Influence of Particulate Matter on Observed Albedo Reductions On

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Influence of Particulate Matter on Observed Albedo Reductions On

Inﬂ uence of particulate matter on observed albedo reductions on Plaine Morte glacier, Swiss Alps Master’s Thesis Faculty of Science University of Bern presented by Eva Bühlmann 2011 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Margit Schwikowski Paul Scherrer Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Martin Hoelzle Department of Geosciences,University of Fribourg Advisor: Pierre-Alain Herren Paul Scherrer Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research II Moulin on Plaine Morte glacier, Eva Bühlmann, 2010 III IV Table of contents Table of contents Summary . XI Zusammenfassung . .XIII 1. Introduction . .1 1.1. State of knowledge and research motivation . 2 1.2. Research questions . 5 1.3. Project design . 5 1.4. Thesis outline . 6 2. Basic terms, concepts and processes . .7 2.1. Energy balance and albedo of glaciers . 7 2.2. Cryoconite . 7 2.3. Atmospheric transport and deposition mechanisms of PM . 8 2.4. Sources of PM and their identifi cation . 8 2.5. Carbonaceous fraction of soot . 9 3. Study site . 11 3.1. Geographical setting . 11 3.2. Climate and meteorology . 11 3.3. Glaciology and hydrology . 11 3.4. Geology . 13 4. Methods . 15 4.1. Fieldwork . 15 4.1.1. Sampling procedure . 15 4.2. Albedo and spectral refl ectance measurements . 15 4.3. Sample extraction and preparation . 17 4.4. Standard snowpit analyses . 18 4.4.1. Reconstruction of snowpack . 18 4.4.2. Ion chromatography (IC) . 18 4.4.3. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IR-MS) . 19 4.5. Mineral dust analyses . 20 4.5.1. X-ray diff raction (XRD) . 20 4.5.2. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) . 21 4.6. Analyses of potential darkening agents . 21 4.6.1. Loss on ignition (LOI) . 21 4.6.2. Microscopic assay of biogenic matter and microorganisms . 22 4.6.3. Thermo-optical OC/EC analysis . 24 4.7. Data processing of albedo measurements . 25 4.7.1. Broadband albedo . 25 4.7.2. Spectral refl ectance . 26 5. Results and interpretations . 27 V Table of contents 5.1. Results of snowpack investigation . 27 5.1.1. Reconstruction of snowpack formation . 27 5.1.2. General characterisation of the snowpack on 1 June . 28 5.1.3. Impurities in snowpack . 29 5.2. Biogeochemical analysis of cryoconite . 33 5.3. Broadband albedo and spectral refl ectance . 37 6. Discussion . 41 6.1. Snowpack investigation . 41 6.1.1. Snowpack characterisation . 41 6.1.2. Identifi cation of dust events . 42 6.1.3. Budget of impurities in snow . 44 6.2. Cryoconite composition . ..

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Download Abstract Booklet Session 12
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Ouvert 365 Jours Par an !
/ REJOIGNEZ MYCMA CLUB RESTAURANTS 1 Zérodix +41 27 481 00 90 2 Chez Erwin +41 79 479 78 09 3 Chetzeron +41 27 485 08 00 4 Merbé +41 27 485 89 84 Wildstrubel 5 Cry d’Er Club d’Altitude +41 27 485 89 85 3243 6 Arnouva +41 27 485 89 86 Rothorn Wildstrubel 7 Bar Seven +41 27 485 89 87 3102 Hüe 8 Pépinet +41 78 722 43 90 9 Cabane des Violettes (CAS) +41 27 481 39 19 Rohrbachstein Wisshore Gletscherhorn Glacier de Plaine-Morte 10 Violettes +41 27 485 89 88 2950 2948 2943 3000 11 Plaine Morte +41 27 485 89 89 12 Plumachit +41 27 481 25 32 13 Relais de Colombire +41 79 220 35 94 14 La Tièche +41 79 221 00 68 15 Cave du Scex +41 76 526 57 95 2 11 16 La Cure +41 27 481 04 98 1 PLAINE MORTE 2927 RANDONNÉES HIKING 1 Cry d’Er - Plaine Morte ** 3h25 2h50 2 Cry d’Er - Pochet - Violettes ** 1h40 1h45 3 Cry d’Er - Violettes 0h40 0h40 6 1 4 Cry d’Er - Montana 2h05 1h20 M 5 Cry d’Er - Crans 2h30 1h40 6 Violettes - Plaine Morte 2h10 1h25 7 Violettes - Montana ** 2h30 2h00 8 Violettes - Barzettes 2h00 1h25 LES VIOLETTES 2220 9 Marolires - Aminona (Bisse du Tsitorret) 2h05 1h05 2 14 9 ** parcours difficile | ** difficult route 5 1+2 3 CRY D’ER 9 10 MOUNTAIN BIKE & DH 2265 1 1 3 5 15 2 Downhill - Piste bleue DH blue trail 7+8 Mont-Lachaux Downhill – piste rouge 5 8 exclusivement vélo de descente | Distance : 3 km 13 DH red trail | Downhill bike exclusively | 3 km CHETZERON BUS GRATUIT 2100 DZ 1 L Chetzeron Downhill – piste noire exclusivement vélo de descente | Distance : 2.5 km DZ 1 SELFIE 7 4 DH black trail | Downhill bike exclusively | 2.5 km 12 16 9 Mountain Bike – piste verte | Distance : 2.5 km Mountain Bike - green trail | 2.5 km 3 8 4 CMA S.A.
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