim do wn. \Vt' ha ve no way of c ross -ex am . . .Our final mission is to assist atom ic veter ans and widows as they co ntinue to seek ini ng the people and seei ng how wcll-qual ificd (IH')' arc. I co mpensation for deat hs through injury alleged to ha ve pr oved that they wr-rr- wrong on two previous denials h)' have been caused by radiati on exposure. The Iwing a b le to o btain a med ical reporl from the J ou rnal of compensation they seek has for many years been Urology. wh ich d isproves their claim against me. granted to veterans who have been injured and killed through conventional warfare, and to their widows. Although our claims are difficult to prove because we cannot feel , taste, hear or smel l radiation, it is more deadly than burlets or shrapne l. Even though I won my case, I have sti ll lost the overall battle because doctors have told me I have but a short ti me to live. I had hoped to watch all my children grow up and to grow old with my wile, so I find it very frustrating to have become bedridden , unable at thi s poi nt even to sit in my yard or driv e a car. I believe I should have been warned about the O.'T, Weeks, possible dang ers of radiation exposure . . . a tom ic vetera n It is my hope that my own children and all other

8 human beings be spared from the ordeal I have had has had two-pound mass tumors taken from h is groin .. .I to go thro ugh duri ng the past six years. ha ve five grandc hild re n , three a ne m ic, one st ill on the Through your efforts and the effo rts of other bord erline...Two with tumors like his Un cle St eve , my interested people in America, I believe we can you ngest son , And one little girl. two a nd a ha lf yea rs old, prevent further tragedy from occurring. has one on her ba ck . This is all frightening to me.

I was an electronic tec hn icia n assigned to the ba llistic I argued with t he VA ho spita l in Amarillo a nd asked resea rch la borato ries of Ab erdeen Pr oving Gro und. Mary th em if the at om ic bombs, if th e radiation from that could la nd , in conj u nc tion with th e work they were doing for th e ha ve caused his cancer , and they sa id t here is no evidence. old Aroruic Enagy Commission to set up . cal lb ra tc. Bu t I believe tlus with all my heart, t ha t is wh y m y husb and asse m ble and co nduct su rveilla nc e work on m a terial s that d ied. l ie was a he alt hy-looking m an. but whe n he d ied he were be ing tested in t he 1953 series of a to m ic bomb rcsungs was n't nothing but a skeleto n . lie we ighe d on ly 70 a t t he Nevada T est Site. ..t he re were 12 wca pons detonated pounds. wit hi n th e tota l lest site area, a nd we were a ble, OU t of cu ri It's upsetting to me because he di ed for our osi ty more than anything e lse. to go and watch t hose count ry , . . he we nt to Kor ea after th at. . . My ch ild re n a re weapons be ing d etonat ed even a t Yu cca Fla ts . . . su ffe ring and m y grandc hild re n a rc suffering from this.. \\'c worked in the immediat e a rea kn own as Grou nd I think \vrc ha ve a right and I think m y hu sband shou ld Ze ro p r-i or to and im mediately after detonation. W e wo u ld ha ve had a righ t to kn ow wh en we went the re that he m ight go III wit hi n 2--1 hours..thc fir st effec t th a t we knew was die ten yea rs lat e r from ca ncer at 30 years o ld a nd never afte r I married in 1954 , was t he series of miscarriages ha n .' a c hance to see his c hildren grow and his grand chi l (ha t. . .we ha d .. . th en. lite binh of m y firs t c hild . who is dren . Because we had pl ans for our fu ture...1 th ink anyone wit h me today: she has five birth defec ts.. . kccpi ng her sho u ld be given a choice if the y're go ing to he involved in from ho ldi ng a job or eve r m aking a substa nt ia l livin g , This so mct hing like this , is lilt' th ing t ha t we are co ncerned a bo u t. . . My next child Masa n: A re you sti ll ha ving fin anci a l problems with th e had one b irth defect ; m y thi rd child di ed fro m a n unknown federa l governm e nt? rea son , . . From a ll th is, it ruined th e he alth of me and m y Fron terhouse : Ye s.. .we h ad no health insu rance.. . it has wife . today she's u na ble to fu nction normall y because of a ll been a fin a nci a l strain. this. , . I lost m y str e ngt h . but th rou gh shee r det ermination I' ve co n tinued to probe on a nd hope that through m y effo rts a nd t he efforts of ot he rs someone will be co m pensa te d . .. I won' two film badg('s at French m an Flats. T hat was the oil ly time at m y sta y in th e Ne vada Test Site th at I wa s monitored. ..no monitoring wa s d one when I was run ni ng su rvei lla nce- o n t hc wea po ns or years la te r in m y handling of Dr. Edw ard Ma rtell, re tilt' detonators. checking int erna l compo ne nts in the core of searche r of biol ogi cal ef t he wea pons. Iects of ionizing rad iation wit h th e National Center for Atm osphe ric Resea rch, '. Boulder, Colorado

Murt ell : . ..th e.' Defense N uclear Agency's m ost recen t fac t vhcet . which is se nt to a ll the cl aimants - a ll who suggest th ey ha ve serious effects from rad iation ex posu re a t nuclear Beuye H a wth orne Pro nter tes ts - is a m asterpiece in mi sleading statements a bout th e house, widow of atomic se rious cffccts of ra diation of vario us typ c.'s that these pe ople veteran exposed during were ex posed to . A nd ( the federa l governm e nt) leans South Paci fi c weapo ns test hea vily on another document. The Int erna tiona l Commis ing sum o n Radiolog ica l Protection in its m ost recent pu hl ica tion on radia tion sta ndards , Publication 26 . Front crho use: I'm a widow o f an a tomic vetera n . l k- spe nt Ionizing radiation includes x-rays. gamma rays, and the o the r. , . alp ha, beta. and neutron radiation. Cosmic radiation and J IItin Ii it s a national disg race th at some of the se rio us naturally occurring raolcnu cnoes (radioactive elements) such as possibilities rel ated to the chro nic hea lth effects and uranium, radium , and thorium are all ionizing radiation and are referred to as natu ral background radiation. mechanisms of chronic healt h effec ts a re being ignored. Ioni zing radiation is also the type used in medical x-rays, because if they prove to ln- tr ue , nuclear energy would be. and the type found in atomic weapons fallout and all phases of o bviously, less acceptable than it is now. .. the nuclear fuel cycle from mining and milli ng to waste storage. The raotonucttdes are unstabl e and eventually decay through a They ( l e RP 26 aut hors) represenl a whitewash of the decay chain to a stable elemen t. Radiati on is emitted during this effects of nuclear tech no logy a nd nuclea r energy. And I process. The half-l ife of a radtonuctioe refers to the time neces think it's tim e we began a serious sea rch of th e legitima te sary for one-half of a gi ven amount of it to decay. When radiat ion strikes a person, one of four events may hea lth effect s of all exposed g rou ps - mi litary, civilia n, occur: occ upationa l, weapo ns test ing and others. • it may pass through a cell wit hout causi ng any damage; ,\lo rga n : T here are numerous r- piderniologica l stud ies. some • It may damage the cell, but the damage may be repaired ; • it may damage the cell , but Ihe cell may divide before of tlu-m you will hear from IWH' , which gin' strong evidence being repaired ; uuu o ur prese!H levels a re roo high . and they sho uld hl' • It may kill the cell. reduced. The last two events are of concern to human health . Cell kil ling is ofte n harml ess unless enough cells in a part icul ar tissue are killed, rendering it incapable of functionin g. Medical radiation therapy uses the cell-kill ing effect of radiation to kill cancerous cells . The third ettect. incom pletely or inco rrectly re paired cell damage, may eventually resul t in delayed health ettects such as cancer or be passed on to future generations as a genetic defect. Total body radiat ion Involves the exposure of all organs. Gamma radia tio n is the most highl y penetratin g form and cre ates the most damage as it passes through Ihe body. This is also true of x-rays and neutron radiation. Alpha and beta radiation, D r. Henry Vyner, psychia whic h have low energies, are not serious external threats, but if trist. and membe r of Ph ysi ingested or inhaled they are extremely dangerous to the organs cians for Social Respo ns ib i or tissues in which they lodge. The most common measurements of radiati on exposures lit y. who has do ne resea rch are Ihe rad and rem. Both refer to the actual amount of radiation on a tomic vete rans absorbed by the body. The rem is a more precise measurement of Vyner. . .the atomic veteran synd rome is a collection of the the actual biological damage done. Because the rem is an incon veniently large unit for radiation prot ectio n purposes, doses are psycho logical consequences of having delayed radiation ill often expressed in mil li rem (mrem). One rem equals one ness at thi s tim e in history.. .maybe 15, ma ybe 20 yt'a rs thousand mi llirem. When referring to the collect ive dose received later. phys ical symptoms begin 10 em erge. Now in some by a certain popula tion the dose is generally expressed in person rem. This is calculated by mUlti plyi ng the total number of people cases , th e sym ptoms led to a di agn osis - the man has lym exposed ume s their average individual dose. For example, phom a , multiple myeloma or leu kemia ,. .In quite a few 10,000 person-rem is the dose received by 5,000 persons each ex cases . it's di fficu lt and im possible to get a diagnosis beca use posed to 2 rem or by 10,000 persons each exposed to one rem, or by 20,000 persons each exposed to 500 mrem. of rhc- nat ure of tilt' sym pw ms involved . suc h symptoms bei ng deb ilita ting Fa tigue . de bilitat ing wea kness, muscle wea kness that is. para -seizur es with out typical nerve distri 1. 1.' 1 me poi nt out just what is wro ng with th is " fan sheet " of the Defense Nuclear Agen cy. There arc in general burion s. a nd that kind of thin g, , . alice he ( the a tom ic veteran) realizes that the \'A i.. two typt'Sof ra diatio n a nd there arc two classes of radiation effec ts resulting fro m these . We have, on the o ne ha nd , not going to give benefits. is not goi ng to co nside r his illne ss penet ra ting radiat ion , x-rays an d gamma ra ys, which a re as service-rela ted , a nd once he rea lizes tha t his bod v is in fact srill deteriora ting an d tha t he has a wife a nd family to measured by dosimeters, and such radiation penetrates to the ge rm cells , [() th e nerv e cells, to th e brain cells. And rhe lake cart' of and friend s. he becomes very angry.. .11(' becomes ang ry with the gove rn me nt. He becomes obsessed expression of th e damage to these cell populati ons is slow to develop. \Ve see rising evidence tha t sugges ts serious ge ne tic wit h proving that his illness was caused by radiation. He be disorders of those ex posed. We sec cell damage , the diseases ("OOH'S isola ted from his frien ds a nd fam ily because he's. . of agi ng , para lysis, loss of faculties. I never realized until I preoccupied with his illness. and q uite Ircqucn rlv comes to tal ked to many of th e victims that a re present he re how assume he is going to die a premature death. . . ma ny remarkably rela ted delayed effect s they seem to T he a tomi c vete ran has but one choice - to devote ex hibi t. ,. himself to proving tha t his illness was ca used by ra diati on W ha t do es the Defense Nuclear Agency do? They take . ..A whole series of mysteries surround the (atomic) film badge records, which ar e a me asur e of penetrating tests . ..veterans did not know at the tim e of the tests tha t radia tion, a nd they discuss the small deg ree of effects ex- they were go ing to be involved in nuclear tests ; they did n't

10 know what the bo mb would do. They didn't know tha t the ra dia tion would be ha rm ful , they don 't know now what disea se they ha ve, they do n't know if the radiation caused their disease , they don't know wha t is go ing to ha ppen to their wives a nd fa mily , and finally, th ey don't know what will happen to thei r bodies, In tr-rrn s of the ident ity conflicts that a ll' found a mongst becoming atomic veterans me an s making SO !lW \'('ry seri ous cha nges in your life. .First. a healthy man becomes an unhea lthy m a n, Seco ndly, an unquestioning pa triae becomes a ng ry a t the govern ment a nd focu ses his life on tha t anger. Third, his socia l person beco mes an isolat ed person. In a sense, a n atomic veteran experiences not on ly a con front a tio n with biologica l death, but wit h a dea th of who he is psychologica lly, a death of identity, . . I think we have a glimpse here of what Worl d Wa r III would he like. and if we all sat down and LO ok a long look a t this a nd thought about what the co nseqU('!lces of a nucle a r war would be. I think CI lot of peo pl e would h e- dem anding T wo of them (doctor"'s) told him tha t 11(' had radia tion a ll end to tilt' arms race. d amage. T he first one he went to to ld him that this shaking that he had in his neck and a ll was noth ing bu t dcu -ti orarion of the nervou s system and it was radiation damage. w ell. so lau-r ( Un ion) Ca rbide , . .ca lled the doctor and they told him tha t they were go ing to ( ta ke steps to ) revo ke his license if 11(' sa id anything further. So he ha d to shut up. Clara Harding and Martha we we n t LO another urologist. And this one to ld (joe ) 1 Harding Ails, widow and that he had the worst case of radi at ion damage nn his legs : , daughter of nuclear work that his skin was co mpletely gone fro m his a nkles up. He " , er Joe Harding, who was said. '" gu ess you wond er why you don't have a ny hairs on yo ur legs?" a nd Joe said, " Well, I guess m y pants rubbed ~,\l;,lLU'V'~~ exposed to radiation in an uranium enrichment fa ci l them off. " lie (the doctor) sa id , "TIlt.' outer layer of your it y skin on your legs from your ankles 10 yo ur knees is off," a nd he said tha t's radiation damage. He ( the doctor) is now t tarding : :'\ l ~' husba nd worked at the Pad ucah uraniu m (working) in a not her town . piaIII for l8 !-'2 yt"ars. He started in 19:i2. He took his train When my husband went to the hosp ital this last ing th ere a nd he worked in the product withd ra wal room. . time., . w-c took him ro Memphis so we co uld send him to a whic h was the dirtiest pla ce then'. He waded in ura nium on g- roup of doctors. 18 different doctors. . .Of course, they put thc floor you co uld set' tlu- footprints in it. He had to eat him un codi ne for a wee k and that did not do a ny trouble. it there, they had no lunch room , , . In 1954 , he started did not help him any. He sti ll had his pain. Ve ry much pai n. developing son's . ..on his legs, on his ankles. S(' \ 'C f(' pa in, And he was begging th em to remove his legs so The)' ( Paduca h workers) wore the badges, hut those that he would get rid of his pain. . , ba dges W('T(' sent to Oak Ridge a nd the)' never hea rd how T hey d id ano ther sca n on his en tire body, which mu ch radiat ion the)' W('I'(' gcning . They were supposed showed that he ha d an a bdomi na l tumor, T hey estim a ted it to when the)' saw som eo ne gell ing mo m uc h radia tion at 30 po unds. spread in his tissues in his ba ck. 0 .a nd that he change them over 10 another place. Bu t they never cha nged should have been dead at least 10 10 20 yea rs ag o. W hcr e 30 him , 11 (' sta yed in the same place a nd wo rked in these con to 50 of the other guy s had a lready died at a n earlier age , rami na n-d places for 6 JA: yea rs stra ight. they told J Ot.' th at he sho uld have been dead years earlier In 1955, he sta rt ed ( ha ving) stomac h prob lem s. . .he th a n he was, . . had stom ac h surgery and the doct or rem oved g:l per ce nt of He kept pu shing hi mself. fighting this thing.. .He go t his stomach. . .when he sta rted at the plant , he weig hed 175 him a lawyer in town. and the lawyer met wit h the local offi pounds. a nd after his stoma ch surgery , 112 pounds . . cials from Union Ca rbide and the lawyer s from Union Ca r The sores moved on up his body cons tant ly, And they hide in New York , and they went up and talked to the j udge moved on up un til the)' were a ll his face and on his bod y, and the judge said the case was dismissed . tha t Carbide had and later he sta rted ha ving these fingernail-like things grow· no t made up thei r mind yet. So. th ey termi na ted my hus in,\{ out of his legs, , .he went to do ctors in St. Lo uis, he wen t ba nd . ,.he injured his knee , and he had to go on restri ctive to docto rs in Memphis, he went 10 doctors in Louisville. I d ut y fur three months. And when his do ctor gave him per do n't know.I guess in all 20 or 30 donors. But none of mi ssion to go back to work. but be restricted , he went back them . I mean th e)' would tell him that he had radiation tc work a nd they did every thing , discr iminated against him dam age. trut n 07le of them would p ut it 0 71 paper_ ._ in every way th ey cou ld. ..they got rid of Joe beca use J oe

11 had mentioned to his doctor at the plant, he told him, he as high as 532 .000-5'10.000 . And all the other times. m ayb e said: " Dr. Rooker. I have radiation damage." And Dr. up to a q uarter of a million ( dollars) . Roo ker said: "Oh no . you don't Joe, so d on't even mention Wodka : lias your hu sband's case had an)' effect on the ot he r that: ' And Joe sai d: "Well. I know that I have ." nuclear work ers down there in Paduca h? When th ey terminated hi m . he wrote a letter to th em Harding , Thcy resent hi m t hey think he w·as a crackpot t hat morning. .. He sa id . " I a m not as king to be terminat a nd he d idn't know what he as talking a bo u t. ed. And if I d o. it's for a h un dred per ce nt to ta l disability. I Morgan : M rs. H ard ing . d id you r husband eve r han' uran will receive my pension and a ll th at I am supp osed to ge t:' ium dust on his hair or his bo dy o r his shoes ..... hen he ca me And they signed papers and he signed th em a nd they put ho me from ..... or k? th em in their ba gs. sent them to th e New Yo rk home office . Harding , Yes sir. I su ppose that he d id . w e have never see n them . a nd we st ill ca n' t see t he m . And Morga n : I g Ul'SS you kn o ....· t ha t the risk w ou ld pr oba bl y be tht'y have been kept away from us. whi ch is not right. We to the rracheo -b ronchian regi on from inhaling radioactive t hink we shou ld be entitled to see t hose termination papers d ust, and to the stomach a nd the sma ll intestine in and if the go vernment ca n find OU l any wa y of getting them. particula r. where theselarge pa n icles would be b rought up I think it shou ld be d one. ..we still have do ctor bills to pa y. by the cili a in rhc br onchias a nd 5wa llowcd . Su , if I were to hosp ita l bills to pay. and I have no hel p. make a g uess un whe re malignancies m ight a ppra r. certainly A lls : Daddy planned to be here today. tht· stomach a nd the abdominal region would he whe re I Ha rding : He has a list of the names. when they d ied. the wou ld loo k for it. d ate a nd a ll. And what the)' died w irh. and ho w long they Alts: I' m aging a t a rapid rate al ready. I han' sorn erhin g in had worked there. a nd the places they wor ked. my stomach just like Dadd y start ed w ith. ..1 wa s 11 years Alls : This la st time when he ....-as in the hospital fo r 48 old when Dad d y wcm to wor k out at the plant. ..he days..•rh e hosp ital bi ll alone was ove r S18.000 . ..and doc brought ho rne his wor k clothes . ..and of course they were tors' bills arc sti ll co mi ng in. but just this ti mC' the)' could go ..... ashcd with ou r clothes.. .

WORKERS & RADIATION

Ionizing radiati on has a mYriad of uses in industry, medicine. research and commerce. The Environmental Prot ec tion Agency estimates that there are over 1.5 million workers exposed annually to ionizing radiation in the U.S. This is nearly twice the number 01 workers exccsec in 1972. Job-related exposure to ionizing radiation includes operat ing dental and medical x-ray equipmen t, handling radlo pnarma ceuucers. operati ng and mainta ining the naval nuclear propul Gcorge Co u ch, nuclea r sion plants, working in research and develop ment for federal worke r, e xposed to ra d ia agencies and their contractors, working in civilian nuclea r power d on a t t he Sa van n a h R ive r Industries. using x-rays for construction purposes . and uranium, coal. and other mineral mining . N u clear Fa ci li ty, Sou th When radiati on is received in high doses (50-500 remsj . it Ca roli na can cause human tis sue damage through massive cell killing. This type 01damage is observed as radiation burns. bene marrow Couch : . . .al most 23 years. ..1 workcd for Du pont co m depression. and damage or death of other internal organs. pan)' as a mechanic . a maintenance mechanic .. .Afte-r 2$ Workers. especially in nuclear-related industries, face tnis kind yea rs with Dupo nt. ha vinf.{ been told tha t I had po lvcy ot crcbrem when there are serious accid ents . Barring accident s. workers are exposed to chronic tow-level radiation doses which rhcrnia , I w as terminated wirb nn co m pe nsation or con tinu ally damage living body cells. This damage is not recog anything...During this time I was rhen-, I worked \,..ith any nized until several years later when a disease such as cancer or and all typt·s of radioactive materials. I ..... or ked with pluroni genetic euects appears. In the past ten years. human studies. USing worker populations. suggest that the risk of contractmq urn . t ritiu m . uranium. cu rium , americium . califo rn iu m . .. cancer fro m low-l evel radiat ion exposure may be as much as 25 I worked fou r yt'a r!> in a f ield group as a carpenn-r. ti mes greater than previously believed. travelling ovr-r t lu- plant doing rnaim cnancc w o rk. o ne nf Scientist s appear to agree Ihat women are almost two time s more sensi tive to radtaucn than men. This is because of female whic h wa s a jo b ..... ith scaffolding. \\'t· built tht· scaffolds predominance in contracti ng breast and thyro id cancers. The un d er rln- pt'lI roo m when it ..... as shu t d own to do check s. human fetus is ten ti mes more sensitive to radiation than adults. A nd ..... t· wer r- w id t hat at one rim e we ..... r- rr- wo rking, if wt The most damagi ng time lor exposure is during the first trimester ; many women are not aware of their pregnancy during sroo rl up wt- wou ld have a n overdosage. pu ruug d own t ill' this time . Developing an exposure limit which will protect the platform . So wv had to do t his in it klll'ding position.. . fetus but not discriminate against the moth er is one alternative I worked fo r the la borato ry.. .o ne pa rt icu lar instance I under discussion. If adopted. it would mean that all ccc upattcn al radiati on exposures would be dramatica lly reduced . helped to design a nd bu ild a p iece of eq ui p ment . It was for Federal agencies are currentl y revising exposure limits lor working with uranium di oxide and a molten su lfur. If the workers. A controversy is emerging over the adoption of recom mach ine broke d o ....m, we would immediatel y have to mendat ions made by the Internatio nal Commission on Radiolo gical Prot ect ion. The ICRP is advocating dramatic increases in disassemble parts of it to keep it fro m becoming solid ified . radioactive parti cles that are inhaled and ingested. If the recom whi ch ou ld have mad e it inopera b le from then o n. An d mendations are adopt ed in the U.S. (some European countries ..... hen e did th is. we wou ld b reak loose a piece a nd pull a nave already adopted them). it will mean a major setback in im proving workp lace health and safety . p iece our. and as it h it oxyge n. it ..... ould a utomatically ign ite .. . W e ....-o rked th is successfully for seve ral wee ks and t he)'

12 pUt it into a ship-type work and they turned it over to the McDouga ll at the Electr ic Boat, and was informed operators instea d of myself and our technician s. that this could not possibly be, because there (was) One of the first nights when they sta rte d the mach ine no such thi ng at Electric Boat. . . up , it broke down and th ey had been told how to Sto p it or When my husoand returned to work , he and work with it like we were, so they sta rted th is and, when it hit some of his co-workers tried to fi nd records proving that he did work on this pump which was throw ing the air, it began to burn. One of the people decid ed to grab off so much radiation that they had to lead the cab the fire extinguisher. ..it put the flame out. At the same of the truck to protect the cab-dri ver belonging to time , he blew ( radiation) all over the big a rea of the rooms. the Merchants Trucking Company, only to find no $0 the next mo rn ing when we ca me in , we were told that we records available. Shortly after this, Electr ic Boat would have to rep air it. ..1 asked if radiation control had di scon tinued taking blood counts in the Shipping been told or ca lled . And they said , no, to go ahead a nd start Department. . . working with it. And I re fused . ..50 a fte r a goo d d iscussion My husband's life is at stake, and th is is the we did get radiat ion cont ro l. And they ro ped the a rea off to reason I am pleading for help. , , where we could not go ba ck in it without protect ive clothing We have a death cert ifica te here that I'd like to read to an d breathing apparat us. everyo ne. It's ce rtified . It says: "Dea th was caused by a plas tic anemia. d ue to or a consequence of rad iat ion t'x p() ~lI r e.. . Wodka : You sa id th at you did file for workers' ca mp ? .. .a nd it has been de nied so fa r, or hasn't been heard ? D. R hodes : It's been den ied . T he first hearing was deni ed , and he has appe aled it, a nd now is in th e Co ur t of J udges in "'f': '.) Boston a nd we are wa iting for a tr ial now. .; Doris R hodes and Tyrel t Rhodes, widow and son of n uclea r shipya rd worker Charles Rhodes, wh o was exposed to radia tion at Elec tric Boa t, Connecticut I

D . Rhodes : ...My husba nd , Cha rles Rh odes, died on D r , T homas F, Ma ncuso, Novem ber 20, 1974, of a plastic an emi a, a radiauo n-ca used Professor of Occupational illness, after work ing a pproxim ately 13 yea rs at Electric Medicine, Unive rsity of Boa t Division of General Dynamics Shi pya rds in Groton. P it tsburgh, wh o has re - Conn ec ticu t. , searche d occupatio nal ex T .Rh odes :( rea d ing from a letter by Mrs. Rhodes to Senator posu re to radiation Pastore. October (970) . ..my husband was working on a coolant Mancuso , _ . . T he findings that we have rep ort ed on pump coming out of a 600 boat. He was not given a low-level rad iat ion pert a in to th e Hanford a tomic ene rgy film badge. ..after working on the pump for over plu tonium facility in Richland, Washington, This study is three hours, the Health Physics Inspector checked concerned with approxim ately 35,000 workers who were the pump and informed my husband to keep away employed in that Hanford operation since 1944. The basic from it as it was " hot," meaning radioactive. My observa tions a nd implicat ions of the findings of th is study husband compl ained of feeling ill when he arrived are : ( 1) that low levels of ion izing radiation do cause cancer home, but as we were not fam iliar with this cont ra ry to all assum pt ions in the pa st ; (2) tha t the condition, we really did not become alarmed until he so-called "sa fe sta nda rd" used for over 20 years for industr ial returned to work the next morning. When the blood count was taken, it was down, and he was pulled off workers was not safe at all ; ( 3) that the ca ncer risk is at least anything radioactive for the time being, as he had ten times grea ter than had been recognized before : ( 4) th at previously been on different ot her occasions. After a the guide lines a nd standa rds assume d over the yea rs to pro period of tim e, the blood count was again taken, but tect the indust rial workers and the public a round nuclear it still had not come back to normal. He was advised facilities should be reduced , in my opinion, ten -fold , so that by Electric Boat to see his famil y doctor, which he they will not fan vict im to th e cancer effect in the yea rs did, and was advised to definitely keep away from ahead : (5) that ot her types of ca ncer a nd biological effects radioacti ve object s. After more blood tests at the ca n occur follo wing chronic, repeated ex posure to low-level Electric Boat he was once again advised to cons ult rad iation in contrast to the bio logical response to high, his fami ly doctor. .. instanta neous ra diation exposure ; and (6) that low-level After (my husband 's) spending nine days in the radiation represents a commo n cont ributing factor to th e hospital, Or. Chimento (Rhodes's personal physi cian) wit h a consu ltation of doct ors, came up with a deve lo pment of some percentage of ca ncer in the general decis ion that he had been injured from this population ex posed to medical x-rays. which ca n be reduced exposure. Dr. Chimento sent his report to Dr. an d prevented.

13 For decades . the a tomic en ergy indust ry a nd the govern ment su ppo rting age ncies were saying that the nuclear industr y was extr emel y sate . Yet . th at sta teme nt re RADIATION COMPENSATION lated solely La accidents. . .In essen ce. all prior stateme nts an d assu ra nces ab out a safe industr y rela ted only LO ac ci Atomic veterans. nuclear workers. and other civilians ex de nt s and were grossly mislea d ing be ca use no long-term posed to ionizing radiation are the three major groups seeking compensation for radiation-induced illnesses. usually some follow- u p study had ever been done. .. form of cancer. While the specific mechanisms diller for each T he particular ca ncers we ide ntified as ca used by ra di a group. proving radiation claims is difficult in any case. particu tion wer e multiple myelom a. ca nce r of the pa ncreas and larly due to the long latency pertoo between expos ure and evi dence 01 physical symptoms 01 disease . ca ncer of the lung . ..In ou r Hanford study. we are detect Veterans' disability. through the Veterans Administra tion. ing the beginning of the ca ncer prob lem and not the en d of is the only compensation avenue available 10 atomic veterans. it. .the histo ry of rad ia tion sta ndard s has shown that the The claimant must establish that the illness is service-connect risks relative to rad iation have been consistently u ndercstim . ed, a claim that must be substantiated by govenment documents which many veterans have been unable to obtain. Almost without ated d uring the pa st 35 yea rs. Eac h succeed ing time per iod exception, the VA has refused 10 grant service connect ion and has show n that t he radia tion risk ha s been greater than compensation. Furthermore. adeq uate representation at the VA previously recognized . . . hearing for compensation is difficult to obtain because veterans are not allowed to spe nd more than $10 for legal fees. The VA T he co mpensation laws must be cha nged. It is most im decision is final because it is the only government agency not subject to judicial review . por ta nt that the rim e limits for the filing of co mpensatio n cla ims should be removed beca use of the long.term de layed Legislation has been introduced to provide funding for the studies needed to determine the health effects veterans have suf effects such as cancer th at may occur severa l decades after fered from radiation exposure, to allow adequate legal represen the ex posure La rad ia tion. Unde r the present system . unless a tation at VA hearings. to permit judicial review of the hearings' filed decis ions. and to entitle veterans to wartime disability compen claim is within a specified pe riod . th e cla im is forever sat ion for radiation-induced diseases and Injuries. These bills ba rred. rega rdless of the va lidi ty of the claim . It must fur are expected to be reintroduced in the 97th Congress . ther be recognized tha t low-level radi ation ex pos ures below Proving the connection between exposu re and a disease a prevailing industrial stan dard ca n ind uce ha rm ful effec ts exists in state-run workers' compensat ion programs , too. Causa and restrict ive dependence o n high level radia tio n exposures tion issues are difficult 10 solve, not only in connection with radi ano n. but also with other occupational diseases. State workers' in co m pensatio n claims should be removed . compensation programs often contain lime-related provisions In co ncl usion, there is stro ng reason to believe that that effectively bar expos ure claims because of the latency there is an int e rlo cking relationsh ip , a n interdependence period. In those stal es with spec ial provisions for radiation inju upon va rious gove rnmental orga nizations an d their scientific ry. the worker must still prove the occu pational connect ion. If the worker is fortunate enough to Obtain exposure records, the co nsulta nts, a co nce rted effort to deny the recognition of state age ncy or courts may still rule that the records do not sat is cancer effects d ue to low-level radia tion in order to avoid the factorily indicate a causal connec lion between exposure and ill trem en dous lia bil ity for the compensation clai ms for those ness. Federal employees must file compensation claims under the Federal Compensation Act, administered by the Department ex posed d uri ng the past several decades. It is a national of Labor. tragedy and disgrace to ask the f amilies of th e veterans, the Uranium miners and millers have filed civil suits against the uran ium miners, the atomic worke rs, th e shipya rd workers, uranium mining and milling companies in the Southwest in an the civilians ex posed to radioactive fallout, and all who were at tem pt to recover damages. A proposed legislative remedy is to set up a federally-funded compensation program for the miners exposed to radiation to bear the burden of the decept ion employed in the mines during the 1950s and early 1960s. when and irresjJOTLsibility by th e respective governmental agencies the U.S, government was the sole procurer of uranium. during thl' past several decad es. T he basic na tio na l concerns Civilians not covered by compensat ion programs such as ab out radiation are the difficulties in obtaining the tr u th. the residents living downwind from the Nevada Test Site and the Fina lly, I should like to add one plea for the defense of American victims of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb Ings must rely on either legal suits or Congressional legislat ion. the worker exposed to radiation. T he rig ht of cho ice of a Hundreds of downwind residents have joined a class action suit wor ker should he protected rela tive to the degree of risk to agains t the government lor compensation. ACongressional sub radia tion that the worker chooses to acce pt o n his job that commillee has determined that the government should "accept at least compassionate responsibility, if not stricllegal liability, may involve serious damage to his hea lth, whet her lor the injuries sustained by the downwind residents." Legisla immedi ate or del ayed . Radiatio n can and docs provide tion to provide some type 01 compensation mechanism is physica l inj ury which is invisible. T he worke r should have expected to be Introduced in 1981. The approximately 700 Japan ese-Americans injured by the 1945 atomic blas ts, now residing in the right not to forfeit his life or his heal th in order to retain the U.S.. will continue their long fight for medical treatment in his jo b. . the 97th Congress. I do not believe tha t tln- veterans were exposed to 10 ..... • AWhite House report on radiation compensation has admit lcvr- l ra d ia tion a t all. They were exposed a nd ex posed a nd ted federal responsibility lor some additional cancer cases through its weapons testing program. The report, while advocat exposed a nd they were ncv e r -e- m- ve r had a ny measurements ing an administrative remedy. does not offer any concrete sug of intern a l radiat ion. T hey would ha ve never had any gestions tor est ablishing a compensation program. It does point measur em ents. there was no med ical surveilla nce. no en out the necessity lor stan dardized criteria lor State and Federal compensation and benefit programs to insure appropriate viron menta l surv eillance of wha t ind ividua ls inhaled . In the allocation. absence of this. how ca n they ho nestly say tha t the veterans werc ex posed o nly to th e amount of ra dia tion to which th ey

14 measu red one film badge for o ne person in each platoon. T his, unfort unately. is the ridiculous situa tion a nd I think they ar c misleading the count ry a nd mislead ing everyone else to say in effect that the veterans ha ve been exposed to low-level radiation. ~T ION lf!J J ohn Ri dgewa y, exposed to \ ,// radiation white employed ( Bennie Le vy, President, t by Lawrence Li vermore Nevada Test Sit e Rad iation 1 Lab in n uclear testing Victim Association, accom R idl{ r'umy : I was employed by the Unive rsity of Ca lifornia panied by Max Baxter, a Lawrence Liver more Lab for ten years in nuelear testing. .. security gu ard at the T est I have cancer now. We were give n the word that possibl y you Site m ight become sterile, but since my chi ldren were both in 2 7 ~ Let)' : . . ,I worked at the Nevada Test Site for college at the time, I didn't think too much about that. . . yt:ars, ..During that time as I worked through the years, I wor ke-d with people who ha d died of cancer. . .Fina tly in I a m a :-': avy vete ran fro m V\'orld War II. T he :'\a"y gin's me a non -service -connected disab ility, which is a pit 19:16, when I lost two very good friends of m ine in the Area t ancx- of a bout 56·t a mo nth . have no ins ura nce. I I event. which is plutonium , I sta rted wondering. I was we I've asked you peopl e to q uestion me ra ther than let me wor king in that area two days prior to th a t. And I was explain my job to you beca use I could possibly divulge removed fro m that a rea and as we left I asked them how something I sho uldn't. .. I'vc been in the tota l pictur e of come they removed me. T hey said, " Wel l. you're in a highly nuclear u-sting and what we co uld also do with { nuclear con ta minat ed area a nd that 's plutonium and tha t will kill u'sts) for pcaccrimc usc. I've done the work 011 the you ." Sure en ough, a few da ys later, I lost a very good frien d Plowsha re prog ra m .,.1 was in cha rge of a ll DO D even ts. and his death certificate sa id that he died of a ruptured which was on the lint' of sig ht shots, wh ich was for the devel aorta. T hen , 27 days la ter, 1 lost another friend who was 0 P llll'1ll of the ABM system. Also, 1 worked on t hc Pola ris wor king in the same area c- cer ebra l hemorr hage. wa rhead. on the sa fety de vices of it , plus all of th e prim a ries 1 have a list of 93 people that ha ve died ~) f cancer, tha t we had in between... di fferent types, docume nted by death certificates. ..1 called We have to maintain tilt" nuclear ca pab ilities, bu t I feel ho rne last nigh t a nd two more have d ied since I left that we ca n d ea n up the act. ,. home. ..Ni nety-five deceased cancer victims, peo ple who I don', know who set the sta nda rds to the a mo unt of have flh-d claims : people who don't wa nt to file. arc reluc ra di at ion we co uld have. As I sa)', till' effects shots a re sti ll tant to for fear of the U.S, gove rnmt'nt, there's 23, Tha t going" o n - to a certain extent - in the tu nnels. You have a gin'S a to ta l of 118 cancer deaths. W hen we filed with th e w ry good chance of a radiat ion cont am ina tio n of personnel Dr-paruncm of Energy on February 26 , we had 53 deaths, who arc go ing in on rC'cover y. If you 're using a line of sig ht (",1I1('t'r de a ths. :'\ow W (' have 118. shot, there you ha ve a tremendous amount becau se you haw Baxter : I was sec urity for Federa l Services Incorp orated , to go in and reCO VeT materia l fro m Gro und Zero . which was the prime contractor for the sec uri ty of the AEC at th e Nevada Test Site. There a rc hu ndred s and hundreds of mik-s that we travelled over daily that were Ground Zero a reas that they'd set the shot off the day before. T here were origin a lly about -I f of us and there's a large a mount of them that a n' «(',HI. On JUIl(' 10 of 1958 , they set a detonation off in the tun nel area . R Tunnel . Five minutes lat er , they se nt three of us , . , into the ac tual detonatio n a rea . After going ba ck several hundred yards, , .we wer e overtaken with radioa ctive gas : we passed out. T here was no first-aid equip. rucm on the site. ..1 worked there two a nd o ne-half yea rs ; in 196·1 I came down wit h ca ncer. I've had m y lym ph glands removed . yty lu ngs arc full of radi oactive pa rt icles. I have bone degene ra tio n. I ha ve been lucky , I've been om' ; I a m a disa bled veteran of two wars -Seco nd w orld W ar and tilt' Korea n Wa r - and I am one that has had the V A to fall back on. Bu t t he rc's thousands that haven't.

15 ra d ioactive like t hat , he shou ld he g- i\"t'll the- true op tion of sayi ng. " \\'t'II , is it dangerou s to m y lu-alth?" On a pack of t'iKa rl'[«'s it says that . 11(' sho u ld be g iven ih,n oppo rt un ity to know it c-an kill him. "1"11('11 lu- cau ma ke

Sta n Sc hecter, senio r main tenance mechanic a t At om ic International facil it y in Ca noga Pa r k, Cali fornia Mi riam Karka nen, widow Schector: . . 1 am pre sently employed b y Atomic lmcr of a n uclear wor ke r at national. . .which is a div ision of Rockwell . . wr- manufac Rock y Fl ats W eapons rurc th e fur-l cells t hat are put into rbc reactors 10 produce Plant. Co lo rado, accom ent' r ~y . 7\ l y jo b is to install a nd mo d ify a nd repa ir a ll t he panied by Dr, Edward ma chiucrv that is used to prod uce these fuel cell s. . .1 was Martell. National Ce n ter not to ld tha t I would be ex posed to the po int where it co u ld fo r Atmospheric R esea rch be dangero us. TI lt' onl y prer equisite there was that I c-o uld Karku nr n :. ..:\1)' husband. Daniel Ka rka nen . was em not have a be ard because I was going 10 wea r a j{as plovr-d as a mechanical t'ngint'('r fro m a Ca liforni a firm . ma sk.. .( I ) saw some training films. T he tra ining films e .F. Braun Company. l it' sta rted work ing in Rocky Flats in wr-re so bor in g: we just ft'll as leep. N o OIW sta yed a wa kc- for I% R. Through tlu- fin' o f 1969 7\l ay 196 9 he W,IS t hese th ing s because we d idn't understa nd them anyway. required I n stay o n a pe rma llC' llt basis u nt il cleanup and The techn icians stick th eir hands insid e th ese glove n-r -onstruct ion h,HI ta ken p lace .. Da n be gan 10 e- xperien ce bo xes. wo rk inside there...thi s is wea pons-grade u ranium tlu- first sym plOlls in the sp ring of 19i:). 1-1 (' beca me pa ra ( t hat t1wy wor k wit h) . whenever t hese glove hOXt'S break lvzed uuv lim b a t a time . In abou t a little over a yea r, he ha d down , it's my job to repair the m . T hree times whe n ( was du-e l. ,. All t his lime th at he remained in th e hos pital -cal repairing these ura nium crushers ....-h ich wen' full of most a yr-ar c- t herc wasn't o ne pt' r ~ on from till' Depa rt m ent uran ium dust. m y clothes split down the side. I was co rn of !':nergy or Rock well lmcruatio nal who came o ve r to find ph-rely covered w it h th is st uff. But they told me ." Don' t ou t what was wrong with Da n. T hey lir-d th at it had nothi ng \Hlrr y about it , it ca n' t hu rt you." So I took off my clo thes to do with his wor k. _. a nd was hed them . I didn't know what was going on . As I Our- d ay his medical fik- was on lO p of th e nu rse's washed my clothes. ( sa id. " Well. is that ok a y now?" He sa id , sta tion ill on e of rhc hospita ls then- in lh-nvr-r a nd I went by " Wt'll. you 'd better wash them again." I was hed m y clo th es a nd p icked it up. . . 1 xeroxed everything . ..rhc next day 1 th re(' times. They said , "well. ....-e're go ing to keep your bega n 10 rea d all t he reports to Dan. And n an said . "Get ru e clothes. Now . sta rt washing yourself. " And I did this th n -e a lawye-r as soo n as you ca n" .. . rim es. Tlu'Y sai d . "\\'('11. you' re ok ay." And they ga\'{' rue some papt'r clothe s to go horne with bec ause the othe r O Il('S Before Dan died. he said to me, ma ke su re t hat t hey do W {' H ' too co nt am in ated . And I ne ver d id anythi ng a bo ut t his

16 Now in offsitc areas, public a reas, fall out levels range no t t he case, as th e awa rd ing of worke rs' co m pe nsa tion has up to hund re ds of thousa nd s of times t he loc a l bee n th e subject of a d mi nistrat ive injustices due to restrict con tami natio n . hund reds of thousa nd s of ti mes th e fall out ive sta tu te of lim it a tions a nd residency req ui rements a nd levels of the Northern H em isphere. T he airborn e co ncent ra scientific misreprese nra tions on t he basis that vou need to lions com ing o ut of Rocky Fla ts a nd the co ntaminatc d zone smoke if you' re going to be a uranium m ine r to ge t lung can by rcsuspcnsio» a nd wind or furt her rel eases is 10 to 100 cvr. \\! (' t ha nk the Navajo l nd ia ns for p roviding us with the times higher t han ave rage m easure ments of t he p ast several a nswe rs th at clearly sho w t ha t to be wro ng. These in div id u years. 10 to 100 times higher in a irborne plutoniu m tha n we a ls who do not smoke have eq ual orders of m agni tude of risk find a nywhe re else in the world ( I shou ld sa y anywhe re else as a m on g t he wh ite ., . in t he Northern Hemi sphere}. T he Northern Hemisph er e is The epid emic that we now have is going to be with us an ord e r of magnit ude h ig-her . 10 tim es h igher, than t he [or 30 to 40 mo re ye aTS . But even more im p orta ntly, we have Sou tlu-rn l lcrn isp hc rr- in t his rega rd . It d idn't exist prior to com e fu ll cycle, a nd I say t his because. as we ignore the data the nu clear age . ..1 t hink if the worst possib ilities a re real from Czec hoslova kia in the na m e of nucl ear e ne rgy power . ized . t he a rea east of Rocky Flat s. tens of sq uare mi les, are a rc we once again going to igno re the new d a ta which sho w just as u nsuited for human ha b it a tion as En iwctok and the curre nt sta nd a rd in the U ni te d States to be inadequa te Bikin i. for th e sa m e reasons. on the basis of Czecho slovakia n data in the nam e of nuclea r e nergy ? I hope not. . .I say we ha ve t he d ata a lre ady from Ca nada. we have the d a ta a lre ady fr om Swe den. we ha ve the da ta already from Czecho slovakia and to wa it once again to ass ume t ha t the Am ericans a rc of a d iffe rent genetic stock t ha n ou r co lleagu es across the ocean is a repeti tion of the former tr agedy.

Dr. Joseph Wagoner, oc cu pa tio n a l ep idem iologist for the Environmenta l De fense Fund, co-a u t h or of a m ajor stud}' of r ad ia ti on e xposu re in ura n iu m mines

It'ug ot/t'r : .T h is is so seldom in th e histo ry of scie nce o r tech nology have individ uals bee n forced to serve the call of comm er ce u nder cond itions t hat are so indefensib le as a re fou nd in the' u ranium mi ner s and t he u ranium industry,. , if We' histori ca lly look at t he in forma tion , we ca n see t ha t as ea rly as 1546 it was wid espread through the pu b lished lite ra - tu re that m ille rs in Central Eu rope we re d ying a t e pidem ic ra tes of fa ta l lu ng d isease. V: e knew in 1876 that t his lung disease was ca nc er. \Ve knew in 19 13 t hat fu lly 40 pe r cent of the mi ne rs in Sch nce be rg we re d ying of lu ng ca ncer. \Ve a lso knew on the ot hc r sid e of the mouruai n tha t :;0 pcr ce nt of those m ine rs who di ed . d ied d ue' to lu ng ca ncer. Yet , when large-scale mi ni ng and milling of uranium bega n in th e U nited Sta tes for n uclea r weapo ns p roduction in 1940 . thi s lung ca nc er ex perience and its possible rel a I have been in cr easingly concerne d a nd a wa re follow ing tionship a nd m ost p robable rel ationsh ip to ra d ioactivity in my visits to Br itish Columbia . where t he y ha ve ban ned the mines, while widel y publish ed, ge ne ra lly ac cep ted as u raniu m mining . to New Mexico to find th at a g rea t d ea l of factual by th e scien tific co m m u nity . was little he eded by effon is bei ng m ad e to justify uranium mining on t he basis gcve rnmcm or by ind ustry. t ha t we need this to sa tia te ou r nuclear en e rgy dem ands. a nd O u t of 3500 u nderg round u ra nium m in ers (U.S .) . over to relieve us of the oppressive O PEC oil ca rt e l stra nglehold . I ~ oo of t hese individ ua ls ha ve died due to lung ca ncer. W e find it som ewha t interesting a nd rather deviant to find in the sho uld ha ve had less th an 40 in t his gro u p dying d ue to lun g February 7 issu e of The Washingt on Post a n announcement ca nce r. Among t his same group. 80 individ ua ls ha ve di ed by one of th e com pa nies that their e nd p roduct fro m New d ue to resp ira to ry no n -neopl asru ic d iseases : we sho u ld ha ve Mexico is going to be sh ipped to Korea Elect ric Com pa ny had less t ha n 2S of th ese ind ividua ls d oing so . _ . h wo u ld 3, 160.000 pounds of uranium co nce nt ra te . Somewhe re . ha n.' been a na t u ral concl usion that worke rs' com pe nsa tion somebod y is wro ng a nd I would like to know who it is, a nd would ha ve been a na tura l co urse of eve n t. Such , howeve r, is have a public retraction if it is one.

17 W,H I'!" and co mpcusarion for ou r family. :IoLlIl )' widows like nu- ha rk luum- an' suffering . too . \\'e wa nt lilt" govv ruruv m

alul lilt , companies tIl pa y us har-k ...1 wa nt vou t i l klll lW tluu m y hu sba nd m-vr-r smoked . r l k 1l1w lly : . . ..vty futher worked in t il l' ura nium lIli"I 'j for JO CITIZENS' .w a n Ill'/orf' Ill' died of tung calico har-k ill I!li :!. . . Theloss of one's fa th er has disrup ted nu merous families in a number of wa)'s...t he most signific ant im pa ct of this RADIATI loss inc u rred by all is the' decline in family income. ..o ur youllg('r brot hers and sisters who are currerulv in high schoo l and han' dreams of enrolling. and ar e capable of compler ing rbei r col lege studi es. Ttu - loss of a father has been de u-i. ment a l in meeting these ed ucationa l objec tives. , . 10 he-lp al h-vian- t he financial strain the whole family was subjected to. most o f rhcrn put aside their educational goals and sought ....-o rk to co nt ribu te part of rbei r earnings to the -i r

URANIUM MINING & MILLIN G Pearl N akha i, N avajo wi Bobby Cha rley. N avajo d ow o f uranium mi ner who Tribal Cou ncil Dele gate The nuclear fuel cycle begins with uran ium mining and mtu died of lung cancer lng, For Indians . this is potentially the most damaging and can gerous step in the development of nuclear power because : • Indi an reservations co nstitute th ree percent 01 the tot er U.S. land area yet co ntain between 5Q.8O percent of all James T . Bennall y, son of Kee H. Begay, Navajo In U.S. uranium reserves. Navajo uranium miner di an, worked in u ranium • Indians make up the workf orce that brings the ore to the surface. who d ied of lung cancer af mines fOT 29 }'ca rs. accom • The highly radioactive wastes, " tailings" Iro m mining and ter 30 yeaTS in the mines pani ed by h is translator milling are left unat tended on the reservation s. • The milling process uses vitally needed water supplies and co ntaminates much of the remaining groundwater. Transiatar : ;\1)' na me is K(,(., H . Beg ay. .. 1 was a u ranium The Red Rock Valley in Arizona has been mined since 1949 . miner for 29 yea rs sta rt ing from th e.' }Tar 194 0 to 1969.. ,W(' Over 100 miners were empl oyed by the Kerr-McGee Corporation alone . Twenty-l ive former Kerr-McGee miners have already died W( ' H ' 11<"\' (' f issued pr ot ective clot hing. WtO were ne ver issue d from tung cancer; 20 more have terminal cases, The mi ne was closed in 1969. but it will be 30 years before the actua l toll of 0 1" gjn 'Jl a ny Sil ft· t y precautio n and 1:('( ' uu-re nerer told of (HI)' diseases and deaths can be determined . Public health officials rad iatio n ,:lIi'ctJ during that rime. T he m ines WCH' poor a nd estimate that as many as 70 percent 01 the Red Rock Valley unsafe.' andno r fit fo r a hum a n ht'i ng to wo rk in .. .tln-re wa s Navajo miners will eventu ally die 01lung cancer and oth er related Il O vcruilation in side t hese m ines. ..1 cough a lot , and I respiratory diseases . Uranium mining obviously con taminates the miners. but it ha w difficuhy bn-arhing quite a few times a day, and it has creates a health risk to the general publ ic as well. Mini ng Ire affccu-d my thyroid. it gin's me pain sometimes. And m y quenttv entail s the pumping of water out of the svrtace and digcMi\'(' Sp lt'lll was afferu-d also . ~ ly lung condition was underg round mines. This lowers the local water table and can co ntami nate remaining grou nd water suppli es. Waste water is confirmed hv Dr. Leon Gonlicb from the Shiprock Pub lic generally pumped into dry stream beds alth oug h it is som ewhat IIr- alth Service and Ill' ha s confirmed t ha t the lu ng ca ncer radioacti ve because it has passed through the uranium beds. was from silicos is. Because water in the Southwest-where mos t U.S. uranium min. ing occurs-c-is in snort supp ly. there is co nstant co mpetition tor J al50 1m! II jim . ..He was o m- of the manv child ren water usage. In many instances, the water that is used in who used to p lay in the uranium piles in those years. W e had urani um mining is later used lor dr inking water by people living a lot o f uranium piles a round ou r homes, just 50 feet or 100 dow nstrea m. Once uran ium are is mined, it is crushed in a milling plant . feel or so. a lot of tailings...we we re drinking and The leftover are Irom this proces s is called ..tailing s." Taili ngs preparing food in contaminated water. . . 1 asked the Un ited contain about 85 percen t 01 the orig inal radioacti vit y 01 the ore. States government for com pensation because wc re the men Over 26 mi llion to ns of these tailings are on Indian land . Thus. the potenti al health eu ects Irom uranium mining and mi ll ing are who dug ou t the uranium for ou r na tional defense. Also t he not limited 10 miners. ccrnpensa uon would greatly Finance our needs. personally An Environmental Protection Agency study in 1971 and medically o n the reservation. and other people. identi li ed 6,000 spots in ni ne states that had elevated rac nanon reading s near act ive or inactive uranium mi lls. Only one state ~t y Sakhai: name is Pea rl Nakhai . I am a Navajo wide ....·. Colorado-bothered to tcuow up on the reocrt . A recent stu dy by ~t y husba nd worked in uranium mines for 29 )'t'"a rs in Cove. the Black Hill s All iance of Fall Count y, Sout h Dakota-the only Ari zon a . and in Colorado for Ke r r-M ctfcc. :101 )' hu sband co unty with heavy uranium mining since the 1950s-lound a ceo cer incidence 50 percent higher than lor any other co unty in the di ed of lu ng and sto mach cancer in 1974 . I was left ....-irh six state. ch ild ren to raise and suppon. . . W hen my hu sband worked The Department 01Energy has designated eight inactive ura in the mine, he was never told t hat radiation is dangerous. nium mi ll sites as its highest priorities fo r cleanup th rough the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Cont rol Act 011978. The agency and ca n kill, like it kille d my husband. J nave comt' a tong expect s that the cleanup wi ll take at least eight years. uay /0 trt! you that W l' need help wit h ho using , ru nni ng

18 young-er sib ling-s . . .Fam ilies need financia l assistance to Eighty pefcem of the ura nium is on Ind ian land. . .we underta ke all these necessary project s to insu re t he ir ow n don't wa nt a ny mining , W(, ' V(' gOl to sto p n uclea r power and their chil d ren's safety. , .In closing , we, as m embers of be for e a nyth ing happe ns. and this is wha t we've gOI to tak e a th e American socie ty. have co ntributcd to he r defense in her stand on. no nuclear power at a ll. l t's a kill er. tin u- of lH't'd in a ll aSp(·Cls. Our fa the rs. u ncles, b ro t he rs. anti close Irir-nds . weft' paid based on how much u r-an iu m submerged since. with tilt' exc ep tion of maybe this IWW S' lire IiH'Y could dig" : hcah h a nd safe ty co ns iderations were se t paper art icle. Ha rr y Dagli an suffered Fi ve to six agonizing wor-ks. A G I in m y ba rracks was fo rced to pho tog ra p h hi m aside . A nd t hr on'." tll illg tlu: companies U'(' r(' inierrs ted in every four to six hours, showing the dctcrioration he we nt it'i 'TI' m O Tl' uranium and IJrl~fil .S. through before he fina lly died . ..T he go vernment kn ows till' facts : th e g0\"{'rnment won 't release one damn thing , . . when the test site was hlown in Alamogordo. there was cattle:' d ownwind th a t was pi cked u p a nd taken to Los Alamos and 1 studi ed. \\'it hin six week s' time the hai r on those catt le had sta rted to (Urn g ray , In a few more weeks teeth were dropping out. , , I su bm it it to you. The Omega Canyon in cident where ( Daglia n) w as radiated and lost his lif(' - people were in there wo rking- t he next d ay...

Lac ot a H ardin, member I'l l tell you what t he working condjtions wer t" a t Los Women of All Red N ations Alamos. Du ring the hot run acrivi rv. we used to go to Fort has resea rched rad ioactive Doug las, Utah. in ambula nces. p ick up u ranium a nd pluto co n tam ination of gro u nd ni u m . \ \'e ca rried dosim eter badges in our pockets because water on I n dian Land you cou ld n't dis play them, th at was not permined. whe n we arrived ba ck at th e technical area. the lieu te na n t wo uld pick l Iurdin: \\'om en of All Red Nat ions is a g rass roo ts organi up t he dosim et ers an d di sa ppear wit h th em. Then we would zation nationwide:' o f Ind ian women wh o arc concerne d /Jrl)ci't'd to unload t hr ura nium on d plutonium bare about the health and sa fety and su rviva l of ou r peop le. ..we lm nded. ..T he fumes and d ust we re consta urlv in th e ai r : di d the study a nd we found ou t th at. ..well. it's j ust that our there was no venrila rion system . The dust was ;m th e (loor: people arc d ying is what it a mou nts to. OU T next generation Ura ni u m chips wou ld he in you r shot's [hat you co n tin ued to isnt t't't'll IIari1lK u chance to be bor n, .. \"T a L You went to eat with th e sa me clothes on , you went \ \' e u-su-d tln' wat er. And the ra d iation level is higher in to the h arrack s with the same clothes and sat on the th an the federal sa fet y stand a rds a nd th ey're not telli ng the heels. , .Co nta m ina uo n was rampa nt. a nd there was lilli e or people a nd [his is what we wanted to br ing to you here. , , no p rou-ctio » . particula rly for the G is. , ,

19 I have a daughter, 31, ap peared to be healthy. ..she arc no words to describe the deva statio n a nd hell of that was a p hysica l therapist ; she's now in a wheelchair with a experience . I searched for my lost fa ther for two weeks, a nd neu romuscular (disorder) , multi-t ype seizures, apha sic. during t hat time I saw coun tless victi ms dy ing. The indc lack of antibodies. lack of digestive enzymes a nd o n and on. scribably horrendous scenes en gr aved fore ver in m y My youngest son is a d eaf mute . subje ct to m ul ti -seizures. n1('mory... blood co nditions, a nd ot he r undiagnosed p roblems. He's Ironically. the su rvivors of the atomic bomb living in me ntally ret arded too , and aphasic. Ano ther son ha s m i t he Uui u-d States haw been left out. W e ca n only su rmise graine hea d ach es. he is also aphasic a nd has a blood prob tha t ou r govcrnmcm has ignored the m . . .Billions of dollars lcm . Another daughter. who has two ch ildren. has sta rted to are used to p roduce wea pons like the H vbom b. N vbom b. develop m uscle p ro blems. T he two grandchi ldren are sta rt poison gas and chem ica l bombs to kill a nd destroy hu man ing to show sig ns with digestive problems and blood beings. The Am erica n su rvivors are request ing a very sma ll cond itions . amOU1l1 of those funds to ease the ir agonies. The issue is not whethe r tlu- bomb sho uld ha ve been d ro pped, or whet her For a long tim e we have be en indoctrinated slowly. t he Un ited States shou ld help only the Ja panese su r.... ivors of what is good for the country is good for everyone . what is the bom bings. T he issue is whether the American go ver n good for the most . a few may suffer, . .it is inhuman to n1('111 r- a n assist a sma ll nu m ber of Am erican su r .... i.... ors living make guinea pigs of your own population, today.

John Anjain, re sident of Marshall Is lands, site of U.S. n u cl ea r testing ac com panied b y Julian Anj ain, his nephew and translator, BKanii Ku ramoto.President, an d b y Glenn Alcalay, who Committee of At omic is doing research on the Bomb Survivors in the U.S. Ma rsh a ll Is lands

Kuramoto :. . .1 would like to testify m y experience and till' [ulian / 1njain : ~ I y name is John Anja in . I romr- from American l:Iibakush a - Hibakusha means the j apanese Rougelap atoll in rhc Marshal l Island s...O n Yla rrh 1. termi nology for the A vbo rnb survivors - in ge ne ra l. I am I!J:J·l . tilt,Uni ted St a tes ex p loded the first and largest hydro. wish ing and praying t hat this appeal will hel p a id those gcn bombs that W(' I"(' LO be tested O il th t' isla nd o f Bikini . forgou cn. ign ored. suffering Am erican citizens. Tbcy are w hic- h i ~ a bo u t 125 mil es west of Ro ngclap. T his test. which stepchildren of th e war and polit ics, doomed to pa in and was ca lled Bra vo. caused great damage 10 the islands of misf ortune until the y d ie. They need )'our hu ma ne su ppo rt Rongclap a nd Utirik. O n that d ay , we sa w a fla sh of lig ht now , tht·y ca nn ot wai t any longer. 35 yea rs is e noug h LO n ing in tilt' Wt' st like a se("( lIId sun rising. \Vt· heard a lo ud ex- suffer, , Although the bo m bing ha ppened :~ 5 yea rs ago , I stili plosion a nd with in minutes th e gr ound bega n to sha ke. A re member il like a terrib le nig htma re , in vivid derail. There ft·w hours later t he rudi oac ti.... r- fallou t began to d rop on the

THE EARLIEST & LATEST VICTIMS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS & POWER Several thousand Japanese-Americans were living in accord ing to government off icials. Critics contend that the return Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945. Many were to the atoll will only succeed in jeopardiz ing the health of the re kill ed in the bomb ing , but nearly 1.000 survived and have since turning natives and in eroding even further the Marshauese returned to the United States . Survivors remaining in Japan are culture. provided with free medical care and finan cial assistance by the There is really very little information available to say how Japanese government ; the U.S. and Japanese governments fund much radiation the public received at Three Mile Island on March a multi -million do llar study of the health effects suffered by 28.1979, because inadequate emergency monitori ng equipment these people. U.S. survivo rs are ineli gible for the Japanese aid because they are not living in Japan. Nevertheless, the U.S. was availabl e. so there are no accurate figu res to make any sort survivors suff er the same health and finan cial problems of all of honest estimate of radiat ion damage. The sole monitoring radiation victims and are turning to the U.S. government for devices availab le were capable of detecting only gamm a radia medical aid. ti on. This means that the largest source of radiat ion, the beta Fall out from Shot Bravo on Bik ini atoll in 1954 was emis sions from the noble gasses, went alm ost completely measured more than 300 mil es away, reacntnq Marshattes e undetected. Concerns raised about lhe result ing healt h effec ts of natives on Rongelap and Utirik atoll s. Nearly one-half the ex exposure from the TMI accident have dealt with the formati on of posed natives have had thyroid nodules removed or have fatal cancers. Other biol ogical eff ects such as premature aging, reported some othe r radiation health effect. Marshall Island off i diabe tes. arthritis. and cardi o-pulmonary diseases were not dis cials have found an excessive number of birth defects since the cussed in any government risk assessment ; likewise, other weapons testing began. The Enewetak people evacuated from suscept ible members of the general public besides preschoolers the atoll were returned to thei r homes in April 1980. The radio and pregnant women-c tncrucmq the elder ly and people with activity on the atoll has been reduced to " livable standards" chronic diseases-should have been evacuated.

20 people, in to the drinking water and on the food. The ch il. A lealay : .. .the sociologi c and a nthropo logic disloca drcn p la yed in th e co lorfu l as h-like powder. They did not ti ons may be m ore se rious than the actual radiation kn ow wh at it was a nd m any erupted on their arms and faces. pathologi es in terms of the people having been moved from \\'l' we re not evacu at ed fr om th e island for m ore than two island to island. ..The Marshalls have one of the highest d a ys, a lt houg h 28 Americans on another island nearby were su icide ra tes in the world, and they have a very high rate of removed wit hi n 24 hours. O u r people began to b e.' very sick. alcoholism, juvenile d eli nquency, family disruptions. et c. T hey vom ited . b urns sho wed on t he ir skin a mi people's hair a ll of the usual things co nnec ted with a broken cu lt ure. And bega n to fa ll ou t. . . m y fir st hand experience with interviews on Utirik had to d o In 1957 , the American Atomic Energy Com missio n with th e pe ople a ttributing m any of their p roblems to t he doctors to ld us th at ou r home island was com p letel y sa fe.' for ra diation . Most of their ph ysiological problems no w a re be us to return. ..O ver the past few yea rs, an alarmi ng licvcd to be di rectly re la ted to the radiation effec ts and nu mber of exp osed . as well as the non -exposed who re turned things like com m on co lds . head colds , muscle a che s now are in 1957, han' h ad t hyroid ca nce r and radiati on -related bel ieved by t hese pe ople to be rel ated to the radiatio n . d iseases. Ninetee n out of tilt' 22 c hild re n \·..ho \ \-'CT(' born on Rongela p during the fallout have h ad t hy ro id su rge ry . Nine of t he non-exp osed han' ha d t hyroid ope ra tions. \Ve a n ' to ld that many m o re will b e.' opera ted on in tilt' yca rs ahead.. .

~I y so n Lckoj was only one year old wh e n he was e- xposed to the fa llo u t in 1954. He grew u p so stro ng a nd hea lt hy th a t I thought nothi ng would ever happen to hi m . bu t in late 1972 he began to be very sick and th e d oct or sa id Ill' had a very d angerous d isease ca lled le uke m ia. lie died j u .... t a few weeks la ter in November 1972. Most of you ha ve heard t ha t t he people of Bikini have Joseph Victor. developed been n..-moved ugniu from th ei r home isla nd because it is not skin ca n ce r after exposure safe fo r t hem to live tlu- rc . In 1969. ho wever. the AE C ha d to large amounts of medical tol d the Bikini a ns tha t th e ir a to ll was safe and that ther e wa s radiation virtually 110 radiat ion left Oil Bikin i. I l is re a lly sad to say t hat th ese people a re now conta m ina ted a nd will p robably Victor:. . .My name.' isJoe Victo r. I wa s bu rn ed by x neve r go hack to t hci r ho m e island aga in .. .T he 1('\,('1 of ra ys on my face . I ha ve had more tha n twenty operations to radi a tion on Rongelup. espec ial ly in t he northern part of the rem ove th e irrad iat ed and m ali gna nt skin t hat the x·rays a to ll, is higher th a n the level of radiation on Eu lwet ok a nd ca used. I sti ll need more opera tions and I will be.' disfigured Oil Bikini. which is sa id to be off limits for 20 yea rs 10 the for t he rest of my life . ..1 am living proof of the dangers of people 1lu-re . t hc mi suse of radia tion. .. Please allow m e to read a \\'c a re to ld by t he DOE d oc tors not 10 ea t the food on story. . .abou t me. ." " Victo r Wants Nation To See H is th e la nd or t he fish in the ocean near these isla nds. Face ," by T om Tiede, Wi lbraham , Massachusetrs ; In 1953. seven years foll owing the first radiati on treatment, Vict or's nose turned crimson. So did his chin and his chest. Tumors had begun to grow in the tissue of his skin and. unfortunately . they were malignant. . .He was 26 years old . He had cancer on his face. That's when he wished he was dead...The correcti ve operat ions began in 1957. And they have not yet ended. .."my li fe's been ruined...... He grew into middle age in the hospital ; thus. there has seldom been lime for anything but preparation for or recuperation from the knife . ..his features have been mutilated. Huge pieces of flesh have been cut away from his face and, tho ugh skillfully done . the reconstr uction is patchy, discolored, scarred and incomplete. . . .Victor says he may have been put on the earth to illustrate the dangers of the times in which we live. He believes his purpo se is to teach people that radiation is unsafe , any amount of radiation... He says he wants everyone in the nation to see his face. This is his missio n. he thinks : " If I can heip keep other people from ending up like me, well , everything that I've been through wil l have been worth it. "

21 Bertell i . . . An yone who has experienced a chest x-ray ha s some idea of till' dose of rad ia tion.. .T he worker level of exposure, if we take the 5 ,000 m illirem or :> rem, wh ich is the one·year perm issib le dose. is eq ui valen t in bone marrow d ose to 1,000 to 3 ,000 chest x· rays . That's three o r fou r a day fo r a yea r. This is wha t's called permissib le. You r bod y he ars th e unrcpaircd d amage of every rad ia CDr, R osalie Be rrell, Minis tion exposu n: you have had. ....-lu-tlu-r it's backg ro u nd radi a try of Co ncer n for Public rion. med ica l d iag nost ic x·ray, radiat ion exposure fro m ur Health, has done im po r a ni um m ini ng a nd tai lings. or whet her it's t hr- exposun ' tant research into health from pa rt icipa ting in a tomic bom b blasts. This ca n he effects o f radiati on expos nu-a sun-d. Yo u can han " chromosome breakage u-sts. u re chroruat ive siste-r exc hange rests whi ch will say how m uch damage you ha ve sustained. whet her it 1Jl' chemical damage MEDICAL RADIATION o r radiologi cal da mage . .. Medica l radtat ton accounts lor nearly 90 percent 01 all exposures to human-made radiation. The expected benefit s of W hen we de a l with rad iation. _ .we're deal in g wit h a necessar y medical x-ravs are to outweigh the risks of futu re new kin d of ha zard, one in which t he wo rke-r ca n be exposed injury from radial ion . a nd till' he a lth effects sho w u p in his children a nd grand cb il x-rays have the power to produce a visible image after pene dren. _ .It 's a fact t ha t these chemica ls whic h emi t radi oac trating flesh, cloth, wood or metal. The importance of this di s covery in its application to medicine was quickly apparent. The rive materia l an" lodged with in your bod y a nd arc still expos photograph produ ced by this x-ray beam would immediately ing you ( ' \TTl after t hc in it ial (" xposu re , T h is is a p hysical reveal the nature of a fractured bone. The use of x-rays pro fan , no t .1 psycholog ica l fea .. . _ gressed to photograph lungs, liver and other Internal organs, \Vl' haw already init iated a death process in th e species along with scie ntific research. I Radiati on therapy is the use of high-energy x-rays. cobalt, a nd what a m af raid of is tha t if u-c dont stop it at this electrons , and other raclat ton sources to treat disease, Im in t , u-e OUl ex pect to WI})/' out thl' f ut ure of th e hu nm n especially cancer . It is one of the three major methods available rac e whether ..... v ha vr- a nuclea r holocaust or not, whether W (' to treat or to destroy cancer. Radiation therapy can be used alone have a m ajo r nu clear react o r accid ent, o r whether w t · clean or in combinatio n with surgery or chemotherapy. u pt lu- waste proble m . \Vl' cannot go o n wit h the pn'se llt di s. Nuclear medic ine involves the use of radioactive substances in chemical solutions for diagnosti c or therapeutic procedures. regard o f till" subtle healt h effects from low-h-vel radiation. Trace amounts of radioacti vity are injected into the body and \\'e call no longer rolcrau- va lue judgments that S

23 Slietrom : . ..For the people of the Three Mi le Isla nd a rea nu clea r ind ustries and t hev . of co u rse. feel forced [0 per this is jus t the beginning of a long Ord(.'31. . .we han" lived pct uau- this mulri.mulr i-m illion d oll a r nu clea r in d ustry. with fear for more t han a year. IVe will coruinueto be afraid And t hcn three, fina lly, we have t he medica l societies and for the rest oj our lives. . . some members of these med ica l o rganiza tions that I believe \\' t' have become victirn s c- cp hysica fly. psychologicall y an' more conc e rned in a ttempting to maintain an a nd financially - of t ill' nuclear in d us try's madness and unblemish ed record of p rope rly weighing (he benefits versu s greed...1 a m now conv inced tha t t hose releases of rad ioac rlu- risks of medi ca l radiation proced ures than they a rt' in ti vity have doub led m y family's cha nces of ge t ting ca ncer or giving p ro per treatment to the ir pa tie nt s. le uke m ia . a nd th at the cha nces of m y daugh ter some day sl etlin g : I han ' been really a ware to day mOT{' than bcaring a hea lth y child have been great ly di m inished . I no eve-r before in my lift, of t he diversit y of t he people who testi longe r tuck her into bed wit h lovel y thoughts of he r future, fied - t he diversity in t heir lifest yles, in the rt'gions of the bu t ra ther with t he fea r of the resu lts of th e rad ia tion co u n trv they ca me from , ill their occ upations - a nd yt't th e damage that will m a ke t hemse lves kn own in t he yea rs (0 sim ila rity of the testimony t ha t tlll'y give, t hei r pain a nd o n llt'. . . thei r su ffe ring , tlieir fru stration a nd their hopelessness. I I am keeping a diary for m y daughter so t ha t whe n she's hope , if we arc ta ken in by bel ieving t ha t nu clear power will olde r shc'Il u nd erstand why I co uld n't sit idl y by while the gin' us a c hea p t'JH'rh'")' source. that we will not neglect to n ucl ea r industry, with the fu ll sup po rt of our govern ment. count t he cost ami make it be added in a nd not subsidi ze co m m its ra ndom murder. . . that cost with human life . That's m y feeling on it. and I Fee l For m y fa m ily. moving wou ld mea n literally sacrificing \·t'ry humhle in bt'ing in this position : we sh ou ld no t subsi a home. two jobs and many dreams: yet , I han' pleaded d ill' cheap l'Iwrgy wit h hum a n lives and suffering. wit h m y hu sb and to do j us t that. A nd then we sit down and Silvestri: . . .One thing that we do see in com mon dis cuss whe re to go .We haven't fou nd a p lace fa r enough among all of t he vir-rims is tha t you're a ll ge tting: equally bad from a nother reactor. a u ranium mine or a w astc di sposal rreatmvnt. Every fed er -al agt'ncy, every p riva te co rpora tion site. And we a lso kno w th a t moving wou ld not undo the seems to be interested in per petuating this myt h tha t nu clear damage a lready done. so we stay a nd fight and wait, a nd ('m'rh')' is ha rmless or th at low-leve l rad iation ca nn ot hun wa iting fo r the re su lts of the acciden t at T hree :0.1 ill' Isla nd is you . Of the number of peo p le that we heard from tod a y, a z-t- bo u r-a -d ay nightma re. t hcy represe nt a fr acti on of t he victims who a re ou t th er e, Closing Co m ments of the Citizens' P anel a nd it a p pears to he a gro wing nurube r . l t is a p pa re nt tha t Chasing Hawk : I ca n' t express m y feelings abou t sitt ing JH'opk art.' g{,tt ing hu n , here a nd liste n ing toda y. I wo uld like to say again I wo uld It 's one t hi ng , for whateve r reason, to make a m istake, like to invite all of you to the Black H ills. as our government may have done in its a pp roach to nuclear Morgon : \Ve ha ve heard of the three typ l'S of d am- po w c r : it 's an e ntirelv d ifferent th ing to go on perpetuating agc c- gc ne d c. te ra togenic and somatic . All th ree are ter th at mista ke , to d en y any res ponsjhi lity to th e vict im s of that rible effects of cxposu re to radi at ion. We ha ve heard that poli cy. If nothing el se . hopefully t here will be an incr eased t here is no level of exposure so low t hat it's sa fe. \\'c have aw areness and peuph- will put their feet d own and screa m seen denial of co m pe nsa tion for radiation damage at low and yell. TIlt' law i ~ as good

24 Iraterma,, : I think t he on ly thing t hat I ca n add is Fin ally. there is a change in the air, there is a resistance m y sincere appreciation for the un limited cou rage a nd ded i and ( I) feel it today. a resistance to t he numbing , to the ca tion (0 a ll of (hose who have testified here tod a y. cessation of feel ing we arc aske d to un d ergo to o often, most Ralph : For m e, it's been an inva lu ab le day. A day of of tilt' rime. by ostensible lead ers. . . Leade rs who do n't rbcr apy a lm ost , and m y problems seem sma ll afte r listening deserve to he calle d by tha t term. There is cha nge. a move to all t he testi mony. 111(' lIt to ward consciou sness. toward awa rc ness, t he word is ,\IfHOT/ : . .. we're vict ims. a lt ho ug-h some no t as getting ou t a nd we ha ve to co nti nue to act upon it before the seriously damaged as other people are " .O u r co rning nucle ar tec h nology docs us in . to gethe r rei nforces us. Every time wr- come together we g-N Mendelsohn: ...I'd like to thank every member of sm-ngth from ea ch othe r. I t hink it has been poi nt ed out the wide g rou p of people who ca me. as we know. from so m e tha t there arc pro fessionals who can no t he trusted. like the 10 states a round t he cou nt ry for joining together in wh at doctor s, tha t we cannot tr ust our own governme nt . I t hink was, yes. t he cause of each a nd everyone, b u t a lso tu rned that it has been poi nted out t hat the who le world is out to be a v('ry common ca use. . . becoming very u nsafe for us to lin' in and t herefore we have Just afte r t he war, J. Robert O ppen hei me r , sobered by to unite toge the r to make su re that then.' is a no n-nuclea r wh a t he'd see n - because he 'd seen a n a w ful lor of the things wo rl d if it is not (()n la te, that we heard today-tried to pass on some of its mea ning. u 'odkn : . ..These Il earings have served as a funher In a talk he gav(' in Cambridge in 1947 , after su m ma rizing ind ictment of t hr- Atomic Ene rgy Commissio n and its suc res t he role t hat scientists had p layed and physicists h ad played . sor agencies. t he N uclear Regu latory Commission a nd t he he went on to com ment whe re they were now. H e said . "in Department of En ergy . ..But go vernment agencies. of some so rt of crud e sense. whi ch no vu lga rity, n o humor, no cou rse . art.' not rhe solut ion to the p ro blem. Wha t I think overst at ernent ca n q uite extinguish . the ph ysicists h ave has 10 be d o ne is that workers mu st ass e r t cont rol in eve ry known sin a nd (his is a know ledge which th ey ca n no t lose." nuclear fa cilit y ove r tht' radiological protection apparatus so To some extent . 35 yea rs later , we're experiencing the full tha t IH' \'(' r aga in do you ha ve to co m e to a hearing like t his meaning of tha t knowledge which he and o ther ex pen s and have workers. or ex-wor kers. get u p a nd say the)' d on ' t ga ined. a knowledge wh ich has no t been lost a lbeit attem pts ha ve till' slightest idea as to how m uch th e)' wer e exposed . have been made a t tim es to hide it and to hide its And the same thing with th(· monitoring of radioactive su b meaning.. sta nces in their bodies : th e wo r ke rs must assert control over th e occupationa l medical a ppara tus in these plants so !Iwy What we've hea rd ca lled for tod ay is a new kind of always know what they've been ex posed to a nd wh at t he ho nesty, a new kind of approach to problems which seem too eff('n has been on rhcm. If wo rker s kn ow wh at they're di sta nt or seem 100 person al. bu t it tu rn s out now have epi exposed to and wh at t he effect s are , you're going to s('(' these dcmic propo rtions. Because what ha d been a sta tistic yea rs plants run in a much cleane r way. ago tu rn s out to be a series of multip le traged ies before our Smith : T Ot'\"('rY0Il(' who testified today. I want to rc very eyes and in ou r very popu la tion . W e a rc now in t he assu re t hem tha t just testifying is like educa ti on . it's awa re mi dst of thai ep idemic of radiation-caused d iseases..It 's ness. a nd t hat's v('ry, \'e0 ' im po rt ant to all America ns. oft en been said t hat those of us wh o livc in the present have Sacr ifice is a kt'Y word. Just beca use I qu it m y jo b and a m in herited what we've got from the past. from our for eb ea rs. I d evoting a lot of li me to t his. I' m not asking you to sa crifi ce have the feel ing as J watch the carelessness wit h wh ich we your job , but mavbc a fe w' hou rs here and there . It has to enu-red the nuclear age a nd wit h whi ch we've governed it to co me from ('veryo!le. and if you're like me. I want to gN tod ay. t hat it's no t the past we' ve inh erited from our ha ck a nd 1 wa n t to love m y home and Am erica like I used to. forebear s. hu t the fu ture t ha t we're borrowing from our T hings have changed. a nd I th ink hy maybe ho uscck-aning children. t hc government we can ge t t hat ba ck . I t hink that wr- alllove Bu t we've just begun and it's been a fine begi nn ing . Bu t it mere t han mo st people be cause w c'rc he re . we're ca ring. rea lly JUSt a beginn ing . ..The co mmon t hemes h ave been a nd I'd like to thin k this .....eekend is going to be a giant ste p th en' . the striking sim ila rity of the problems, t he problems for wa rd for a ll of us. of t he bu reaucra ts and the experts, the M .D .s. the govern Lijton : . _ .Ccrtainly. wha t we'v e heard he re has menr's represe nrauves. who 've go t 10 be held to a sta nd a rd of been enough 10 make a nyone . even th e hardcsr-bcaru-d t rut h which they've avo ided to this very day. who 've got to be Pa nelis t. wcep and w<" ep again a nd again.. .1 rea lly feel m ade to take the types of responsibility wh ich they've passed th at we ha n ' developed considerable insight from this off and pa ssed off. who 've got to be m ade to think of what a mee tin g - hu man un de rstanding a nd scicnrif lc un d erstand fu ture means not only of today o r (he past. For them. as ing as well . poli tical leaders, as peo ple ...... ho hold knowled ge in positions T elling the tale . as we've see n again a nd again today, is o f office . in bureaucracies, as people who hold knowledge crucia l a nd necessary. It's crucial to people who have t hem be cause of t he training tht·y have as physicia ns or ph ysicists. selves been vict imized , because it gives meaning to t hei r ex or chem ists. to ha ve th at kn owledge and no t to use it is to perience a nd to t heir lives. It's crucia l for the rest of us to t hc to tally abdicate the full meani ng of respo nsibi lity.. . extern rhat it ma y ind eed be the sou rce o f ou r su rvival . Ou r For me , it's bcen c- I wanted to say a p leasure - bu t it survival mil)' depen d UP01/ t elling the tale an d hearing the hasn't been a pleasu re . It's been a deeply mov ing expe rience tall'. a nd I want to tha nk you fo r it. D

25 Commission Panel Report

O n April 12 , 1980 , the Commission pefts wh o had co nd ucted resea rch into several generations to appear. This Panel of th e Cit izens' H ea rings for t he heal th effects of ionizing radiation. prob lem has been com po unded by a Radiation Victims received testimony consistent pattern of wit hh old ing radia T he testimony confirms that people from a re presentative group of ra diation tion and med ical recor ds , intim id atin g suffe ring the effects of rad iation expo victims. There were in attendance over injured pe rso ns and t heir families by sure have taugh t us most of the painful 100 people from over forty different fed era l agenc ies a nd p rivate industries. l essons of nu cle ar technology . Only states whose lives have been a ffected by and suppressing scient ific informa tion. when large po pu lations which ha ve expos ure to h uman-made sou rces of bee n ex posed to radi a tion have revealed Co ng ressional inve stigat ions in the ionizing radi ation. T he testimony they exc essive hea lth damage has ac tion been past two yea rs have u nd ersco red thi s presented indicated that they represent taken to reduce ex posun '. Recent pa tt ern of behavior by t he commercial ed a small fraction of the tota l num ber stud ies made d u ring the pa st d ecade and fed eral nuclear industry as well as of radiation victims. Many people could show tha t the effect s of low-level by the medical profession. Ra d iation not come due to financia l and hea lt h ra diation exposu re ma y have been victims a nd their families expressed rea sons , Two inv ited witnesses died seriou sly u nd eresti mated by as much as strong fee lings o f ang er. frustra tion. prior to the Hea rings. Among the ten to twenty times. Saturday's testi de pression a nd hopelessness. Wi th ou t victims who a ttended the confere nce mony added a human dimension to excep tion. th ese victims ha ve ex pressed wer e: these stud ies which ha s been obscu red th e feeli ngs tha t they were used as • milita ry personnel who part icipat by federal agencies and federa lly fu nd gu inea p igs" Most of them were never ed in tact ical nuclear war ga mes in ed scient ific panels insu la ted fro m the in formed of ra di ation haza rds to whic h Nevada and the Sout h Paci fic real personal tragedies these people they were exposed while o n the jo b or in suffer. the mil ita ry service . The sa me is tr ue of • mi litary personne l who were the resid ents of commu ni ties nea r nuclea r Fou r types of heal th damage wer e re first to enter H iroshima and N aga facilities. suc h as the Xe vada T est Site ported to the Panel. T hese were ca ncer, sa ki after the atomic bo mbing s a nd t he Three Mile Island reactor. includi ng mali g nant blood disea ses, Patient s ex posed to radiation for medi • uran ium e nrichment and nuclea r gene tic. somatic and teratogen ic dam ca l reasons also wer e no t in formed at weapons workers age . severe tissue damage from h igh the time of their exposu re of possib le exposu re to radi a tion. and psycho log i health effect s. None of t hese citizens • resident s ex posed to fa llout from cal impairmen t. Testimony was also were made a ware of potentia l gen et ic the Nevada Test Site given th at some scientific advisory and teratogenic consequences. includ panels suc h as the Int ern ational Co m ing t he possibility o f defective childre n . • resident s living near the Rock y mission on Rad iological Protectio n are Consiste n tly. testimony presented de Flats, Colo rado nuclear wea pons cu rren tly advocating d ra ma tic increases script ions of arrogance and contempt by facil it y in permissib le exposu re lim its for ion iz fed era l agencies. pa rticula rly by th ose ing radiation. T his is in direct con tra • residents livin g ncar the T hree Mile in the Depa rt ment of Energy a nd di ction to the past decade's accum u la Island reactor ncar Ha rrisburg , Department of Defense. The personal tion of huma n stud ies and to th e person Pennsylva nia tragedies of the witnesses a nd ot her al stories rela ted to th is panel by the ind ivid ua ls are the result of the confl ict witnesses. • J apanese-Americans who were in be twee n promoting nuclear tech nology H iroshim a and N agasaki during a nd p ro tecting human health. This situ There is a major problem in estab the bomb ings ation has ted to a com p lete mistrust of lishing proof tha t radiat ion exposure to the fed era l gover nm e nt : radia tion vic ind ividua l members of affected grou ps • peo ple who have suffered damages ca used t heir d iseases. This is partl y tims feel they haw no place to go for from med ical radiation hel p. beca use of t he lon g de lay assoc iated with the cancer effec ts of low-level Radiation victims suffer no t on ly the • resident s o f the Marshall Isla nds rad iation exposu re which ca n take u p to ravages o f disease but also the prohibit thirty or more yea rs to app(·ar. Because ive cos ts o f leg al a nd medical expenses. • widows of a tomic veterans, nuclear several fac tors can contrib ut e to ca ncer. T hough a fa mi ly member who ha s died worke rs and uraniu m miners, some times it can be d ifficult to establish ca n never be replaced , and one who ha s a prec ise causa l re lationship even in bee n injured can generally not be made cases where ra d iation expos ure has been well, the medical costs , loss of income The testimony of the Victi ms was a decisive infl uence . Genet ic damage and other inc iden ts of damage must be augmented by scien tific and medica l ex - from radiation ex posu re ca n take the basis for jus t compensation . The

26 p((' st'm systems of com pensa tio n for Energy a nd othe r a p plicab le agencies bu rden of proo f sho uld fa ll on the radiatio n victi ms a re wholly inadeq ua te should be transferred to a n ind epend pa rries respo nsible for the exposure. a nd have often opera ted wit h punitive ent research facility , probab ly und er t he These reco m mendatio ns sho uld es effects. ausp ices of the N ationa l Institute of ta blish the mi nim um relief to which The Com miss ion Panel has id en tified Occupatio nal Sa fet y a nd Hea lt h ('vel)' rad iation vict im is enti tled . T hey four areas of immediate concern : ( :":10 511), Fu rt her. we specifically re sho u ld, however, not p reclude the com me nd that the resea rch of Dr, victim's cho ice of a more favorable H uman Experimentation Thomas Ma ncuso co ncerni ng fed eral remedy From 194 6 to 1962. a n est ima ted a nd co n tract employees be cont in ue- d Reduce Ex posures 2:50 ,000 Uni ted Sta tes soldiers were and expa nded to include employees a t d eliberately ex posed to radi ation during Oak Ridge a nd ot her facilities, a nd th at There is no safe level of exposu re to atm osph eric weapons tests. Also during resea rch efforts of the N avaj o Co m m u ioni zin g radiation. Curren t fed eral this period the Depa n meut of Defense nity Coll ege and othe r N ative Ameri can sta nd a rds, particularly for nu clea r a nd Dcpa nmcru of En ergy (formerly o rga niza tions in to t he gen etic effects of workers, encourage false belief t ha t the Atomic Energy Com m ission) con uranium mining be sup pleme nt ed by there is a thr eshold level of exp osu re d ucu-d cl inical human ex pe riment s for ~ I O S I I and the Ind ia n Health Servin '. bel ow which there is no harm. VVe must act immediat ely to red uce all exposures th e p urpose of furtherin g the devel op Identification, Notification ment of n uclear technology. Irresponsi to huma n -m ade sou rces of ionizing b ly unconcerned with physica l effects. a n d Com pensatio n rad ia tion. Agencies ent irel y rem oved t hese stud ies ....-ere pe rformed to ex am fro m conflicting im eresrs sho u ld set and Parries responsible for any pe rson 's ine behavioral patterns ,- enforce radiation sta ndards . exposurc to rad iation, a nd pa rti es in Unn ecessa ry medical and dent al rad i T Ill" govern me mal me ch anisms under possession of suc h information sho uld a tion ex pos u rl'S sho uld be eliminated . whi ch these experiments were cond uct bea r th e bu rden of im mediate norifica Rad ia tion ("x pos u res into the bio ed still exist. We de mand that a ll suc h tion of t hat Iacr. Infonnat ion concern sp he re fro m nu cle ar faci lities sho uld be ex perim emarion ce ase a nd t hat the ing a ny person's cxposu re to radiation d ramatically red uced . srringcm prcscnt sta nd ards of prohibi sho uld be ma de ava ilab le to th em at no tio n conc erning rese arch wit h hum an cost. In circumstances where human Nuclear fa cilit ies suc h as those at su bjec ts be adhered to. hea lth is in da nger, there shou ld be no Rocky Flats near Denver . Co lorado a nd denial o f info rma tion on healt h effect s at Three ~1i1 (' Isla nd ncar Ha rr isb urg , H ealth Effects Research under claims of na tiona l sec u rity, Pen nsylva nia sho uld not be located near \ \' (" ca ll 011 the nu -mber s of the Assessment of radi ation exposu n ' to populated area s. N uclea r facilities, even med ica l a nd scient ific com m u ni ties to at om ic veterans shou ld not be cond uct in sparsely popu la ted a reas. pose signifi aSSU IlH' gn';ttcr respon sibi lity in provid ed by ei rhcr the Department of Defense cant ha zards to people living near them , ing nvcvssa rv advice and assistance to or t hc Department of Energy. Instead , as well as to an im als, agricult u re and people (' X posed to radiation . T o d o this th is eval ua tion shou ld be performed b y water ta b les. This has been the case in may req uire t ha t ma n>' ph ysicians attain a pu blic heal th agency . the United Sta tes w ith com m u nities greater know ledge of the effects of There should be a cent ra lized p ublic nca r th e Nevad a T est Site and in the radiatio n exposu re. access to in fo rmation concerning radia Soviet Un io n. tion ex pos ure from n uclear facilities. There is an urgt'nt need fur new· and Red uct ion o f occu patio na l exposures itldl' /Jt'" d l't1 t rese a rc h on the healt h including prompt p ublication of cu r to ionizing rad ia tion is an immedia te re nt info rmation o n a mont hl y ba sis. effects of radia tion exposure . Wl' call o n p riority. We oppose a ny a nd all Local. COUnI)' and sta te age nc ies should Congress. private philanthropy and a ttem p ts to increase curren t exposu re be part of th is in forma tion net ....·ork. labor un ions to fu nd in dependent limi ts, as sugges ted by th e Intern ational There needs to be a uniform fed eral epidemiological rese a rch. These studies Co mmission on Radiological Protec compe nsation la w for ra d iat ion vict ims. should de al ....-irh all forms of radi ation tion. Enforcement of these stand ards whether mili tar y or civilian. publici)' or d amage The pu blic and wor kers shou ld should be ca rried ou t by th e Occupa pri vat el y em p loyed. Suc h a la w m ust be invo lved in thi s p ro('(·ss. tion al Safety a nd Hea lth Admin istra im p rove and ma ke un ifo rm the va rying All indcpe ndcut a nd critical a nalysis tion for all nuclear facilities. T he role of Oil and generally obsolete sta nd ards now in of a ll data t he J apanese atomic bomh OS HA shou ld be greatly streng thened effect . T he sta tute of lim ita tions for su rvivo rs should lu- undertaken {sec instead of weaken ed. uppr-ndi x] . Current sta ndards are based radiation cla ims shou ld he a pp lied so as on what now a ppea r to be fa ulty int er to ru n from the time whe n tht' na tu re of A h igher priorit y shou ld be gi ven to p ret a tio ns o r those data . the disease o r injury becomes full y exami ning objectively the healt h risks of a ppa re nt. nuclea r energy a nd nu clear weapo ns. All source data relevant to radiatio n This evalua tion m ust includ e pu blic t'xposufe and federa l em ployees no ....· in O nce the victim establishe-s the fact of a nd wo rker pa rt icipation. In the past the possess ion o f the Department of his or her ('xposur(' and inj ury, the th irty-five yea rs, fu nd amental decisions

27 as to wheth er to proceed with nuclea r T his weekend marks the histori cal We a ppe al to govern ment agenc ies energy and nuclea r wea pons have beginning of a unified nati on al effort. and priva te industries to accep t respo n· exclu ded the people who bore the great one crossing the lines of va rious victims sibi liues they have refu sed or only est risks from th ese ac tivities. comi ng togeth er for the first tim e to acce pted partially. They have not acted explore their com mon problems a nd with th e kind of compa ssion and ca re Conc lusion frustrations. warranted by the deep suffering of We urge the cou rageous individuals rad ia tion's vict ims . We feel the Ameri We have been un able to deal wit h who gave testim on y a nd the na tional ca n peop le must be more ca utious and every issue ra ised in the testimon y th e organizations that sponsored the Citi thou ghtfu l of the fut ure before ex pa nd Citizens' Co mm ission recei ved ; we have zens' Hea rings to continue this work. ing uses of this techn ology. concent ra ted ou r attention on the most We call on ot hers to join us and Fina lly, we want to express our dee p cr itica l areas. There m ust be a cont inuo specifically urge medical. scient ific and persona l concern for a ll those we hea rd ing effort to work in implementi ng these legal ex perts, unions . pub lic interest from. a nd we e ncourage all others a nd other recommendations if we a re to groups and the religious comm uni ty to suffering from simi la r problems to come resp ond in a meaningfu l a nd com pa s· become involved as the increasing forwa rd . In the word s of Dr. Rob ert j ay sion at e way to the plight of thou sands of da ngers due to radiation exp osure Lifton . "O ur survival may depend on radi a tion victim s. becom e mo re a nd more evident. your telling th e ta le and our hea ring it. "

Appendix: Dangers of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation by D r , Ka rl Z. Morgan The re are ma ny types of ionizing Iied etiology, it is evident that there can 3 ca nce rs per 3.000 hu ma n rem . Some radiat ion. th e most common of which be no sa fe leve1 a nd a so-ca lled safe level of the d ifficult ies in bett er defining the are x. gamm a, alpha. beta a nd is one in which the expected benefits risk are the va riations in ca rci nogenic neutron. The human senses are not will exceed the harm th at may resuh. In sensitivity of various bod y organs and sensitive [Q a ny of these radiations at low other words. no level of ex posure can be amo ng indiv id ua ls, the influence of levels ( occupa tiona l exposure levels) or set so low tha t the risks of damage various synergistic a nd co-factors a nd even at mid -let ha l doses. Na tural back even ca ncer - are zero. the long latenc y period between th e gro und rad iation (average of a bout 100 time of ex posure an d eventua l recogn i m rem per year) is a compositio n of a ll Med ica l a nd Hea lt h P ro blems tion of the m alignancy. these radi ation s and hum an -m ade radi Radi ation da mage may be classified ation may be limited to one or more of Evalu ation of Cance r Risk as one of three types - genet ic. terato these ra diations . T he sources of these genic and somatic - and a ll these form s by the Standards-Setting Bod ies radi a tions ma y be extern al ( outside the have m anifested themselves in th e Sin n' human ra diation ex posure hu ma n bod y) or int ern al ( cont a ined in hum an po pula tion that was exposed to ex pe rime nts havc no t genera lly been one or more body organs) . ion izing radiation . T er atogenic damage conside red pro per. m any of the ear ly The nucleus of every norma l cell of ca n result in children who received in radiation prot ection stan dards were the huma n bod y conta ins 46 chromo utero exposure; gene tic damage results based on result s of a nimal experiment s. somes and this nud eu s- Iike a la rge fro m gon ad exposure and may show up However . ex tra po lat ion of these data to library - contains a vast amo unt of in one's children or in futu re gen era people can at best provide v(" ry poor and inform ation for instru cting th e cell how tions . Ca ncer is the form of som atic uncert ain estim at ions ; stud ies of ex to react to a great variety of circum damage m osr common ly associa ted with posed human popul at ion s have fur sta nces. Most of the more serious forms rad iation ex posure ; however, th ere is nishcd the most mea ningful and reliable of radiat ion damage from low level consider a ble evidence to suggest that results. The sta nda rds-sening bodi es : exposure are com monly believed to damage to ma n's immune (prot ective) National Council on Radi ation Protec originat e in the ra re event in whic h systems ma y be a n im port ant radiation tion an d Measu rements ( NC RP). Com radiati on damages this nu cleus and respon se tha t causes ea rly dea th from m ittee on Biologica l Effects of Ionizing br ings abo ut a loss of inform ati on a nd common diseases. Althou gh there is no Radia tions ( BEIR) , Int ern ationa l at th e same tim e the cell survives in this cont roversy of whether or not low level Com m ission on Radi ological Prot ection damaged form a nd multiplies itself radiation can cause cancer, there is an ( lCR P). an d United Nations Scientific many-fold. This d one of cells is no t inten se contr oversy rega rding the m ag Commi ttee on Effects of Atomic Radi a suffic ient ly recognized and removed by nitude of the effect on a human popula tion (UNSC EAR) have consistently th e body's immune system a nd after 5, tion. The lowest cancer risk estima te is used as their principa l reference and 10. or even 15 years is recognized as a about one ca ncer per 10.000 human support ing eviden ce tWOsets of hu m an cancer. From this somewhat oversimpli - rem while the highest estimate is about expos ure data : 1) data on survivors of

28 atomic bombings a t Hirosh ima a nd cul arory diseases. etc. In ot her words, carers) co uld be given weight fac tors Naga sak i a nd 2) da ta on patients the im mune systems of these two de pending on their mag nitude as trea ted with therap eu tic sources - es popul ations were so damaged that those follows : pecially rhc ankylosing spond ylitis pa · most likel y 10 develop ca ncer d id not A - Source term (value s 0 to 10) rienr s treat ed with la rge do ses of x-rays. survive to do so. B . Instrument readi ngs of dose It is unfortunate tha t these ha llmark Recently, the IC RP has published a (values of I to 10 ) data ha n ' been accepted a nd used set of rr-com meu da rions ( ICRP No . 26) C . Biologica l in dica to rs ( suc h as without appropriate' co rrection for seri hy which , if accepted by the United chromosoma l a berration) (va lues of ou s bia ses th a t cause the- m to undcrcsri Sta tes. 23 of the 46 maximum permis to 10 ) maw ser ious ly rhccffccrs of ex posure to sible co ncent ra tio n lim its of the Nuclear low level rad iati o n. Neither of these T hus, if the values ..... ere 2 for A. 3 for Reg ularorv Commission would be studies is correc ted for overkill and cell B. and I for C , the total risk would be 2 rai sed . Str ong support should 0(' given steriliz ation. for damage to the immune x :~ x I = 6, If th e valu es were I for A, I to the N RC to resist any efforts by inter surveillance svstem . and for the fac t for B, hut 10 for C , the total risk would that these were not normal human natio na l bodies to increase the perruis he I x I x 10 = 10. A value of 10 for the sibh- t'x posu n' levels. popu la tions. T he Japanese survivors total risk m ight be a cause for JUSt were- 11 m on ly exposed to ionizing Meth ods of Identifying Persons Who com pensat ion . The sour ce term could rad iat ion hut to blast, Fire. sick ness . he living in t lu- Rock y Flats area or the Have Received Radi ation Damage hu nger, disease a nd tra uma of a m ajor T IUt'(' Mile Islan d art-a or involvement ca tastrophe and rhe a nkylosing spo ndy ' There a re three means of identifying in a radiation accident . Instrument litis pa ric-nt s were sick. Th ey had a ve ry those p(' rsolls who have rece ived re dia . reading m ig ht lx- from a personal high incidence of common diseases suc h tion damage and w ho ma y be eligib le to monito ring meter or from a survey as ulccr aris. colit is. nep hritis. tu bercu receive compcusauon for such damage. meter or perhaps from a ca lcu lati on losis. chronic bronchiti s. pneumonia , Each of these means (source ter m. fro m cert ain data. Certai n lyres of influenza . ce rebrovascular disease. cir- instrument rea di ngs an d biological indi- cu uccr would give a high readi ng for C.

Resources

AUDIO-VISUAL Acceptable Risk-The Nuclear Age in expert testimony of Drs. Gofma n, Stew Broadway , New York, NY 10035, 2121 the United States. Gives a step-by-step art , Johnson, Morgan , Martell et al . on 921 -7020. overview of the prod uctio n of nuc lear the effects of the leakage of plut onium power and nuclear weapons , from near Denver, Colorado. Contact : PSR, uranium mini ng through the nuclear fuel Box 144, Waterto wn, MA 02172. Peopl e and Energy in the Southwest. A chain to electricity, bombs, and radio slideshow about the uranium boom in active wastes. It highl ights the corpora New Mexico and the Navajo Nation. It tions that manage the nuclear industry, Nic k Mazzucho : Biography of an Atomic shows how energy development has and the people affected by the nuclear Vet. This film lell s the sl ory of Nick scarred the face of the Southwes t and Mazzucho, who was stationed at Gamp age. Slides how and fil mst rip . Contact : di srupted the lives of its peop le. The AFSCINARMIC, 1501 Cherry St., Phila Desert Rock, Nevada, in 1955, and show focuses upon the personal stor ies delphia, PA 19102, 215/241-7175. wit nessed 18 atomic tests . Contact : of people directly affected by uranium Citize n Sold ier, 175 Fifth Avenue, S. developme nt. Contact : NM People and 1010, New York, NY 10010. Energy Research Project, 810 Vassar Clouds of Doubt . A videocassette de scri bing the hist ory of the Nevada atom NE. Albuqu erque, NM 87106. bomb tests and the supp ression of their Paul Jacobs and the Nuclear Gang. A medica l co nsequences. Cont act : PSR, fi lm about how nuclear radiation, for The Medical Implications of Nucl ear Box 144, Watertown, MA 02172 weapons or power, causes cancer to Energy. A aa-mtn ute videocassette fea those who get near it or on whom it turing a talk by Dr. Helen Galdicott happens to fal l. . .how U.S. government Curators of Life. A 35-min ute videotape befo re a medical audience. Contact : agencies have lied, deceived , and cov of pediatri cian Helen CaJ dicott speaking ered up the harmful effects of radiati on PSR, Box 144,Waterto wn, MA 02172. at Vanderbilt University on radiati on and .. .the victims of that cover-up, those health , nuclear fuel cyc le, and nuclear who died, those who st ill suffer and war. Contact : Video Farm, 156 Drakes those , like the late Paul Jacobs, who We Are the Guinea Pigs. A docu mentary Lane, Summertown, TN 38483. tried to uncover the truth. Contact : film on Three Mi le Island and the catas FORI AFSC Nuclear Weapons Facilities trophe of nuclear power. Contact : Decision at Rocky Flats : A Question of Project , Box 271, Nyack, NY 10960, Parallel Fil ms, 314 West 91 st St. , New Trespass, A videocassette featuring the 914/358-4601 or NEW TIME Films, 1501 York , NY 10024, 212/ 787-4808.

29 BOOKS/ REPORTS FOR I AFSC Nuclear Weapons Facilities Kochupillai, N. et at " Down's syndrome A Chronology of the Marshall Islands, Project (addresses above). and other related abnormalities in an 1944·1978. Includes a list of the bomb area of high background radiation in SANE World Special Report . An excel tests and their impact on the land and coastal Kerala." Nature, 262:60-61, lent summary of the Citizens' Hearings lives of the Marshallese. $1.50. Contact : 1976. with graphics, quotes. and more. tee Micronesia Support Committee. 1212 each or $51100. Available from SAN E, University Avenue , Honolulu, HI 96826. Mancuso , T.F , et at. " Radiati on expos 514 CStreet NE, Washington, D.C. Other educational materials are also ures of Hanf ord wor kers dying from available from the MSC. 20002. cancer and other causes ," Health Phys- American Atomic Bomb Survivors : A ics. 33:369-385, 1977. . The Forgollen Guinea Pigs. Hou se Plea for Medical Assistance. Thi s book Morga n, K. Z. "The need for radiati on is about the struggle of the Amer ican Subcommittee on Oversight and Investi gat io ns. Report recommends that legi s protection ." Radiologi c Technology, survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 44(6),1 973. and the plea for adequate medica l care. lation be passed to provide prom pt and adequate compensati on for the civilian Contact : JACL Nati ona l Headquarters, CONTACTS 1765 Sutte r Street, San Franci sco , CA victims of the A-bomb testing program . 94115, 41 5/921-5225. Available from the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigati ons. House AFSC/Nuclear Weapons Facilities Atomic Soldiers : American Victims of Comm ittee on Interstate and Foreign Project Nucl ear Experiments by Howard Rosen Commerce, Washington, D.C. 20515. berg . The story of 300,000 American 1660 Lafayette, Suite D soldiers who were expo sed to "l ow Denver, Colorado 80218 ARTICLES level" radiation during the 19505 atomic 303/832-4508 test blasts. $11.95 plu s $1 postage to Archer, V.E. et al. " Respiratory disease American Indian Environmental Council Beacon Press, 25 Beacon Street, mortal it y among uranium mi ners ," An 3812 Central S.E . Boston, MA 02108. nals of the New York Academy of Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106 Effect of Radialion on Human Healt h : Sciences , 271:280-293, 1976. 505/265- 1509 Health Effects 01 Ionizing Radialion. Hearings before the Subc ommittee on Bertetl. A. "X-ray expos ure and prema Citizen s' Call in Utah Healt h and Environment of the Commit ture aging," Journal of Surgical Oncolo 1321 East 400 South tee on Interstate and Foreign Com gy , 9' ;379-391. 1977. sa lt Lake City, Utah 84102 merce, U.S. Hou se of Representatives. 801/583-2683 January 1978, Vol. 1. Available from the Bishop, P."Teratogenic effects of radia House Interstate and Foreign Commerce tion," Clinical Obstetric Gynecology, Committee for U.S . Veterans of Hiro Committee. Washington . D.C. 20515. 9:631-640, 1967. shima and Nagasaki P.O. Box 14424 G.I. Guinea Pigs : How the Pentagon Blitnell . J . and A. Stewart. " Prenatal Portland , Oregon 97214 Exposed Our Troops to Dangers More irradiation and childhood malignancy : a Deadl y Than War by Michae l Uhl and review of Brit ish data from the Oxf ord Committ ee of the Atomic Bomb Sur Tod Ensign. Detai ls the exposure of U.S. Survey, " British Journa l of Cancer, vivors in the U.S.A . soldi ers to atomic bomb testing and 31 :271 -278, 1975. 1109 Shell Gate Place Agent Orange. $9.95 plus $1 postage to Alameda. calif ornia 94501 Playboy Press, CS Boo k Order Depart Bross, I.D .J. and N. Natarajan. " Leuk ment . 747 Third Avenue, New York, NY emia from low-l evel radiat ion : ident ifi National Association of Atomic 10017. cation of susceptible children," The New Veterans England Journal of Medicine, 1109 Frankli n Street Health Eff ect s of Low Level Radiation. 287:107 110. Burli ngton, Iowa 52601 Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee 319/753-6112 on Oversight and Investi gations of the Evans,H.J ., et at. " Radiati on-induced Committee on Interstate and Foreign chromoso me aberrations in nuclear Nevada Test Site Radiation Commerce. House of Representatives, Victims Assoc iati on dockyard workers," Nature, 277: 531 and the Health and Scie ntific Research P.O. Box 18414-192 534, 1979. Subco mm ittee of the Labor and Human Las Vegas. Nevada 89114 Resources Committ ee and the Commit 702/876-U,170 Johnson, G." Paradise lost," The BUl tee on the Judiciary. U.S. Senate, April letin of the Atomic Scientists, 36(10): 19, 1979, Vol. 1 and 2. Available from the New Mexico Physicians for Social 24-29, December 1980. House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Respon sib ility Committee, Wash ington, D.C. 20515. P.O. Box 4096 Kneale , G.W. et at, " Reanalysis of data Al buquerque, New Mexico 87106 relating to the Hanford st udy of the 505/255-7204 Radiation : The Human Cost. Brochure cancer risks of radiation workers, " featuring brief stories of radiati on vic Internat ional Atomic Energy Agen cy, Radiation and Health Project tims and a descripti on of the conti nued International Symposium on the Late Box 4524 health cos ts of the weapons program . Biological Eff ects of lontztnq Radiati on , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106 lOt each or $5 /1 00 from SANE or the Vienna. March 13-17, 1978. 505/243-7720

30 Resources Available From The National Committee for Radiation Victims

3 17 Pcunsvlvania Avenue 5 . E., \ Vashi nglOll , D .C . 20003

~ O V 5 4 :J.( ) 222

• T he Buck Sto ps Her e Ca m pa ign . A na tiona l let u-rwriti ng , with do llar bills a tt ach r-d fo r a ra d iation victims CO Ill pcnsa tion fu nd . ca m paign direct ed LO th e Prcsidc m .

• Ura n ium Killed J oe , l. a rge·sil t' pa mph let onjoe- I Ia rd ing . Wh05(' IH yea n, a t the Un ion Ca rbid e Ura ni um En ric h 1lH'1H p la nt cost him his life , \ \'r i u ell by Pier re Fru ldi ng with photogra p hs by Pet e r du R u . S I . ~ O eac h. Tell or more , 51 .00 e-ac-h .

• T ranscr ipt of Hea rings Testimony : T he com plete u ned ited transcript of the test im ony p rese nt ed ,H the C itizens' Hea rings for Ra d iation Victims T he 9R-pa gc , ho und copy sells for 59 .:)0, order of th ree or m ore. 58 .:'> 0 .

• The Atomic Age : A T ra il of Victims : Slide p n -senta tiou de veloped for the N atio nal Comrnitu-c. Includes person a l sto ries of c ivilia ns, vet era ns. uraniurn miners. and uuclr-nr wo rker s a lon g with exce rpts from tlu - Chizc-ns' I Ica ri ngs for Ra d ia t io n Victim s. 51 0 n-nta l fee or S:JO purch ase fee .

• T apes : T he testimony recor d ed is av aila ble . T he COS! for t he set of five rap<'s is as foll ows: lnd ivid uals: pa rtici pa nts. low-income 512 G ro ups ( low-b ud get) 51;) Libraries. sc hools . fo und a tio ns. etc. S20

• Low Le ve- l Ra d ia tion Effect s an d O vervi ew of Co m pe nsat ion P ro blems of Ra d iat ion Victims. Eig ht-page fan sh e-e-t 1)\ Dr . Thomas Vla tu-uso . ~ :)(' .

• Radi a tion and Xurlr-a r Age Vict im s : A n In te rview with D r. Rohert J ay Li fton , by R ic-ha rd Pe rl. T en p ages di scuss . in ,g tilt" psyc holog ic- a l su ffering a nd al ie nat ion of ra d iat ion victims. ~ :J (" per co py .

• X I'u 's/ill l' . ;\ mouthlv m-wsk-ru-r cont a in ing in fo rmation for and abou t radiation victiu». 55 yea rly su bscri pti on.