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Insectes Sociaux, Paris Masson, Paris, 1983 1983, Volume 30, n ~ 2, pp. 14%164 ANT CHROMOSOMES II, KARYOTYPES OF WESTERN PALEARCTIC SPECIES * E. HAUSCHTECK-JUNGEN (1) and H. JUNGEN (2)** tl) Zootogisches Institut der UniversiRit Ziirich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH - 8057 Ziirich, Switzerland (2) Zoologisches Museum der Universitlit Zi'trich, Winterthurerstr, 190, CH - 8057 Zi~rich, Switzerland Regu le 6 d6eembre 1980. Accept6 le 23 avril 1982. S UMMARY The chromosome numbers of 40 ant species are reported. For 22 species the karyo- types as ~r as the chromosome numbers are presented. The chromosome numbers range between n = 8 and n = 26. Remarkable karyotypes are those of the germs LaMas in exhibiting mainly acrocentric chromosomes. In all other ?~aryotypes the majori:ty of chromosomes show medio- or submediocentric centromere position. Differences in chromosome numbers in the genus Camponotus reflect the grouping in subgenera 'with the exception of Taneemyrmex. This pattern is not true for the genera Aphaenoeaster and Leptothorax, where a variety of chromosome numbers ~r found in the different subgenera. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Ameisenchromosomen:- IL Karyotypen westpal~arktischer Arten Die Chromosomenzahlen yon 40 Ameisenarten ,~verden mitgeieilt. Ffir 22 Arten wird zus~tztich der Karyotyp vorgelegt. Die haploiden Chrornosomenzahlen bewegen sich zwischen n = 8 und n = 26. Bemerkenswert sind die Karyotypen der Gatttmg Lasius. Diese Karyotypen besitzen, abgesehen yon einern oder zwei mediozentrischen Paaren. ausscbliesslich acrozentrische Chromosornen. ARe fibrigen Karyotypen bestehen iiber- wiegend aus rnedio- bzvr submediozentrischen Chrornosornen. In der Gattung Carnponorus emspricht die Gruppierung in Untergattungen auch einer Gruppierung yon unterschiedlichen Chrornosomenzahlen. Fi.ir die Gattungen Aphceno. gaster und Leptothorax gilt diese Entsprechung nicht. (*) Supported by: Karl HESCHELER-STIFrur~G, Georg und Antoine CLARAz-ScFIENKUNG, and by grants of the Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F,Srderung wissenschaftticher Forschnng Nr. 4326, 4847, 3.187.69, (**) The former students Peter DUELLI. Hans HOSBACH, and Othmar KUHN took part in the chromosome studies, 150 E. HAUSCHTECK-JUNGEN and H. ]UNGEN INTRODUCTION The origin of the Formicid~ is in the Mesozoic era (WILSON et al., 1967), so the morphological and behavioural characteristics as well as the chromo- some sets could develop over a long time span. In fact, the haploid chro- mosome numbers of Formicid~e cover the range between 4 (HAuSCHTECK, 1962 ; IMAI and KuBora, 1972) and 42 (IMAI et al., 1977), eventually even more than 45 (TAYLOR, 1978). The chromosome diversification arose independently in different subfamilies. Mechanisms of karyotype evolution, such as centric fission and fusion, chromosome polymorphism, B chromosomes, translo- cations, pericentric and paracentric inversions and DNA amplification have been discussed by Cg0zIER (1975) and L~I et al. (1977). Besides insights into general mechanisms of karyotype evolution, which are summarized for instance by JOHN and LEwis (1968) or WHITE (1973), the karyotype analysis should clarify taxonomy. The karyotypical variability in some genera, e.g. Camponotus or Aphcenogaster, can be quite large. Of course, morphological or ecological variability of a taxon does not have to be paralleled by karyological variability. CROZIER (1975) summarized all chromosomal data on ants up to 1975. Since then, additional results were presented on the genus Formica (HAuscHTECK-JUNCEN and JvNcz~q, 1976) on Australian species (IMAI eL at.. 1977). In spite of a relatively large number of species investigated up to now, cytotaxonomie information on the western patearctic ant species is still fragmentary. With two exceptions, this paper presents karyotypes of European and North African species of Formicidze. Most of the chromosome numbers are already previously mentioned in CROZIER (1975). MATERIAL AND METHOD As in other insects, the suitable material to find mitosis are the cerebral ganglia of preputree. Dissected ganglia from atl castes available ~vere kept in" sterile ringer solution to which Colcemid ~vas added to a final concentration of 0,004 %. After one to three hours incubation the organs were transferred to a t g's sodium citrate solution for 20 to 40 re.in. They ~vere then fixed in 50 % acetic acid and stained in acetic orcein, The cells ~vere squashed under a siliconized coverslip, ~vhich was removed after being frozen on dry ice. Permanent preparations ~vere made by mounting in Euparal. For determination of the chromosome number ten mitoses with the same mammal chromo- some number were thought to be enough to determine the diploid or haploid chromo- some number of the species. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Bothriomyrmex : The karyotype of B. gibbus (not figured, table D is characterized by one long subtelocentric chromosome, twice as long as the ANT CHROMOSOMES 151 next one, which is submediocentfic. Pair three is mediocentric, pairs five and six are submediocentric. The smaller chromosomes are acrocentric. Tapinoma ([ig: I a, I b, table I): The karyotype of T. erraticum looks similar to one of the karyotypes known from the American T. sessile. CROZIER (1970 b) describes for this species a chromosomal potymorphism, the karyotypes differing by pericentric inversions. One of the karyotypes Fig. 1. -- Karyotypes and metaphase plate. 2 000 • a) Tapinoma erraticum, diploid set, 2 n = 16. b) T. nigerrimum, haploid metaphase, n -- 9. c) Plagiotepis pygmaea, diploid set. 2 n --- 18. d) P. barbara, haploid set, n = 9. e) Lasius (Lasius) atienus, diploid set, 2 n = 30. f) L. (Cautolasius) flavus, diploid set, 2 n = 30. g) L. (DendroIasius) fuliginosus, haploid set, n --- 14. Abb. 1. -- Karyotypen und Metaphaseptatten. 2 000 x. a) Tapinoma erraticum, diplolder Satz, 2 n = 16. b) T. nigerrimum, haptoide Metaphase, n = 9. c) Plagiolepis pygmaea, diploider Satz. n = 18. d) P. barbara, haploider Satz, n = 9. e) Lasius (Lasius) alienus, diploider Satz. 2 rt = 30. f) L. (Cautolasius) flavz~s, diploider Satz, 2 n = 30. g) L. (Dendrotasius) fuIiginosus, haploider Satz, n = 14. 152 E. HAUSCHTECK.JUNGEN and H. JUNGEN Table I. -- Haploid chromosome numbers of European and North African ant species. Metaphases from queens and workers ~ere diploid, those from males haploid. At least one nest from each collection site 'was analysed. Nests ~ith c~romosomal aberrations are omitted here. CH: S'witzerland, D: Federal Republic of Germany, E: Spain, F: France, GR: Greece, I: Italy, TN: Tunisia, USA: United States of America, YU: Yugoslavia. n: haploid chromosome number. Tabelle I. -- Haptoide Chromosomenzahlen europ4iischer und nordafrikanischer Ameisen- arten. Metaphasen yon K.~Sniginnen und Arbeiterirmen ,waren diploid, solche yon Mfirmchen haploid. Von jedem Ftmdort wurde mindestens ein Nest untersucht. Nester, in denen Tiere mit chromosomaler Aberration gefunden ~urden, sind bier nicht aufge~hrt. CH: Sch~ceiz, D: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, E: Spanien, F: Frankreich. GR: Griechenland, I: Italien. TN: Tunesien, USA: Vereinig~e Staaten yon Amerika, YU : Jugosla~viem. n: haploide ChromosomenzahL Species Collection site n Caste Number analysed of nuclei analysed Dolichoderin~e Tapinomini Bothriorn yrmex gibbus Genova (I) 11 ~ > 10 Tapinoma erraticum Pfin',vald (CH) 8 ~ g ~ > 10 Dietsdorf (CFI) Boppelsen (CH) Pr~les (CH) Locarno (CH) T. nigerrimum Tunis (TN) 9 4 > 10 Tabarka (TN) T, simrothi Tunis (TN) 9 9 ~ > 10 Jefna (TN) Malaga (E) Formicin~e Plagiolepidini Plagiolepis barbara Tunis (TN) 9 ~ 6 > 10 P. pygmaea Torremolinos (E) 9 9 ~ c~ > t0 Malaga (E) Loja (E) Tessin (CH) Wallis (CH) Podgara (YU) Formicini Lasius ( Cautolasius ) flavus Ziirich (CH) 15 9 ~ > 10 L. (Dendrolasius) fuliginOsus Ziirich (CH) 14 ~ > 10 Pavia (I) L. ( Lasius ) alienus Kaiserstuhl (D) 15 r g > 10 Sur En (CH) Celoni Gerona (E) Fiirstenau (CH) Camponotini Camponotus (Camponotus) ligniperda Wallis (CH) 14 9~ > I0 Camponotus (Myrmosericus) cruentatus Diezma (E) 18 7 ANT CHROMOSOMES 153 Species Collection site Caste Number analysed of nuclei analysed C. (M.) rufoglaucus Sedjenane (TN) I8 ~ 8 > I0 Tabarka (TN) Granada (E) Camponotus (Tana~myrmex) azthiops St-Giles (F) 21 9~ > 10 Yugoslavia C. (T.) alii Alcoy (E) 21 6 C. (T.) compressus Tabarka (TN) 20 ~ > 10 Tunis (TN) C. (T.) foreli Malaga (E) > 10 C. (T.) pilieornis Ordal (E) 25 6 C, (T.) sytyaticus Rhodos (GR) 20 ~6 > 10 Hospitalet (E) Ordal (E) CataglypI~is albicans Hospitalet (TN) 26 > 10 C. bicolor Israel 2698 > 10 Tabarka (TN) Ponerin~ Ponerini Ponera pennsylvanica USA > 10 Myrmicinze Myrmieini (broad sense) Aphcenogaster ( Aphcenogas ter ) depitis Tunis (TN) 17 2 Sedjenane (TN) A. (AJ sardoa Sedjenane (TN) 17 2 A. (A.) testaceopilosa Malaga (E) 17 ~$ > 10 Tunis (TN) Sibenik (YU) Aph~enogaster (Attomyrma) subterranea Pfirrwatd (CH) 11 ~. > 10 TesSin (CH) Pr~les (CH) Kaiserstuhl (D) Harpagoxenus subl~vis Niirenberg (CH) 20 ~8 > 10 Leptothorax (Leptothorax) acervorum Bonn (D) 13 g8 > I0 Sur En (CH) Wallis (CH) MaILx (CH) Leptothorax (Myralant) interruptus Wiirzburg (D) 12 > I0 L, (M,) nylanderl Boppelsen (CH) 3 L. (M.) schaumi Ithaka (USA) 9 2 L, (M.) tuberum Graub~ndcn (CH) 9 9~6 > 10 Waltis (CH) Braurtwatd (CH) Sur En (CH) 154 E. HAUSCHTECK.JUNGEN and H. JUNGEN Species Collection site n Caste Number analysed of nuclei analysed L. (M,) unffasciatus Bonn (D) 9 ~ > I0 Pr~les (CH) Dielsdorf (CH) Graubfinden (CH) Manica rubida Biirglen (CH) 22 ~ > 10 Myrmica &evinodis Greifensee (CH) 24 9 ~ > 10 Ziirich (CH) M. ruginodis Fiirstenau (CH) 24~
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  • Weather Conditions During Nuptial Flight of Manica Rubida (LATREILLE, 1802) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Southern Poland

    Weather Conditions During Nuptial Flight of Manica Rubida (LATREILLE, 1802) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Southern Poland

    Myrmecologische Nachrichten 9 27 - 32 Wien, Dezember 2006 Weather conditions during nuptial flight of Manica rubida (LATREILLE, 1802) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in southern Poland Łukasz DEPA Abstract Nuptial flight of many ant species occurs when weather conditions are appropriate; defined weather parameters may even initiate it. Various ant species have different seasons of nuptial flight but in Poland most of them take place in sum- mer. Nuptial flights of Manica rubida (LATREILLE, 1802) were observed in Piekary Śląskie (Upper Silesia, Poland) in May 2004 and 2005, and also in April and May 2006. Obtained data suggest that appropriate weather conditions may be necessary for alate sexuals of this species to begin their nuptial flight. The question of reliability of literature data on nuptial flight dates is highlighted. According to literature, nuptial flight of M. rubida has a broad time range (from April to September). Overall, weather and climatic conditions, also in context with the semi-claustral mode of colony founding in this species may serve as an explanation of such discrepant reports. Key words: Manica rubida, nuptial flight, mating, swarming, phenology. M.Sc. Łukasz Depa, Zoology Department, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland. E-mail: [email protected] Introduction Nuptial flight has tremendous importance for ants. Not on- 2002), reaching 2400 m a.s.l. (KUTTER 1977). In Poland it ly does it facilitate copulating by unrelated sexuals, but it often inhabits uplands; it is also common in cities in the also allows young gynes to disperse and to find new loca- southern part of the country, e.g., it is very abundant in Pi- lities for nesting.
  • Crematogaster$Levior$ Conspecific"Behavior" A" 1" 1" 1" 1"

    Crematogaster$Levior$ Conspecific"Behavior" A" 1" 1" 1" 1"

    The chemistry, recognition behaviors, and population genetics of Neotropical parabiotic ants by Virginia Jayne Emery A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy and Management in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Prof. Neil Tsutsui, Chair Prof. Phil Ward Prof. Damian Elias Prof. Ellen Simms Fall 2013 The chemistry, recognition behaviors, and population genetics of Neotropical parabiotic ants © 2013 by Virginia Jayne Emery Abstract The chemistry, recognition behaviors, and population genetics of Neotropical parabiotic ants by Virginia Jayne Emery Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy and Management University of California, Berkeley Professor Neil Tsutsui, Chair In my dissertation, I have explored behavioral, chemical and genetic aspects of a unique nesting symbiosis called parabiosis. In parabiosis, two unrelated ant species share a nest and foraging trails in a potentially mutualistic association. I have focused on the Neotropical parabiosis between Camponotus femoratus (Subfamily: Formicinae) and Crematogaster levior (Subfamily: Myrmicinae), which occur in ant- gardens throughout Amazonia. These two ants share a common nest but keep their brood in separate chambers. Behavioral tradeoffs suggest that the relationship is a mutualism: both species build the carton nest and forage, but Cr. levior is superior in finding food sources, and Ca. femoratus carries the epiphyte seeds required to give the nest structural support. Like any mutualism, the relationship is vulnerable to exploiters and cheaters, so reliable recognition systems would help to maintain the relationship. In Chapter 1, I examine the nestmate recognition behaviors of Cr. levior and Ca.