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'The Slippery Memory of Men' ‘The Slippery Memory of Men’ East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450 General Editor Florin Curta VOLUME 21 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ecee ‘The Slippery Memory of Men’ The Place of Pomerania in the Medieval Kingdom of Poland By Paul Milliman LEIDEn • boSTON 2013 Cover illustration: Prussia from Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, sive Atlas Novus in quo Tabulæ et Descriptiones Omnium Regionum, Editæ a Guiljel et Ioanne Blaeu, 1645. © University of California (Blaeu Atlas—Europae Septentrionalia & Orientalia) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Milliman, Paul. “The slippery memory of men” : the place of Pomerania in the medieval Kingdom of Poland / by Paul Milliman. pages cm. — (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450, ISSN 1872- 8103 ; volume 21) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18274-5 (hardback : acid-free paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-24380-4 (e-book) 1. Pomerania (Poland and Germany)—History. 2. Poland—History—14th century. 3. Teutonic Knights—History—To 1500. 4. Borderlands—Poland—History—To 1500. 5. Borderlands— Germany—History—To 1500. 6. Pomerania (Poland and Germany)—Relations—Poland. 7. Poland—Relations—Pomerania (Poland and Germany) I. Title. DK4600.P6765M55 2013 943.8’022—dc23 2012041308 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1872-8103 ISBN 978-90-04-18274-5 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-24380-4 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Acknowledgments .......................................................................................... vii List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................... xi Maps .................................................................................................................... xiii Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 1. A iugo principum Polonie, a iugo Theutonicorum: Pomerania and the South Baltic Frontier of Latin Christendom in the Early Thirteenth Century ....................................................... 23 2..Dealing with the Past and Planning for the Future: Contested Memories, Conflicted Loyalties, and the Partition and Donation of Pomerania in the Late Thirteenth Century .... 65 3. The Restorations of the Kingdom of Poland and the Foundation of the Teutonic Ordensstaat at the Turn of the Fourteenth Century ................................................................................. 94 4. Immortalis Discordia: Eternal Enmity, Massacre, and Memorialization in the German-Polish Borderlands ........... 139 5. Pomerania between Poland and Prussia: Lordship, Ethnicity, Territoriality, and Memory ................................................ 196 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 255 Appendix 1. The Procurator-General of the Teutonic Knights Pleads His Case to the Papal Curia Concerning the Gdańsk Massacre, 1310 ......................................................................................... 263 Appendix 2. The Claims Submitted by the Polish Procurators in 1320 ........................................................................................................ 267 Appendix 3. The Claims Submitted by the Royal Procurator in 1339 ........................................................................................................ 269 Bibliography .................................................................................................... 279 Index .................................................................................................................. 313 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe a great deal to a great many people and institutions, far more than I could ever hope to repay or fully acknowledge here. But, I will do my best, because I truly appreciate all the help I have received over the years. First, I would like to thank all of the organizations that funded my research, travel, and language training. The Cornell Institute for European Studies provided FLAS fellowships to help me develop my Polish language skills. The History Department at Cornell provided funding for language training in Germany and research in Poland, as well as funding to start work on a first draft and revise the final draft of my dissertation. I also want to thank the American Council of Learned Societies, whose grant of a Dissertation Fellowship in East European Studies afforded me the time to collect my thoughts and share my research on a topic unfamil- iar to most scholars outside of East Central Europe. An additional grant from ACLS allowed me to travel to Poland to get feedback on my work from experts on this topic. The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars provided invaluable resources for me to continue researching and revising, including a diligent research assistant, Jakub Olszowiec. At the University of Arizona I am deeply grateful to the Deans of the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences and the Head of the History Department, Kevin Gosner, who ensured that I would have the time and resources to finish revising this book. I also want to thank all of the individuals who helped make this book possible. First I want to thank my former adviser at Cornell, Paul R. Hyams, both for his confidence in me and for his willingness to allow me to leave the friendly confines of Western Europe to pursue my own interests. I also want to thank Susanne Pohl, David S. Powers, and E. Wayles Browne, from whom I also learned so much at Cornell, as well as my friend, Alizah Holstein, who showed me that it is possible to finish a dissertation. I am also grateful to all of the other outstanding teachers I have had over the years, in particular Stephanie Frank at Parkersburg Catholic High School. Thank you for your patience and guidance and for helping to make me both a better scholar and a better person. This task was continued by all of the excellent teachers I had at Ohio Wesleyan University who made me want to become a professor and encouraged me to go to graduate school. To James Biehl, Jan Hallenbeck, Donald Lateiner, Mark Gingerich, Rich- ard Spall, Cynthia Bland, Carol Neumann de Vegvar, and so many others, viii acknowledgments I want to say thank you. I hope I can inspire my students as much as you inspired me. I was fortunate as an undergraduate to be able to work with real medieval manuscripts, and for this (as well as for her friendship and generosity) I want to thank Hilda Wick in Special Collections. I also want to thank all of the other librarians at OWU for allowing me to learn from you. Libraries are the centers of universities, and my experiences working with you deepened my commitment to scholarship. I also want to thank the Interlibrary Loan staffs at Cornell and the University of Arizona for helping me track down articles from obscure Polish journals, as well as the wonderful librarians at the Wilson Center, the Library of Congress, and Polska Akademia Nauk Biblioteka Gdańska. I am also grateful to Piotr Górecki, Anna Adamska, and Emilia Jamro- ziak, all of whom took time to share their work with me and offer com- ments on my research. I am deeply grateful in particular to Paul Knoll, who paved the way for me. Without his research, the idea of studying medieval Poland would have been too daunting a task. His encourage- ment and guidance over the years have meant the world to me. I also want to thank Florin Curta for encouraging me to publish my book in this series. Wiesław Sieradzan and Aleksandra Lenartowicz were kind enough to invite me to the international conference they organized on the trials between Poland and the Teutonic Knights in 2009 in Poland, where they were gracious hosts. I also want to thank Karol Polejowski and his family for sharing their home with me during one of my stays in Gdańsk and also for obtaining research materials for me which are difficult, if not impos- sible, to find in the US. I especially want to express my gratitude to my colleagues and friends in the History Department at the University of Arizona—Kevin Gosner (again), Susan Karant-Nunn, Steve Johnstone, Doug Weiner, Ute Lotz- Heumann,
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