Of Rivaroxaban (Xarelto®)

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Of Rivaroxaban (Xarelto®) SUBMISSION TO NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CLINICAL EXCELLENCE Single Technology Appraisal (STA) of Rivaroxaban (Xarelto®) Bayer Plc August 2011 List of Abbreviations AC Anticoagulation ACS Acute Coronary Syndrome ACTS Anti-Clot Treatment Scale AE(s) Adverse events AF Atrial Fibrillation AFNET German Atrial Fibrillation Competence NETwork ALT Alanine Transaminase ASA Acetylsalicylic Acid (aspirin) AST Aspartate aminotransferase BMI Body Mass Index BNF British National Formulary CABG Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (surgery) CEA Cost Effectiveness Analysis CEAC Cost Effectiveness Acceptability Curve CEC Clinical Events Committee CHADS2 Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age, Diabetes and history of Stroke or TIA (doubled) CHA2DS2-VASc Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age ≥75 (doubled), Diabetes, Stroke (doubled), Vascular Disease, Age 65–74, and Sex category (female)] CI Confidence Interval CNS Central Nervous System COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease CrCL Creatinine Clearance cTTR Centre Time in Therapeutic Range CV Cardiovascular DSMB Data Safety and Monitoring Board DVT Deep Vein Thrombosis ECG Electrocardiogram EHRA European Heart Rhythm Association EM(E)A European Medicines Agency ESC European Society of Cardiology FAD Final Appraisal Determination (in relation to NICE) FDA Food & Drug Administration GCP Good Clinical Practice GP General Practitioner HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HR Hazard Ratio HRG Healthcare Resource Groups HRQoL Health Related Quality of Life IC Intracranial ICER Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio ICH International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use ICUR Incremental Cost-Utility Ratio IDMC Independent Data Monitoring Committee INR International Normalised Ratio ITT Intention To Treat IVRS Interactive Voice Response System LFT(s) Liver Function Test(s) LMWH Low Molecular Weight Heparin LOS Length of Stay 1 LV Left Ventricular LVEF Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction LY Life-Years LYG Life-Years Gained MedDRA Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities mg Milligram(s) MI Myocardial Infarction min minute ml millilitre mmHg millimeters Mercury MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging NHS National Health Service NICE National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence NMA Network Meta-Analysis NRAF National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation NVAF Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation NYHA New York Heart Association OAC Oral Anticoagulation / Anticoagulant Od Once daily OWSA One Way Sensitivity Analysis PbR Payment by Results PCI Percutaneous Coronary Intervention PCT Primary Care Trust PE Pulmonary Embolism PP Per Protocol PPI Proton Pump Inhibitor PSA Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis PSS Personal Social Services PSSRU Personal Social Services Research Unit PTS Patient Transport Service QALY Quality Adjusted Life Years QOF Quality and Outcomes Framework RCT Randomised Controlled Trial RF Risk Factor ROCKET AF Rivaroxaban Once daily oral direct Factor Xa inhibition Compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation RR Relative Risk SAE Serious Adverse Event SE Systemic Embolism SIGN Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network SMC Scottish Medicines Consortium SOT Safety On-Treatment (population) SPAF Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation SPC Summary of Product Characteristics TIA Transient Ischaemic Attack TIMI Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (in relation to bleeding) TSQM Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire TTR Time in Therapeutic Range Tx Therapy / Treatment UK United Kingdom ULN Upper Limit of Normal US(A) United States (of America) 2 VKA Vitamin K Antagonist vs versus VTE Venous Thromboembolism 3 Table of Contents Executive summary....................................................................................................................... 9 Section A – Decision problem ................................................................................................. 15 1 Description of technology under assessment ..................................................................... 15 2 Context................................................................................................................................ 20 3 Equity and equality.............................................................................................................. 27 4 Statement of the decision problem...................................................................................... 28 Section B – Clinical and cost effectiveness ........................................................................... 31 5 Clinical evidence ................................................................................................................. 31 6 Cost effectiveness.............................................................................................................114 Section C – Implementation................................................................................................... 266 7 Assessment of factors relevant to the NHS and other parties .......................................... 266 8 References........................................................................................................................ 278 9 Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 289 Table of tables Table 1. Base-case cost-effectiveness results...................................................................... 11 Table 2 Cost effectiveness results – poorly controlled on warfarin....................................... 12 Table 3 Cost effectiveness results – warfarin naive.............................................................. 12 Table 4 Cost effectiveness results – warfarin unsuitable...................................................... 13 Table 5 Incremental cost effectiveness results – aspirin and no treatment .......................... 13 Table 6 Cost effectiveness results vs dabigatran ................................................................. 14 Table 7. Unit costs of technology being appraised ............................................................... 18 Table 8. Eligible population................................................................................................... 21 Table 9. Eligibility criteria used in search strategy ................................................................ 32 Table 10. List of relevant RCTs ............................................................................................ 34 Table 11. Key features of rivaroxaban phase III RCT in the prevention of stroke and thromboembolism in AF(23-28) ............................................................................................ 37 Table 12. Treatment Assignments ........................................................................................ 41 Table 13. Eligibility criteria in the ROCKET AF study(24) .................................................... 43 Table 14. Demographic and baseline data of ROCKET AF study participants (ITT population) ............................................................................................................................ 47 Table 15. Definitions of observation periods and study populations for statistical analysis(26) .............................................................................................................................................. 53 Table 16. Quality assessment of RCTs ................................................................................ 62 Table 17. Primary Trial Endpoint: Stroke and Non-CNS Embolism...................................... 66 Table 18. Incidence and event rates of secondary efficacy endpoints as adjudicated by CEC (Safety / on-treatment population, excluding Czech site)(28) ............................................... 73 Table 19. Incidence and event rates of secondary efficacy endpoints as adjudicated by CEC (ITT to Site Notification population, excluding Czech site)(26) ............................................. 74 Table 20. Hierarchical testing – Event rate, Hazard Ratio and 95% CI for Time to the first occurrence of Efficacy Endpoints (Adjudicated by CEC)(23;26;28)...................................... 79 Table 21. Percentage (Median) of INR Values in therapeutic range for warfarin by region (safety population) ................................................................................................................ 80 Table 22: Percentage of INR Values in range of 2-3 for Warfarin (Imputed) by Baseline CHADS2 Score (Safety Analysis Set) ................................................................................... 81 Table 23. Treatment effects by quartiles of centre Time in Therapeutic Range (safety on treatment population)*† (28) ................................................................................................. 82 Table 24. Summary of the trials used to conduct the network meta-analysis....................... 87 Table 25. Summary of odds ratios for rivaroxaban compared to selected comparators....... 90 Table 26. Results of Primary Safety Endpoint (23;26) based on safety on treatment population ............................................................................................................................. 98 Table 27. Major bleeding by site*.......................................................................................... 99 Table 28. Adverse event summary ....................................................................................
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