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FOOD HABITS of the GREAT HORNED OWL &Lpar;<I>BUBO

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FOOD HABITS of the GREAT HORNED OWL &Lpar;<I>BUBO j. RaptorRes. 32(4):306-311 ¸ 1998 The Raptor ResearchFoundation, Inc. FOOD HABITS OF THE GREAT HORNED OWL (BUBO VIRGINIANUS) IN A PATAGONIAN STEPPE IN ARGENTINA ANA TREJOAND DORA GRIGERA CentroRegional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue,Unidad Postal Universida& 8400 Bariloche,Argentina ABSTRACT.--Westudied seasonal variation in the diet of the Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) through pellet analysis.Pellets were collectedevery month during 1995-96 from a steppearea in north- westPatagonia, Argentina. We identified1216 prey itemsin 522 pellets.Rodents accounted for 98.5% of the diet while the remainder consistedof a variety of birds and insects.Rodents most frequently found in pelletswere Eligmodontiamorgani, Abrothrix longipilis, A. xanthorhinus,Oligoryzomys longicaudatus, Reithrodonauritus, and Ctenomyshaigi. In terms of biomass,the most important specieswere R. auritus, A. longipilis,C. haigi,and E. morgani.Food-niche breadth was greatest in winter.Within the studyarea, the Great Horned Owl should be considered to be a rodent specialistall year round. KEYWORDS: GreatHorned Owl; Bubo virginianus;diet;, rodents; Patagonia. Hfibitos alimentariosdel Bubovirginianus en un firea estepariadel noroestede la PatagoniaArgentina RESUMEN.--Seestudi6 estacionalmentela dieta de Bubovirginianus mediante el anfilisisde egagr6pilas recolectadasmensualmente durante los aftos 1995 y 1996, en un '•treaesteparia del noroestede la PatagoniaArgentina. Fueron analizadas522 egagr6pilasque contenian1216 presas.E1 98.5% de las presaseran roedores,mientras qe el 1.5% restanteeran principalmenteaves e insectos.Entre los roe- dores consumidosse encontraronen mayor nfimero ejemplaresde Eligmodontiamorgani, Abrothrix lon- gipilis,A. xanthorhinus,Oligoryzomys longicaudatus, Reithrodon auritus y Ctenomyshaigi. En t6rminosde biomasa, las mayorescontribuciones corresponden a R. auritus,A. longipilis,C. haigiy E. morgani.La amplitud tr6fica alcanzael valor m•tximo en el invierno. En el firea estudiadaB. virginianuspuede considerarseun especialistaen roedoresdurante todo el afio. [Traducci6n de Autores] The Great Horned Owl (Bubovirginianus) is dis- changes in diet composition and food-niche tributed widely throughout the Americas and it breadth over two years (1995-96). lives in a variety of different habitats (Burton STUDY AREA AND METHODS 1992). Its food habits have been studied at many different sites in North America. In South America, Our studywas conducted in northwestPatagonia, east severalquantitative studieshave been carried out of the city of Bariloche,Argentina (41ø08'-41ø08'45"S, 71ø12'-71ø13'20%V).The study site was located in a in Chile (Jaksicet al. 1978,Ygtfiez et al. 1978,Jaksic steppe area of the transition zone between the subant- and Yfifiez 1980, Jaksicand Marti 1984,Jaksic et al. arctic forests and the Patagonian steppe. The area is 1986, Iriarte et al. 1990) and Argentina (DonSzar dominated by bunchgrassessuch as Stipa speciosaand et al. 1997). Marti et al. (1983) reviewed studiesof Acaenasplendens and scatteredbushes ( Seneciofilaginoides, the owl's diet in North and South America. Most Baccharislinearis, Colletia hytstrix and the exotic species Rosarubiginosa). A road lined by exotic conifers (Pinus of these studiesreported Great Horned Owls main- spp. and Cupressusspp.) ran through the area. These ly preying on rodents and lagomorphs,although trees provide roostsfor the Great Horned Owl. there were regional, seasonal,yearly and long-term The small mammal community in the area has been differences in diet. studied by Guthmann (1996) and Guthmann et al. (1997). Accordingto them, the fauna consistsof repre- Our studyanalyzed the food habitsof the Great sentativesof forestand steppespecies dominated by Elig- Horned Owl in a steppe area in northwest Pata- modontiamorgani, Reithrodon auritus and Abrothrixxanthor- gonia, Argentina, and described the seasonal hinus,which are typical of semiarid steppe. A. longipilis 306 DECEMBEI• 1998 GREAT HORNED OWL DmT IN ARGENT•N^ 307 inhabits areas of dense forest to bushy steppe, and Oli- 1). The remaining 1.5% consistedof birds, insects, goryzomysIongicaudatus is abundant in brush areasand the edgesof forests(Pearson 1995). Smaller numbers of Lox- one lizard, and one Iagomorph (a young Lepus odontomysmicropus inhabit humid or mesic brushy habi- about 0-6 months old accordingto cranial sutures tam, and Ctenomyshaigi inhabits open areas with sandy describedby Gonzfilez [1993]). We found one in- soils (Pearson 1995). There were so far no records of dividual each of the following birds in the diet: other nocturnal raptor specieswithin the study site, al- Tachycinetaleucopyga, Troglodytes aedon, Sicaris tuteota, though Barn Owls (Tyt0 alba) were probablyin the area. Owl roostswere located by observingareas of white- Zonotrichiacapensis, Anthus sp., and one unidenti- wash or recording placeswhere pellets were found. Pel- fied Furnariidae. Insects that could be identified lets were collectedmonthly from February 1995-Novem- were Coleopterans (one of them Scarabaeidae) ber 1996 at six known roost sites. Pellets were air dried and Lepidopterans. and their length and width was measuredwith an elec- Great Horned Owls preyed mainly on Eligmodon- tronic caliper to the nearest 0.01 mm. The pellets were dissectedusing standard techniques (Yalden 1990). Var- tia morganiover both years of the study,followed iations in measurements were related to the number of by Abrothrixlongipilis, A. xanthorhinus,Oligoryzomys prey contained in the pelletsby means of a one-wayAN- long•caudatus,Reithrodon auritus, Ctenomys haigi, and OVA. Prey biomasswas calculated only for rodents.Mass Loxodontomysmicropus. The number of rodents con- estimates for each prey taxon were either determined from individualscaptured in the studyarea or taken from sumedvaried seasonallyand waslower during win- literature. ter. There were significantdifferences between the Prey were identified to the finest possibletaxonomic number of prey of different specieseaten in 1995 level. Mammalian prey were identified and quantified on and 1996 (X2 = 14, df = 6, P • 0.05). The greatest the basisof skullsand dentary pairs using reference col- difference between the two years was the lower lectionsand keys(Pearson 1995). Insectswere quantified by counting head capsulesand mandibles.For other prey than expected consumption of L. micropusand O. items, reference collectionswere used and they were longicaudatusin 1996. There were no significant quantified by assumingminimum number of individuals differencesin the number of different speciescon- (e.g., feathers or scalesof a given specieswere deemed sumed between winters (X2 -- 10.01, df = 6, P < to represent only one individual). Diet compositionwas 0.05), but consumptionof prey did differ signifi- comparedbetween seasons and yearswith chi-squareand G tests. canfly between summers(X 2 = 35.93, df = 6, P < The contribution of each rodent speciesto the biomass 0.05), autumns (G = 29.64, df = 6, P < 0.05) and of the owls'diet wascalculated by multiplyingmean body springs(X • = 33.74, df = 6, P < 0.05). massof individualsby number of individualsin the pel- The mean weight of rodent prey ranged from lets. Values were expressedas a percentage of total ro- dent biomass consumed. 15.3 g for A. xanthorhinusto 146.2 g for C. haigi Food-nichebreadth (FNB) wasestimated using Levins' (Table 2). R. auritus, C. haigi and E. morganicon- (1968) index:FNB = 1/(E pi2), wherepi is the propor- tributed most to the prey biomass and all three tion of prey taxon I in the diet. A standardized-niche were consumed in a greater proportion in 1996 breadth value (FNBst) wascalculated, which ranged from than in 1995. In the pellets collected during 1995, 0 to 1: FNBst -- (FNB - 1)/(n - 1), where n is the total number of prey categories(Colwell and Futuyma1971). the proportion of R. auritusin the diet fell consid- Evennessof prey numberswas measured using the Shan- erably in spring, while that of A. longipilisand C. non-Wiener function J' (Krebs 1989): J' = H'/log n, haigi rose. where H' is the Shannon-Wiener formula and n is the Food-niche breadth was greatest in winter and total number of prey categories. smallestin spring during both 1995 and 1996. Al- RESULTS though the number of prey typeswas highest in spring, evennesswas lower than in winter (Table A total of 1216 prey items was identified from 1). The standardized-niche breadth calculated for 522 pellets. The mean number of prey/pellet was the two years (FNB,t = 0.202) was slightly lower 2.3 (SD = 1.1; range = 1-7). Pelletmeasurements than for breeding seasons(spring and summer) ranged from 2.3-8.8 cm long (i = 4.5; SD = 1.1; for both years (FNBst= 0.218, N = 4). N = 516) and from 1.4-4.3 cm wide (• = 2.7; SD = 0.4; N = 516). Significantdifferences (P < 0.05) DISCUSSION were found for both length (F = 17.365, df = Because of their small size, Great Horned Owls 4,507) and width (F = 20.365,df = 4,506) and they that occur in southern South America have been appeared to be related to the number of prey in placed in their own subspecies(B. v. magellanicus, each pellet. Traylor 1958) and it has even been suggestedthat Rodentsaccounted for 98.5% of the prey (Table they in fact belong to their own species(Bubo ma- 308 TREJOAND GRIGERA VOL. 32, NO. 4 Table 1. Seasonaldiet of Great Horned Owls in northwesternPatagonia, Argentina. N = number of prey in each taxon; % calculatedover the total number of prey for each. 1995 SUMMER AUTUMN WINTER SPRING PREY TYPE N % N % N % N % MAMMALS Rodents Muridae Abrothrixlongipilis 7 5.8 10 11.1 40 14.5 97 35.9 Abrothrix xanthorhinus 7 5.8 I 1.1 32 11.6 12 4.4 Eligodontiamorgani 39 32.5 19 21.1 70 25.5 58 21.5 Loxodontomysmicropus 2 1.7 10 11.1 12 4.4 10 3.7 Chelemysmacronyx ...... I 0.4 Reithrodon auritus 25 20.8 24 26.7 60 21.8 9 3.3 Oligoryzomys 27 22.5 18 20.0 25 9.1 43 15.9 Geoxus valdivianus ........ Irenomystarsalis ........ Unidentified 7 5.8 5 5.6 30 10.9 21 7.8 Ctenomyidae Ctenomyshaigi 3 2.5 4 4.4 6 2.2 15 5.6 Lagomorphs Lepuseuropaeus ....... 0.0 BIRDS Passeriformes I 0.8 .... 2 0.8 REPTILES Liolaemussp.
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