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Ÿþm Icrosoft W OVERSIGHT OF THE ADMINISTRATION'S IMPLEMEN. OVERSIGHT OF THE ADMINISTRATION'S IMPLEMEN. TATION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE ANTIAPART. HEID ACT OF 1986 (PUBLIC LAW 99-440) AND AN ASSESSMENT OF RECENT SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEES ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY AND TRADE, AND ON AFRICA OF THE COMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDREDTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION TUESDAY, JUNE 16, 1987 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1988 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 81-122 COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS DANTE B. FASCELL, Florida, Chairman LEE H. HAMILTON, Indiana GUS YATRON, Pennsylvania STEPHEN J. SOLARZ, New York DON BONKER, Washington GERRY E. STUDDS, Massachusetts DAN MICA, Florida HOWARD WOLPE, Michigan GEO. W. CROCKETT, JR., Michigan SAM GEJDENSON, Connecticut MERVYN M. DYMALLY, California TOM LANTOS, California PETER H. KOSTMAYER, Pennsylvania ROBERT G. TORRICELLI, New Jersey LAWRENCE J. SMITH, Florida HOWARD L. BERMAN, California MEL LEVINE, California EDWARD F. FEIGHAN, Ohio TED WEISS, New York GARY L. ACKERMAN, New York MORRIS K. UDALL, Arizona JAMES McCLURE CLARKE, North Carolina JAIME B. FUSTER, Puerto Rico JAMES H. BILBRAY, Nevada WAYNE OWENS, Utah FOFO I.F. SUNIA, American Samoa WILLIAM S. BROOMFIELD, Michigan BENJAMIN A. GILMAN, New York ROBERT J. LAGOMARSINO, California JIM LEACH, Iowa TOBY ROTH, Wisconsin OLYMPIA J. SNOWE, Maine HENRY J. HYDE, Illinois GERALD B.H. SOLOMON, New York DOUG BEREUTER, Nebraska ROBERT K. DORNAN, California CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey CONNIE MACK, Florida MICHAEL DEWINE, Ohio DAN BURTON, Indiana JAN MEYERS, Kansas JOHN MILLER, Washington DONALD E. "BUZ" LUKENS, Ohio BEN BLAZ, Guam JOHN J. BRADY, Jr., Chief of Staff MICKEY HARMON, Staff Assistant MEGAN BOWMAN, Staff Assistant SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY AND TRADE DON BONKER, Washington, Chairman JAMES J. BILBRAY, Nevada TOBY ROTH, Wisconsin DAN MICA, Florida DOUG BEREUTER, Nebraska HOWARD WOLPE, Michigan JOHN MILLER, Washington SAM GEJDENSON, Connecticut GERALD B.H. SOLOMON, New York HOWARD L. BERMAN, California ROBERT K. DORNAN, California MEL LEVINE, California EDWARD F. FEIGHAN, Ohio CAROLE A. GRUNBERG, Subcommittee Staff Director JENNIFER J. WHITE, Minority Staff Consultant SUE E. ECKERT, Subcommittee Staff Consultant SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA HOWARD WOLPE, Michigan, Chairman GEO. W. CROCKETT, JR., Michigan DAN BURTON, Indiana JAMES McCLURE CLARKE, North Carolina DONALD E. "BUZ" LUKENS, Ohio JAMES H. BILBRAY, Nevada BEN BLAZ, Guam FOFO I.F. SUNIA, American-Samoa ROBERT K. DORNAN, California WAYNE OWENS, Utah STEVE WEISSMAN, Subcommittee Staff Director SAUL SINGER, Minority Staff Consultant ADWOA DUNN-MOUrON, Subcommittee Staff Consultant J. STEPHEN MORRISON, Subcommittee Staff Consultant CONTENTS WITNESSES Page Hon. Chester A. Crocker, Assistant Secretary for African Affairs, Department of S tate ........................................................................................................................... 15 Hon. Alan Keyes, Assistant Secretary of International Organizations Affairs, D epartm ent of State .................................................................................................... 23 Hon. Richard Newcomb, Director, Office of Foreign Assets Control, Departm ent of T reasury .......................................................................................................... 34 Hon. Paul Freedenberg, Assistant Secretary for Trade Administration, Departm ent of Com m erce ............................................................................................... 46 James L. Woods, Deputy Assistant Secretary for African Affairs, Department of D efen se ...................................................................................................................... 64 Stanley Greenberg, associate director, Southern Africa Program, Yale University ................................................................................................................................... 105 Ronald Goldman, associate dean, College of Communication, Boston University .................................................................................................................................... 114 Gail Gerhart, professor, Columbia University ........................................................... 127 Meg Voorhees, Representative, Investors Responsibility Research Center (IR R C ) ............................................................................................................................. 136 MATERIAL SUBMITED FOR THE RECORD "U.S. Sanctions on South Africa: The Results Are In," a Heritage Foundation Backgrounder, submitted by Representative Toby Roth ................... 6 APPENDIXES 1. Legislative dates pertinent to the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 ............................................................................................................................. 165 2. Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 (PL-99-440) ................................... 167 3. House Joint Resolution 756 (to make corrections in Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986) ............................................................................................................................ 198 4. Department of State responses to questions submitted by the Subcommittee on Africa before June 16 hearing ................................................................... 211 5. Department of State responses to additional questions requested for June 16 hearing record ..................................................................................................... 225 6. Department of the Treasury responses to questions submitted by the Subcommittee on Africa before June 16 hearing ............................................... 234 7. Department of Treasury responses to additional questions requested for June 16 hearing record ........................................................................................... 249 July 17, Other Imports and Attachments .................................................... 263 8. Department of Commerce responses to questions submitted by the Subcommittee on Africa before June 16 hearing ...................................................... 271 9. Department of Commerce responses to additional questions requested for June 16 hearing record ........................................................................................... 280 10. Department of Defense responses to questions submitted by the Subcommittee on Africa before June 16 hearing ............................................................. 284 11. U.S. Department of Transportation responses to questions requested before June 16 hearing ............................................................................................ 289 12. Deputy United States Trade Representative, Executive Office of the President, responses to questions submitted by the Subcommittee on Africa before June 16 hearing ............................................................................................ 291 (111) OVERSIGHT OF THE ADMINISTRATION'S IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE ANTIAPARTHEID ACT OF 1986 (PUBLIC LAW 99-440) AND AN ASSESSMENT OF RECENT SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS TUESDAY, JUNE 16, 1987 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS, SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY AND TRADE, AND THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA, Washington, DC. The subcommittees met at 1:00 p.m., in room 2172, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Howard Wolpe, presiding. Mr. WOLPE. The hearing will come to order. Eleven years ago today, 20,000 young black South Africans marched through the streets of Soweto, igniting a firestorm of urban black resistance and government repression. Over the next 16 months, at least 700 people died, the majority shot by South African police, while thousands more were injured, flogged and tortured. In response, the United States and other western nations mostly temporized, offering sympathetic rhetoric backed by little action, save a mandatory United Nations arms embargo. Today, the political reality which South Africa faces on both domestic and international fronts has changed fundamentally. Since the early 1980s, black South Africans have built a powerful national movement to end apartheid, prompting the government to pursue a dual strategy of nominal so-called reform and heightened state repression, aimed at preserving the core structures of white domination. Still, most informed observers including even the influential Afrikaner Broederbond or brotherhood cultural organization and Foreign Minister Pik Botha, admit the virtual inevitability of a black majority government and a black president within the foreseeable future. In the external sphere, most western nations have responded to these new circumstances by applying economic sanctions. These are meant both to register moral outrage and to signal to the government that it will have no choice but to suffer significant new costs, in addition to the internal strains it already feels, if it continues to turn away from genuine negotiations with the nation's majority population. It is fitting then that the Foreign Affairs Subcommittees, both the Subcommittee on Africa and the Subcommittee on International Trade and Economic Policy, hold its first hearings
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