Transit Camps Project Affected Households (Pahs) 1 Mankhurd 1677 2 Turbhe Mandala 896 3 Wadala 3488 4 Kanjur Marg 900 Total 6951

COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL -I MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR TRANSIT RESETTLEMENT SITES AT MANKHURD, TURBHE MANDALE

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APRIL, 2002 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary ...... i-iu

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Objectives ...... 3

1.3 Study Approach ...... 3 1.3.1 Approach for Developing the CEMP ...... 3 1.3.2 Approach for Environmental Restoration Plan ...... 4

1.4 Restoration Structure ...... 5

Chapter 2 Land Use and Environmental Setting

2.1 Introductiono6

2.2 Site 1 - Mankhurd Transit Resettlement Site ...... 6 2.2.1 Location and Access ...... 6 2.2.2 Topography and Natural Features ...... 7 2.2.3 Land Use within 500m Radius of the Site ...... 7 2.2.4 Environmental Impacts due to neighboring Land Use ...... 7

2.3 Site II - Turbhe Mandale 8 2.3.1 Location and Access 8 2.3.2 Topography and Natural Features .8 2.3.3 Land Use within 500m Radius of the Site .9 2.3.4 Environmental Impacts due to neighboring Land Use . 9

2.4 Site III - Wadala 9 2.4.1 Location and Access 9 2.4.2 Topography and Natural Features .10 2.4.3 Land Use within 500m Radius of the Site .10 2.4.4 Critical Concerns due to Locational Aspects .10

Chapter 3 Assessment of Environmental Impacts

3.1 Introduction 11

3.2 Site I - Mankhurd 12 3.2.1 Impact of Surrounding Land Use on the Site .12 3.2.2 Impact of Environmental Conditions within the Site .14 3.2.3 Impacts on surrounding Environment due to Transit Site .26 3.2.4 CEMP Recommnendations for Mankhurd Transit .27 Resettlement Site 3.3 Site II - Turbhe Mandale Site 27 3.3.1 Impact of Surrounding Land Use on the Site .27 3.3.2 Impact of Environmental Conditions Within the Site .28 3.3.3 Impact on Surrounding Environment Due to the .39 Transit Site 3.3.4 CEMP Recommendations for Turbhe Mandale .39 Transit Resettlement Site 3.4 Site III - Wadala ...... 40 3.4.1 Impact of Surrounding Land Use on the Site ...... 40 3.4.2 Impact of Environmental Conditions within the Site ...... 40 3.4.3 Impacts on surrounding Environment due to Transit Site ...... 51 3.4.4 CEMP Recommendations for Mankhurd Transit ...... 52 Resettlement Site

Chapter IV Community Environmental Management Plan

4.0 Introduction ...... 60 4.1 Site - M ankhurd ...... 60 4.1.1 Measures to Minimise Land Use Impacts on the site ...... 60 4.1.2 Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions ...... 61 Within the site 4.1.3 Budgetary Estimates ...... 64 4.1.4 Implementation Responsibility and Time Schedule ... 6.....(4

4.2 Site II - Turbhe Mandale ...... 67 4.2.1 Measures to Minimise Land Use Impacts on the site ...... 67 4.2.2 Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions ...... 67 Within the site 4.2.3 Budgetary Estimates ...... 70 4.2.4 Implementation Responsibility and Time Schedule ...... 70

4.3 Site III - W adala ...... 73 4.3.1 Measures to Minimise Land Use Impacts on the site ...... 73 4.3.2 Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions ...... 73 Within the site 4.3.3 Budgetary Estimates ...... 76 4.3.4 Implementation Responsibility and Time Schedule ...... 77 4.4 Institutional Arrangements ...... 80

Chapter V Restoration Plan for Transit Resettlement Sites

5.1 Introduction ...... 86 5.2 Restoration Plan for CRZ areas ...... 86 5.2.1 Observations at the Transit Sites ...... 87 5.2.2 Status of Mangroves in the Region of Study ...... 88 5.2.3 Steps for Preparing the Transit Sites for Restoration ...... 89 5.2.4 Conversion of Identified Areas of Transit Sites ...... 90 5.2.5 Types of Species to be Planted in Intertidal region ...... 92 5.2.6 Cost of Restoration of CRZ Areas ...... 94

5.3 Restoration Plan for Non-CRZ areas ...... 94 5.4 Institutional Arrangement ...... 95 5.5 Implementation Schedule ...... 95

Annexure I FHWA Noise Model Annexure II Epidemiological Survey Annexure III Minutes of Public Consultation Meetings Annexure IV Cost of Implementing CEMIP Annexure V Legal And Policy Framework for Development of MUTP Executive Summary

The implementation of the MUTP project necessitated displacement of a large number of people. About 20,000 households required alternate shelter. Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Board (MMRDA), a Project Management Unit for MUTP, undertook the task of resettling and rehabilitating the Project Affected Households (PAHs) with the help of motivated NGO groups

Expeditious implementation of basic safety measures along the railway tracks necessitated that the households located along the railway tracks be resettled at a short notice. Adequate numbers of permanent dwelling units for housing the displaced were not available. A large number of PAHs, therefore, had to be shifted to temporary resettlement sites. Due to time constraint, the normal site selection and project implementation process could not be followed for these sites. As a result, while resettling the PAHs in the transit accommodation, adequate environmental safeguards could not be provided to the residents

With the objective to assess the environmental conditions at the site and suggest measures for their improvement, this study evaluates the existing environmental conditions at the transit resettlement sites of Mankhurd, Turbhe-Mandale and Wadala and after due analyses, feedback and consultations, develops the Community Environmental Management Plans (CEMP) for each site

The study reveales that location of the transit site at Mankhurd is environmentally most critical as a result of proximity to a major arterial road and disposal of hazardous waste in the vicinity. Turbhe-Mandale transit site is close to wetlands. Inadequate evacuation of wastewater and poor collection of solid waste gives rise to unsanitary conditions at the site. Mankhurd and Turbhe- Mandale sites also partially fall upon the area earmarked as the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ). The Wadala transit site is environmentally better located but is poorly connected with the city

The study evaluates the sites for site-specific environmental factors, provision of environmental infrastructure and state of their operation. The findings indicate that within the transit sites, poor collection of solid waste, inadequate maintenance of drains and shortage of water in some pockets due to inequitable distribution are the major factors that affect the environmental conditions. Some of the sites are also deficient in open spaces. The sites also lack provision of shops for meeting the daily requirements of the residents

Based on analyses of site conditions and consultations with the PAHs, MMRDA and the NGO providing managerial support for environmental services, the study develops a comprehensive CEMP for each site. The CEMP details the measures to overcome the shortfall in services, improve their efficiency and protect the environment at the sites. CEMP also recommends institutional arrangements for providing effective services through participation of the PAHs in safeguarding their environment Restoration of CRZ area affected by the transit sites at Mankhurd and Turbhe- Mandale is another important aspect of the CEMP. Development of such a plan for these sites included assessment of the existing conditions of affected CRZ and adjoining areas with respect to the land use, the ecological status of mangroves, sea water inundation characteristics of the area and the anthropogenic factors. Based on assessment, the viability of restoration of vacated transit site within CRZ was evaluated and restoration plan developed. The plan also lists the conditions of naturally occurring, relatively undisturbed vegetation in the vicinity, which can serve as a model for restoration of CRZ areas

The findings of the study indicate that it will be possible to bring up to 50 per cent of the CRZ area under the mangrove plantation. A detailed restoration plan to reinstate the conditions that will allow regeneration of mangroves and establish ecological and environmental conditions for their growth has been provided

ii Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

In order to improve the traffic and transportation situation in Mumbai, Government of Maharashtra (GoM) and Indian Railways with financial assistance from the World Bank has undertaken Mumbai Urban Transport Project (MUTP). The primary focus of MUTP is to improve the rail based mass transit system in Mumbai with supporting improvements in road network. The MUTP includes a package of projects covering:

* Increase in capacity of rail corridors by way of laying of additional tracks, * Passenger capacity enhancement by using longer (12 rake) EMUs, * Improvement of railway stations, * Improvement of service by removal of level crossings, and * Creation of safety zones along rail corridors

The implementation of the MUTP project necessitated displacement of large number people (19228 Project Affected Households). In order to deal with resettlement and rehabilitation of PAPs related to MUTP, Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA), a Project Management Unit for MUTP, has initiated Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) for Project Affected Households (PAHs). To support this initiative, GoM in 1997, notified the policy for resettlement and rehabilitation of persons affected by the sub-projects under MUTP. MMRDA appointed SPARC, a Mumbai based NGO working on slum rehabilitation, for development of Resettlement Action Plans (RAP) and their implementation. The RAPs have been prepared in accordance with R&R policy of the GoM

Due to the requirement of expeditious implementation of basic safety measures, a significant number of the households located along the railway tracks had to be resettled at a short notice. Adequate numbers of permanent dwelling units for the displaced households were not available and therefore the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the project envisaged two modes of implementation. The first mode of resettlement comprised relocating the PAHs to available permanent dwellings in the nearby areas. The second mode of resettlement involved shifting of remaining PAHs from areas entailing expeditious evacuation to transit accommodation, first, and subsequently to permanent dwellings. The resettlement schedule envisages that the PAHs from transit accommodation will be shifted to permanent dwellings within a period of three years from the date of initial evacuation

1 Over fifty per cent of the PAHs have been resettled by June 2001 in permanent and transit accommodations. The break-up of PAHs shifted to transit accommodation, four in number, is presented in Table 1. In all, 6164 PAHs, residing in transit accommodations are awaiting allotment at permanent resettlement colonies

Table 1: Distribution of PAHs at Four Transit Sites under MUTP

S. No Transit Camps Project Affected Households (PAHs) 1 Mankhurd 1677 2 Turbhe Mandala 896 3 Wadala 3488 4 Kanjur Marg 900 Total 6951

SPARC and its associates have developed the transit resettlement sites. The sites are provided with basic amenities and infrastructure services like water, sanitation, internal roads and street lighting. After the PAHs are shifted to permanent accommodation, the transit accommodation shall be dismantled and the site shall be restored to environmentally and socially appropriate land use

Although SPARC has structured the Community Environmental Management Plans (CEMP) for the permanent resettlement sites, the CEMPs for transit resettlement sites were not prepared while planning and developing the facilities'. Considering the make-shift nature of the transit accommodation and a high population density, it is even more important to develop and implement such a plan for the transit sites to ensure that a basic level of hygiene and quality of life is ensured for all inhabitants. The CEMP is also expected to take into consideration the environmental impact on inhabitants due to surrounding land as well as the impacts of the transit sites on the neighboring environment and recommend appropriate mitigation measures. This study aims at preparing CEMPs for the transit resettlement sites at Mankhurd, Turbhe Mandala and Wadala, after taking stock of functional aspects and existing living conditions at the transit accommodation

Also, a World Bank study on the assessment of the compliance with Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) indicated that the transit sites at Mankhurd and Turbhe- Mandala have encroached upon the CRZ areas. MMRDA has proposed to restore these sites on termination of transit accommodation as per of the designated land use in Development Plan (DP). Preparation of Environmental Restoration Plan (ERP) for the transit sites impacting the CRZ, is also a part of this study

1 SPARC, the NGO responsible for implementation support for the Resettlement Implementation Plan for the permanent resettlement sites is also providing basic magerial support with the help of societies of residents representing various clusters of dwellings. The intervention, however, is limited to collection of fee for basic sanitary services provided by SPARC and due to the want of a systematic approach, awareness focus and participation from PAHs is of limited effectiveness 2 MMRDA has appointed Ecosmart India Limited to assist them in preparing CEMPs for three transit resettlement sites mentioned above and to prepare restoration plans for the sites as well as the CRZ areas affected due to the construction of transit accommodation

1.2 OBJECTIVES

The principal objective of the study is to identify and recommend measures to improve the environmental conditions, wherever necessary, at the transit resettlement sites considering the operational as well as post-operational period. This leads to the following primary tasks

(i) To identify the basic environmental needs at the transit resettlement sites for access, community living, water supply, sewage disposal, solid waste management and suggest areas for improvement after evaluating the level and operation of service (ii) To identify the environmental and health impacts on the community due to adjoining land use as well as the sanitary conditions within the sites (iii) To improve project affected persons' knowledge on environmental issues and enhance their ability to participate directly by identifying, evaluating and receiving the benefits among themselves (iv) To prepare the Community Environmental Management Plans (CEMPs) and post-closure restoration plans including restoration of CRZ areas in Mankhurd and Turbhe Mandala sites, affected due to construction of transit tenements

1.3 STUDY APPROACH

1.3.1 Approach for Developing the CEMP

This part of the study primarily addresses the impacts of the transit resettlement site on the neighboring environment and evaluates the adequacy and upkeep of amenities provided at the transit accommodation to minimize negative environmental, and health impact on the residing communities. As a first step, previous project outputs related to permanent as well transit resettlement sites and the regulations and guidelines for slum rehabilitation were reviewed. In order to develop site-specific understanding of the relevant issues, detailed surveys of the sites were conducted. The survey team comprised environment, social and wetland specialists and landscape and civil architects. The survey documented the amenities provided, the level of services, and any visuals deficiency. The observations and findings of the survey were discussed with the SPARC as well as with the resident community to seek their perception on adequacy of amenities and need for corrective/improvement measures. This interaction was carried out in the form of focused group discussions and consultations with the SPARC field staff and residing community

3 In order to understand the interrelations of the transit sites with the neighboring environment, detailed land use survey of area within 500m from the transit resettlement sites was carried out. Based on the findings of present conditions community feed back and team's own assessment of environmental impacts due to land use conflict, the mitigation measures and corrective actions for effective implementation have been suggested

1.3.2 Approach for Environmental Restoration Plan

The scope of site restoration under the study falls under two distinct categories, the non-CRZ and CRZ areas. In case of non-CRZ areas the restoration plan is focused on dismantling the transit dwellings, infrastructure, and ensuring that the site is free from debris. For developing the restoration plan for the CRZ area, however, the suitability of existing environmental conditions for restoration of CRZ area to natural environmental conditions, identification of necessary interventions and their feasibility needs to be looked into. The success of such restoration will primarily depend up on the extent of control that can be exercised on anthropogenic activities that interfere with natural environmental processes in the region. The restoration process will essentially be slow and may not fit within a definitive time frame. Accordingly, a separate approach has been adopted for developing the restoration plan for sites falling within CRZ and those outside CRZ

The restoration plan for CRZ area included assessment of the existing conditions of CRZ area and its adjoining area with respect to the land use, ecological status in terms of presence of mangroves, their growth and health status, inundation of area under tidal forcing and anthropogenic factors. Based on the assessment, the viability of restoration of vacated transit site areas falling within CRZ has been evaluated and restoration plan provided. The restoration plan looks into the measures like clearing the drainage channels to facilitate inundation of CRZ areas by sea water and plantation of coastal vegetation in nearby CRZ area. The plan also lists the conditions of naturally occurring, relatively undisturbed vegetation in the vicinity, which can serve as a model for restoration of CRZ affected lands

4 1.4 REPORT STRUCTURE

The report structure follows the sequence of steps to undertake the assignments described above. The report consists of five chapters:

Chapter I - An introductory chapter providing the background of creation of transit resettlement sites, objectives of the study and the work methodology used to prepare the CEMP and the site restoration plans

Chapter II - The focus of this chapter is to describe the transit resettlement sites and their surrounding land use and other location aspects such as access and connectivity with the city. This chapter also identifies the relevant environmental and social issues for respective sites and screens them for their relative importance considering the natural features of the sites. The chapter thus sets forth the tone for Chapter III that presents detailed analysis of identified significant issues

Chapter III - Chapter III assesses the negative impacts on the transit sites due to the surrounding land use. It also examines the living conditions at the dwellings, adequacy of amenities and level of services and relates them to environmental conditions prevailing at the transit sites. Based on these analyses, the chapter identifies the suitable remedial actions, presents the findings of the stakeholder feedback and lists the outcome of analysis in the form of recommendations for CEMP

Chapter IV - This chapter provides the conceptual details of the CEMP measures, time schedule and cost of implementation. The responsible entity for implementation is also recommended based on the level of effort needed and capacity of existing community setup for effective participation

Chapter V - This chapter is the concluding part of the report. It provides recommendations for post-closure restoration of the transit sites. The CRZ and non- CRZ sites are treated separately. Costs and timeframe for restoration activities are also provided

5 Chapter II

LANDUSE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the landuse and environmental settings in transit resettlement sites and adjoining locations. Delineation of landuse and environmental setting facilitates identification of environmental issues that relate to location of the sites and their operations. The baseline landuse and environment settings for each transit site has been ascertained through land use surveys, field observations, review of Development Plans prepared by MCGM, and informal interviews

It is noticed that under a court directive Government of Maharashtra (GoM) was obligated to resettle the PAHs occupying the right of way of railway tracks along the Central Railways. Due to time constraint the normal site selection process could not be followed for the temporary resettlement sites

As a result, the transit resettlement sites are subjected to negative environmental impacts due to the prevailing surrounding land uses. This chapter identifies and evaluates such environmnental impacts by taking stock of baseline environmental conditions in the area

While describing the baseline, the geographical location, accessibility, topography, and natural features, landuse with 500 m radius were examined

2.2 SITE 1- MANKHURD TRANSIT RESETTLEMENT SITE

2.2.1 Location and Access

Mankhurd transit resettlement site is located on the Mankhurd-Ghatkopar link road which connects the Eastern Express Highway and the Sion-Panvel highway. The site is about 4.7 ha in area and falls in N and M wards of MCGM. Site is about 1.5 km from Mankhurd Railway Station on the harbour line. The site location and the surroundings within 500m radius is presented in Map 2.1

Transit resettlement site on its south abuts the Mankhurd-Ghatkopar link roads and on other three sides is surrounded by narrow creek arms that drain into the Thane creek. The site itself is divided by a creek arm and does not have any connectivity between the two portions. Due to this physical separation, the transit site is treated as two independent sites designated a site 1-A and 1-B (see Map 2.1). Both the sites are directly accessible from the highway. The site has been inhabited since May 2000

6 2.2.2 Topography and Natural Features

The site is located on reclaimed land and is flat, generally sloping towards the creek arms that provide natural drainage to the site. The reclaimed site is adequately raised by fillings, has adequate natural drainage through creek arms surrounding the sites and is free from flooding. The natural features around the site include:

(i) Sparsely distributed degraded mangroves along the creek arms and (ii) A small low lying open area at the northern end of site 1A that receives tidal water only during spring tide for about three to four days in a month

The area adjacent to the creeklets admeasuring about 1.1 ha falls into coastal regulation zone area. A part of this area is covered by the tenements on both portions of the transit site

2.2.3 Land Use Within 500m Radius of the Site

Narrow creek arms of Thane creek crisscross the site and adjoining areas. The area originally seems to have rich mangrove forests. Over the time, these forests have been encroached upon and existing land use has been carved out. Presently, the areas adjoining to the site are divided into two major parts by Ghatkopar-Mankhurd link road. The region south of the road comprises area encroached by slums, the MHADA resettlement housing complex and open spaces. The region to north of Ghatkopar-Mankhurd link road comprises of the site itself and an industrial area to the west with some open buffer spaces of about 200m. The area across the creek arms on the North belongs to Devnar solid waste disposal site and has been filled with garbage. Part of this area is unutilized and exhibits sparse coastal vegetation

Slums occupy the areas adjacent to the transit sites on its east and north. The large scrap yard abuts the transit site 1B immediately on its North. The complete details of the site are presented in Map No.2.1

2.2.4 Environmental Impacts due to Neighboring Land Use

Due to the prevailing land use in immediate vicinity of the transit resettlement site at Mankhurd, its inhabitants are likely to face the following negative environmental impacts:

(i) Air quality and noise impacts, and accident hazard due to the movement of heavy vehicles on Ghatkopar-Mankhurd link road (ii) Hazard of exposure to spent toxic wastes disposed into environment due to scrap yard activity (iii) Health related impacts due to allocation of transit site close to solid waste disposal area = - - / '~~~~ ~~W'-~~1 ~~C~4I9c"JflQ~~~~~ j ~~-Va49~ PIJM,00~35 Lj 5C+V-d_L qT Clfi>lO

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I w~~~~~~~~I In addition, due to large presence of slums the creeklets are used to dispose sewage and solid waste generated within the slums. The area is also used for open defecation that may have bearing on health of inhabitants of the transit resettlement sites

2.3 SITE II - TURBHE MANDALE

2.3.1 Location and Access

Turbhe-Mandale transit resettlement site is located in Mankhurd(E), on relatively undeveloped eastern side of the harbour railway line corridor, which runs parallel to Sion-Panvel Highway. The site is at a distance of about 50m from the harbour railway line tracks. The total area of the transit site is about 4.4ha. A MHADA housing development project, which is under construction, is located adjacent to this site on its south. The presence of railway track has posed a severance problem. The site at present is not properly connected by road, as the nearest subway under the harbour line is about two kilometres away from the site, towards Vashi. The access to site is through non-metallic road parallel to the railway tracks., The site is surrounded by 'No Development Zone' on northern and eastern side. The site is also traversed by a creeklet and the area adjoining creeklet falls under CRZ

Mankhurd railway station at a distance of approximately 1.0 Km is the nearest railway station to the site. A subway proposed for access to MHADA and adjoining area is under construction

The site location and surroundings within 500m radius of the site is presented in Map No.2.2. The site has been inhabited since November 2000

2.3.2 Topography and Natural Features

The site is located on reclaimed land and is flat, generally sloping towards the natural drains or the creeklet passing through south-east corner of the transit site. The location of the transit tenements is free from flooding and water logging. About 1.7ha of area at the south-eastem comer of the site falls under coastal regulation zone'. The natural features around the site includes:

(i) the degraded mangroves along the creeklet with patches of dense mangroves strewn in between (ii) tidally influenced mud flats (iii) salt pans

1 In case of this creek, the CRZ is demarcated as width of the creek from HTL

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/~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii 2.3.3 Land Uses with 500m Radius of the Site

The land uses within 500m radius of the site as presented in Map 2.2 include major rail and road corridors to the north of the site and planned permanent resettlement residential area to the west of the site, in the adjacent plot. This residential area is under construction and the pre-fabrication construction yard is located to the south - west of the site. The majority of remaining area especially east and south-eastarn of the site is classified as "No development zone". A part of this area is under salt pans. The 500 m radial area also shows presence of sparse as well as dense mangrove. Mandala village, located adjacent to the creeklet, is situated to the south of the site

2.3.4 Environmental Impact due to Neighbouring Land Use

Due to the prevailing land use in immediate vicinity of the transit resettlement site at Turbe-Mandala, its inhabitants are likely to face the following negative environmental impacts:

(i) Use of mucky path strewn with garbage and sewage for approaching Mankhurd station due to absence of subway (ii) Circuitous access for vehicles and dust problem due to unpaved access road to the transit resettlement site (iii) Mosquito breeding and associated health hazards due to waterlogged area on south-east corner of the plot (iv) The heavy vehicular movement on Sion-Panvel highway and local train movements on harbour line which in turn would cause noise pollution

2.4 SITE III - WADALA

2.4.1 Location and Access

Wadala transit-resettlement site is in the F/North ward of MCGM., located behind the truck terminal and R.T.O. office in Wadala (East). The area of the site is about 10.9ha. It is the most recent one amongst the three sites, being occupied only 8-9 months back. The site is not properly connected to the rest of the city, as the approach road is not linked properly to the main roads. The only approach to the site is through the truck terminal area. Approach to the nearest Guru Tej Bahadur railway station on the harbour line, is through slums, and not properly connected. The site location and the land uses surrounding the site is presented in Map No 2.3. The site has been inhabited since June 2001

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'S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2.4.2 Topography and Natural Features

The transit resettlement at this site is reclaimed by filling part of a shallow pond. The site is flat and generally sloping towards the natural Nala at the periphery of the site. The site is free from waterlogging and flooding. The natural features around the site includes parts of the unfilled shallow pond and open marshy lands adjacent to the site and a small hillock on the western side, approximately at a distance of 250m

2.4.3 Land uses within 500m Radius of the Site

The landuse within 500 m radius of the transit site is presented in Map 2.3. The site is demarcated from the slum settlements all along the western and northern boundary by the natural drain abutting the transit site. The eastern and south eastern part is predominantly occupied by the pond and marshy land with exception of truck terminal. The residential transit resettlements constructed by MCGM across the slum settlement and MHADA housing are located to the north of the site at a distance of about 150m. While permanent resettlement site for PAHs affected by MUTP is located across the road to the south of the site.

2.4.4 Environmental Impact due to Neighbouring Land Use

Due to the prevailing land use in immediate visiting of the transit resettlement site at Wadala, its inhabitants are likely to face the following negative environmental impacts:

(i) Choked natural nala at the southern periphery of the site and waterlogged area located on the south-eastern side of the site which leads to mosquito breeding and unsanitary conditions (ii) Lack of access to transportation corridors (iii) Unsanitary conditions due to surrounding land uses and dumping of solid waste in the locality

The important environmental aspects identified in sections above are evaluated in the following chapter

10 Chapter III

ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The environmental assessment of the transit resettlement sites has been carried out based on the study of existing land use within 500 m of the sites, observations on environmental conditions within the sites and the surrounding areas and interactions with the PAHs residing at the transit resettlement sites. The inhabitants' feedback was obtained by one to one interactions at household level, focus group discussions at cluster level and by Public Information and Consultations (PICs) at the overall site level. The interactions were held with the help of SPARK, the NGO who planned and developed the transit resettlement sites and worked closely in the relocation of PAHs

The environmental assessment focussed on two specific interrelations of the transit sites with its environment The first interrelation comprised analyses of impact of neighbouring land use that may significantly affect the living conditions of residents of transit sites. Treatment of this interrelation included identification of the land use attributes that may cause the impact, analyses of impact by way of qualitative analyses of the extent and magnitude of its effect, understanding peoples perception with respect to the gravity of the impact and identifying mitigation measures. The mitigation measures were identified considering the scientific requirements, compatibility with the transitory nature of the site as well as the expectation of the resident population The second interrelation comprised assessment of impact of on-site activities on the residents by way of their impact on the environmental conditions at the site itself. The impact of site operations on the neighbouring environment was also considered. These aspects of the study included (i) assessment of level of basic infrastructure and services at the sites and their effectiveness in maintaining environmentally safe living conditions and (ii) assessment of effectiveness of waste collection and disposal mechanisms that may negatively impact the neighbouring environment. Possible remedial measures for overcoming the deficiencies were identified. The mitigation measures are recommendation based on the scientific analyses of the impact, feasibility of their implementation and importance of the impact in the perception of the resident population The following sections present the findings of the environmental assessment and recommended mitigation measures for each of the three transit resettlement sites 3.2 SITE I - MANKHURD

3.2.1 Impact of Surrounding Land Use on the Site

Impacts Due to the Scrap Yard Behind the Site

The scrap yard behind site 1-B of ,------

Mankhurd site handles spent oil, % ''r

grease and hazardous chemical -' ka .. containers. As part of the scrap yard 24 ji operations, the hazardous waste remaining in the containers is either I washed into the creeklets without any treatment or land disposed around the site without any - precaution. This at times may lead.__= to formation of obnoxious and harmful gases and conditions that are detrimental to the health of the resident population. The toxic discharges may also be detrimental to aquatic flora and fauna in the receiving environment, especially under low tide conditions

Due the unregulated handling and disposal of hazardous chemicals in the vicinity of the site, the transit resettlement site at Mankhurd is unsafe for its habitants. The inmates of the site have reported a number of incidences in the past that caused breathing difficulty and forced them to run away from the site. Even during the site visit, obnoxious odorous conditions were observed at the site

The observations at the site and inquiries with the old inhabitants in surrounding area, reveal that handling of hazardous waste at the site was prevalent even before the transit site was planned. The selection of the site for housing the resettlement site, therefore, was environmentally inappropriate. Considering that the resettlement site has already been about one and half years old and the impacts with respect to handling of hazardous waste can not be mitigated unless the operations are ceased, the practical and rational measure to mitigate the adverse impact is to assign the highest priority on shifting the transit site PAHs to permanent resettlement site, adequately away from the scrap yard'

In the larger context, the handling and disposal, of hazardous wastes observed near the site is in violation of the Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and therefore is liable for punishment under the law. Although such an action may be initiated by MMRDA through.regulatory agencies, the permanent solution to the problem lies in development of hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facility that can be availed by the generators of hazardous waste in Mumbai

' To assess the potential impact of scrap yard activities on residents of transit accommodation at Mankhurd, MMRDA with the help of National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) carried out on site monitoring. The monitoring report states, "Although the scrap yard soil samples indicate higher degree of contamination, impact on the residents is not feasible."

12 Impact Due to the Solid Waste DisposalSite

It is observed that the transit site at Mankhurd is within about 250 m from the edge of the Dewnar solid waste disposal site. The active portion of the disposal site however is about 750 m away from the transit site. Although, the inhabitants of transit site have not reported any nuisance due to the waste disposal activities, location of transit site so close to the solid waste disposal site is inappropriate. The site conditions can be adversely affected due to burning of garbage during adverse meteorological conditions. Shifting the inhabitants from the site to permanent resettlement site on priority basis is the only possible remedial action

Impacts Due to the Major TransportationCorridor

A four-lane link road connecting Eastern Express Way and Sion-Panvel highway abuts the transit site. This road is mainly used by Sion-Panvel bound heavy commercial vehicles that are diverted from Chembur section of the Sion-Panvel highway. These vehicles join the highway at Mankhurd after detour through Shivaji Nagar using the link road. The traffic on this road is observed to be high during evening and early morning hours. The heavy vehicular movement results in (i) noise and air pollution, specially for the first row of tenements located at a distance of 20m and 10m in sitel-A and site 1-B respectively from the edge of the road(ii) accident hazard for the inmates who have to depend on shops, schools, vegetable vendors across the road for their daily needs.

In the absence of actual traffic volume data at this place, the commercial traffic volumes monitored at Thane creek bridge during 1997 on Sion-Panvel highway has been considered to estimate the traffic noise pollution at the resettlement site. The daily traffic volumes observed are presented below:

Daily Traffic Volumes-1997 at Thane Creek Brid ge on Sion-Panvel Highway' Vehicular Car/Taxi Two Three Buses Mini- LCVs HCV MA Mode wheelers wheelers Buses V Volume 23,968 9,206 1,143 12,373 2,305 11,042 20,525 932

The noise levels are estimated using Highway Noise Model developed based on the guidelines suggested by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The model details are presented in Annexure I. From the modelling results, it is observed that the noise levels at the first row of houses in site 1-A and 1-B are 79 and 82 dB(A) respectively. These noise levels are however common in residential areas adjacent to arterial roads in Mumbai as Municipal corporation by-laws allow residential buildings along the arterial roads with a setback distance of 6m. In addition, the PAHs during the focused group discussions have not expressed any concern about high noise levels, inspite of highlighting the issue

The heavy commercial traffic on the link road also heightened the accident risk due to lack of a well-defined entrance to the site and aligned location for pedestrian crossing. The adverse impact of the highway, especially in terms of accident hazard

'Trasport Planning Department, MMRDA

13 figures prominently in feedback from the PAHs. The site survey has also revealed that the PAHs frequently cross the road to access the grocery shops, vegetable vendors and schools located across the road. According to the concerned police station during the year 2001, forty four (44) accidents have been reported on the Mankhurd-Ghatkopar link road of which fifteen (15) were fetal

A plausible mitigation measure for the above impacts could be to repair the existing barbed wire fence and provide a well defined access between the road and the transit site. The fence will be planted with creepers along the side which when grown will provide protection against dust pollution and also channelise the crossings from a single place along the road. At the point of crossing, provision of zebra crossing with speed breaker will be necessary to reduce the risk of accidents.

3.2.2 Impact of Environmental Conditions within the Site

The environmental conditions within the site have been evaluated for their impact on the inhabitants under three categories, namely: (i) adequacy of dwellings (ii) level of services and (iii) provision of amenities. Comparing the existing conditions with minimum provisions, observations on the functional aspects of the services, technical observations coupled with discussions with the inhabitants have been used to identify areas for intervention. Once a deficiency and its cause are identified, all possible measures for corrective action are listed. The recommended measure is short listed based on feasibility of implementation, stakeholder preference and technical necessity for corrective action

Site Layout

Mankhurd site is planned on grid pattern, with roads and pathways in right angles and the dwelling units along them. All the services are provided along the straight pathways or roads. The site is on reclaimed land and is flat, generally sloping towards the natural drains or the creek arms passing through and surrounding the site. One of these creek arms divides the site into two parts and takes the major load of drainage of the site. There is no internal connectivity between the two parts of the site, hence they have to be treated as two different sites. The site statistics are presented below:

Plot Area 47,171.61 sqm Number of Tenement Site 1-A 875 Tenements Site 1-B 802 Tenements Average Density 5 persons per tenement Total Population 8020 Persons Number of W.C. Provided 133 Nos Total Built Up Area 19984.80 Sqm Area Under Roads 3851.78 Sqm Area Under CRZ-I 11155.72 Sqm Nos. of Tenements Coming In CRZ-I Site 1-A 156 Site 1-B 155

14 Layout and Design of Dwelling Units

(a) TENEMENTS

Existing situation

Tenements are temporary sheds with AC sheet roofing, half brick thick walls, plastered only up to 1.0 m from the ground level from both the sides. The carpet area of each tenement is 11.71 sqm (126 sft), it includes the cooking area and bathing (without tap) which is drained in to the open drains outside. The provision of W.C. and water point is common. The only window provided is of 12 sft area with metal shutters. The rows of houses along the creek fall under CRZ and these houses have developed major cracks. The first row in Site 1-A and 1-B opens in to the narrow open space separating it from the highway link road, a major traffic corridor

Analysis

Dwelling units, being unplastered and unpainted, are dark and dingy inside. Window opening, which should be 1/6th of the carpet area as per Development Control Regulations for Greater Bombay Rule No. 42,, is smaller than required hence sufficient daylight and ventilation is not available in the rooms

Inadequate ventilation can give rise to poor indoor air quality in case unclean fuel such as wood and coal is used for cooking. However, it is observed that all tenements have access to clean fuel and appropriate stoves. 90% of the PAHs use kerosene and the rest use LPG. Therefore the indoor air quality impacts due to poor ventilation are not significant. Further interviews with the PAHs revealed that they keep the doors open which overcomes the deficiency in ventilation due to less than normal window space

Some of the tenements in the site are developing major cracks due to the settlement of the soil, as the site is located on a filled area and also the water level rises in the creek arms every fortnight and loosens the soil along the periphery of the site. This may lead to collapse of the houses3

PlausibleRemedies

* White wash with lime the interior walls and ceiling of tenements. This will make the dwellings more lit and hygienic * Provide A.C. vent cowls at the roof near the ridge, to increase the cross ventilation. To be effective, two vent pieces will be required for every tenement

3 After submission of the initial draft, MMRDA has undertaken site inspection and have identified ten tenements as highly risk prone. These tenements have been dismantled and occupants have been shifted to other dwellings. The remaining tenements that have developed minor cracks have been repaired

15 * Replace a small part (1.0 m x 0.5 m) of A.C. sheet roofing with translucent fibre sheets, to improve the day light inside the room * Dismantle the tenements falling under CRZ (251 m number) to rrurnmize the risk due to house collapse and use the vacated area to provide landscaped green pockets and other utilities as necessary

(b) ROADS

Existinig sitation1

Access: The access to both the part of the site is directly from the Highway link road. Each part is connected to the,. highway link road by a 9 m . wide internal road. These s roads act as the only E approach to the sites. Internal circulation Is planned with interflal roads - and pathways

Internal Roads: The internal roads are 6 m wide and made up of W.B.M. Open drains are provided on one side of internal roads. The road surface is uneven and not properly sloped

Pathways: The space in- / between the row of houses l act as the pathways and are , I t lined with open drains on - k one side. The pathwavs are 2.5 m wide and are paved - with rough Shahabad stonie. In many places, it was found that the drains crossing the pathways were left open

An1alysis

Entry points to both parts of the site are not noticeable properly, which makes it difficult to be identified from the highway link road. Hence, entry points have become accident-prone areas due to high-speed vehicles on the link road, as there are no pedestrian crossings adjacent to the resettlement site

Internal roads are in bad condition due to improper slope towards the drains, making it liable to water clogging in the rains that is further detrimental to its condition. Movement on such roads would be difficult in rains There is no provision for greenery along the road, which could provide shade and could have been a visual relief for the users. There is no open space (set back) provided between the house and the road

The open drains across the pathways make it difficult for movement, as a result people have made temporary arrangements by keeping stone slabs to cover them

No street light points are provided, though roads and pathways are the only outdoor places for residents

PlausibleRemedies

. Highlight the entry points to the transit site by means of landscape elements like archway at entrance of the compound wall, mounds, change in vegetation using green belt elements, lighting, etc * Rectify the transverse slope of internal roads and provide camber to have slopes on both sides leading rainwater to nearby storm water drains. The slope of camber shall be 1:36 * Cover the open drains across the roads and pathways while maintaining uniforrnity with pathway/road level for ease of movement * Provide adequate street lighting along the internal roads and pathways with a maximum spacing of 15m to have an illumination intensity of 50 lux at night time

Existing situlation

The site is provided with a network of open drain system sloping towards the creek arms. These creek arms serve as the main drain for the site. The internal open drains carry the surface water and sullage from the dwellings. Household solid waste is also thrown in the drains causing stagnation of water and unhygienic conditions. The drains are not cleaned regularly and are filled with muck and solid waste

The ends of internal drains are not properly taken to the creek arms and are left on the _ ~~~~~~~~~~~adjoining slopes of the reclaimed land. This has led to stagnation of water and ~~ a breeding of mosquitoes

Analysis

It is observed that the drains are

17 are clogged with solid waste and as a result the sullage disposed into the drains remains stagnant and creating breeding conditions for mosquitoes and other insects. This situation is mainly due to lack of awareness amongst PAHs for proper disposal of solid waste. The mechanism for sold waste collection and disposal also needs to be improved

The end portions of the open drains that evacuate wastewater from the site are not designed to carry the water/sullage to the creek arms. The drains typically end before creek-arm. As a resuft the water spreads and stagnates in the form of cesspools around the creek, giving rise to unhygienic and malodorous conditions

PlausibleRemedies

• Undertake awareness programme among the PAHs for proper disposal of solid waste from the site and support it by proper solid waste collection mechanism at transit site * Provide for weekly cleaning of the drains with provision for appropriate disposal of muck . Provided smooth cement plaster on the sides and haunching on the bottom of the drains to rectify the slope and finishing of the drains * Improve the drain portions leading to the creek arms to ensure adequate drainage . Remove solid waste from the creek arm and its sides and develop a barrier by way of hedge of shrubs along the length of the creek arm to discourage inhabitants direcfly disposing the solid waste into the creek arms.

Services - Provision and Functioning

(a) WATER SUPPLY

Existing situation

Water taps are provided at one end of every row of houses, every household has to collect water from such points nearest to them

The water supply is intermittent and the pressure is very low and as a result, the farthest water points remain dry. Even the sintex tanks, which are kept at a height of 0.5 m, cannot be filled. Currently small sumps are made below taps, wherever possible to collect water. In many places vessels have to be kept in the open drains to collect water from the water lines running along the ground

It has become necessary for all the tenements to store water, which they do individually in drums kept in the pathways outside their houses The quantity of water collected is not sufficient to fulfil the daily needs and people purchase water from outside at a premium. The current situation has resulted in resentment to pay the water charges

Analysis

Water one of the basic necessities, is also one of the most important need to be provided for the families residing at this transit resettlement site. Deficiency of water is due to the low water pressure and lack of proper storage facility at community level

Numbers of taps provided are also inadequate and residents have to stand in queue for a long' period. Also, the provision of gathering space near the water points is not adequate

There is no water storage facility near the common toilet blocks. Storage of water at community level needs to be provided at least for the sanitation purpose

PlansibleRemedies

* Increase water pressure and the duration of supply from source * Provide overhead storage tanks at the toilet blocks and introduce booster pumps to fill water in the tanks, if required * Additional taps should be provided to achieve the ratio of one tap for ten tenements. These water points can be provided in the open spaces between the rows of houses, which can act as gathering spaces also

(b) SANITATION- (TOILETS)

Existintg situation

The W.C. facility is common, there are six types of

_ - toilet. blocks depending on the number of seats provided within. There is provision of one seat for vR every 12 tenements. There is lack of adequate water - supply and its storage for toilets. Platforms to place storage tanks are there, but tanks are now removed, as water does not fill in due to low pressure

The cleaning of the toilets appears to be regularly done through the NGO intervention. PAFs make regular payment for cleaning the toilets

Open defecation is evident around the transit resettlement site

19 Septic tanks are provided below each toilet block. Overflow from the septic tanks is connected to the creek arms using hume pipes. The PAHs reported that MCGM cleans the septic tanks when those start overflowing

Analysis

Considering the norms currently being followed in "slum sanitation programme" under Bombay Sewage Disposal Project (BSDP), there should be one toilet seat for every 50 adults. Based on family composition at the transit site, the provision of one toilet seat per 12 tenements appears to satisfy the above norm. Also, the PAHs during the focus group discussions have not stated inadequacies in the number of toilet seats although there were references to inadequate operational conditions due to lack of water. . Lack of water leads to unhealthy toilet habits that may have health impacts due to risk of direct contamination

PlausibleRem11edies

* To provide overhead water tank at the toilet blocks with adequate water supply pressure to ensure that water gets filled in the tanks * Educate, the PAHs about the importance of sanitation such that open deification is eliminated

Existing situation

During the site visits, it was reported that an NGO collects the garbage once everyday from each tenement on payment of Rs. 15/- per month. The collected garbage is transferred to the municipal bins located away from the site. This arrangement however does not seem to be effective as the garbage was found strewn all around the site- in open spaces, within and along the creeklets

An1alysis

The arrangement of solid waste collection is observed to be irregular and inefficient. Ungainly and unhygienic conditions

_-- prevailing near the disposal bins, also discourages r - > . people from properly disposing the waste into bins. This further aggravates

-_ ~ T ~ d the problem and leads to -- 4t.'-''i- ,!:'. . . direct disposal of solid waste into the drains and creek arms

20 It is observed that community bins are not provided at cluster level necessitating traversal of significant distance to approach the main disposal bin. This acts as a deterrent for proper disposal of solid waste and encourages disposal into the drains aggravating the drainage problem

The above is further compounded due to lack of awareness among the PAHs of need for adequate disposal of solid waste and likely negative health impacts of their negligence

PlausibleRemedies

* Provide waste collection bins at the cluster level and integrate off-take of solid waste from the site with MCGB solid waste collection service with daily collection of solid waste . After providing adequate facilities, conduct awareness programme to enhance understanding for proper solid waste disposal among the residents . Introduce a incentive mechanism to encourage sanitary habits by providing benefit in terms of more frequent cleaning or insecticide spray or reduced collection charges to clusters that keep their premises clean

(d) ELECTRICITY

Existing situation

Within tenement: Electricity is provided in each tenement for which they have to pay Rs. 75 per point per month. On an average, each tenement has about two points. This arrangement is found satisfactory

Street Lighting : Currently there is no provision for street lighting and lighting at the community spaces

Analysis

Internal roads have no provision of street lighting and not even the light from tenements falls on streets as the rows of houses face the pathways not the internal roads

Reaching utility area in the nighttime when it is dark is very difficult, as people have to depend on the light coming from the tenements or their own means. There is no outdoor lighting for such purposes

Water points where people have to gather from early morning, there is no provision for illuminating that area when it is dark

21 PlausibleRemedies

* Provide adequate street lighting along the internal roads and pathways with the minimum spacing of 15m to have an illumination intensity of 50 lux at nighttimes * Provide lighting at the gathering spaces (open spaces between the clusters), paths leading to water points and the toilets; and the water points and toilets

Amenities

(a) SHOPS

Existing situation

There is provision for only one ration shop, the space for which is allocated to one of the Project Affected Person (PAP). The PAP was in the same business prior to shifting to the site

Few vendors sell vegetables on a makeshift arrangement at the entrance of the site

Both parts of the resettlement site have a doctor's clinic each which opens for four hours in a day. The immediate medical needs of the PAHs, therefore, is adequately addressed

Analysis

Lack of convenience shopping facility to meet the requirement of daily needs on the site is one of the major deficiencies. Currently most of the PAHs to go to Mankhurd market for groceries and vegetables. Petty shopkeepers, however, are seen selling the eatables at the site which considering the unsanitary conditions at the site is a certain heath risk. There is, therefore, urgent need to improve sanitary conditions at the site

PlausibleRemedies

* Convert a few tenements towards highway link road to shops to provide for essential daily needs of the residents such as grocery, fruits and vegetables, medical facility, PCO, etc. * Regularise the place for hawkers and Inhabitants interested in such commercial activities at cluster level and provide special attention to maintain clean and hygienic conditions around the vending platforms/ shops

22 (b) SCHOOL

Existing situation

The only education facilities existing on the transit site are in the form of balwadies. Children studying in pre-primary and levels above need to go to places that are away from the site

Ananysis

Although there should be pre-primary school at the resettlement site housing about 1600 fainilies, there is .no space for such a facility at the site. The children from the transit site therefore have to cross the highway to reach to the schools at neighbouring permanent resettlement site

PlausibleRemedies

* Provision of safer pedestrian crossing will help the residents in accessing the school across the road and reduce accident hazard

Recreational Open Spaces:

Existing sihtation

A 2.5m wide pathway between the two rows of tenements serves as the only open space, which i., l ,,,, is used for washing, water storage and other recreational activity by the inhabitants.

Z~iIPMR;-Fs-L- Q5 ,

There are only two pockets of open spaces of 70 Sqmts each inside the clusters of Site 1-A. The tenements around mostly use these, except during comrnunity activities like Ganesh Festival other functions 23 Ou the rear side of Pocket '1-A' there is an open

space, which the children i - use as play ground. This .: area is low-lying and not . -, reclaimed. This area falls

under CRZ and gets * flooded 3 to 4 days in a

zIte 1-i6 is aevoia or anv open or recreationai soace

Pockets of rectaneular open spaces Provided in Site 1-A are verv small in size and are inadeauate tor recreational ourposes

No proper approach and entrv points are made for these open spaces, and are onlv used bv the Deov1e stavine around them

Approach to the rear open space is through the dead end of the pathways over the dump ot earbaee.

PaiusibleRemedies

* Improve the use of available recreational open spaces by improving the access and keeping them a good condlitions * Use the other neighbouring open spaces to provide relief to the residents

Other Open Spaces:

Fxisting sitmation

Along the highway 4 to 5 m wide open space is present in Site 1-A. A small stretch of about 6 m is used for experimental growing of trees and shrubs by NGO, which appeared to be successful.

The open space at the rear side of Site 1-B is being used for constructing additional transit accommodation by 2 -v . : A {, - MCGM . This open space is the only buffer between

-;-6-'~>4~^ - '-i^---the transit site and the

2Construction oflhc sestttlcmcnts havc bcrn comipleted during finialisation ofthis repot Thet enemcnnts const.uded in 11h11,.- ^.x also occupied 24 hazardous activity area and should not be used to house any more families

Small pockets of open spaces are left towards

- the end of each row of houses, which at present have become place for garbage dumping.

Analysis

Both the sites in Site 1-A and 1-B are deficient in terms of provision of open spaces as per DCR norms

The successful plantations in the open space in front of Site 1-A along the highway link road is good indicator for plantations along the transit camp

The buffer space between Site 1-A and scrap yard handling the hazardous wvaste is inadequate and is leading to unhealthy living condition. Further development of transit tenements by MCGM will cause serious cnsk conditions for exposure for residents to the hazardous chemicals. This area should be developed as a buffer space, and be brought be under green belt to control physical access to the residents

Small pockets at the end of pathways, which can be potential spots for developing greenery on the site and can be functional also, are left unattended hence become places for garbage dumping.

PhaaisibleRemedies

* Open space along the highway should be used for creating green belt. Though these spaces may not immediately act as green belt protecting the tenements, the plantations will be useful part of restoring the site by way of landscaping

* At least buffer plantation of 6m width should be done along with construction of 1.8m high compound wall or fence along the scrap yard. This will prevent further encroachment and to improve the environmental conditions on the site Small pockets aLt the end of the pathways and the area under the CRZ (along the creek arm) should be designed to form the barrier from creek arm. Such a measure will form functional spaces such as sitting areas, recreational space etc. This area can also be planted with shrubs and trees which in the long run can be integrated with the landscape plan during post-closure of the site 25 3.2.3 Impacts on Surrounding Environment Due to the Transit Camp

The transit sites are located within areas that have sparse coastal vegetation including mangrove. A possible impact of habitation on natural environment in this area could be impact on vegetation for need of fuel. However, it is observed that all tenements have either kerosene stoves (90%) or gas stove (10%). Also the ration shop dispensing the kerosene is within the site and inhabitants have regular supply of clean fuel and therefore cutting down of mangroves by the inhabitants is not observed.

Another possible impact on the coastal ecology could be due to the discharge of wastewater from the transit site to the creeklets. As the slums, solid waste disposal site and a scrap yard surround this site, the discharges from the transit site are insignificant incomparision to overall waste load carried by the creek. Although, the ecological status of the coastal areas due to anthropogenic pressure, is under significant stress, the impacts due to the transit site operations as such is insignificant Observations further indicate that due to dumping of hazardous waste generated from the adjacent scrap yard in the creek is leading to severe stress on coastal ecology

The transit resettlement site however gives rise to impacts due to (i) indiscriminate dumping of solid waste in the open areas near the creeklets and the surrounding areas (ii) land discharge of sullage generated from the tenements

As observed in the environmental conditions of the site, the service in respect of organised solid waste collection is absent in the site. This results in strewning of solid waste in around the creeklets adjacent to the site. Thus causing unhygienic environs leading to: (i) odour problems (iu) straying of animals (iii) mosquito and insect breeding. The overall impact of such situation reflects on the health aspects in the area. The impacts in this respect can be minimised by implementing the remedial measures recommended to improve the services within the site. However, such measures will be ineffective unless the off-take of waste from the site by MCGM is effective. Therefore, it is important that the transit site is officially identified as one of the neighbourhood collection points of MCGM solid waste collection network

The sullage generated from the kitchen and bathroom waste is currently collected through open drains and is discharged in to the creek arm. As these creeks also drain significant slum areas located upstream, the additional impact of the transit resettlement site on the creek water quality is negligible. The impact of solid waste disposal in the creek, however, could lead to an adverse impact on drainage capacity of the creek. The plastic when it reaches to the main creek through tidal action, is detrimental to the creek ecosystem

26 3.2.4 CEMP Recommendations for Mankhurd Transit Resettlement Site

CEMP recommendations for the site are based on integration of plausible remedial measures for individual impacts/environmental deficiencies on the level of the site as the whole. In additional to technical requirement, while finalising the CEMP recommendations, feasibility of implementation within short life span of the site, people's preference and findings of epidemiological survey (Annexure II) and its compatibility with the post-closure restoration plan have been kept in mind. Table 3.1 presents the CEMP recommendation for the site

3.3 SITE II - TURBHE-MANDALA SITE

3.3.1 Impact of Surrounding Land Use on the Site

Impacts due to Rail and Road Corridors

There are three types of transportation corridors adjacent to the site. These being: (i) a 7m WBM road abutting the site (ii) The Harbour line of Central Railway and (iii) the Sion-Panvel Highway. These three corridors run parallel

The vehicular movement on WBM road is moderate but causes dust pollution to the tenements adjacent to the road. The noise pollution due traffic movements on this road is insignificant

The railway traffic on Harbour line causes noise pollution as the site is about 40m from the tracks. Though the noise pollution is significant at the tenements closer to the rail corridor, it is intermittent as the rail traffic is about eight local trains per hour. A possible mitigation measure for the above impacts is to construct a boundary wall between the WBM approach road and the tenements. However, such measure may not be of importance given the temporary nature of the settlements. Also, the PAHs during the focused group discussions have not expressed any concern about high noise levels inpite of highlighting the issue as they are used to reside along the tracks prior to shifting to transit resettlement site

The noise impacts due to vehicular movements on Sion-Panvel Highway are marginal as the site is about 150m from highway. In addition, the existing electrical substation with 2.5m high compound wall, located in between the site and the highway provides attenuation of noise

The proximity of railway line does not pose any accident risk to the inmates of the transit resettlement site as the tracks are on embankment. In addition, the existing compound wall between railway tracks and the highway prevents crossings

27 Table 3.1

COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR MANKHURD TRANSIT CAMP SITE

S.N. Issue I Feasible Remedial Measures Remarks Measures to Eliminate/Minimise Imp cts Due to the Surrounding Land Uses 1 Chemical pollution due to the Regulate scarp yard activities through MCGM and MPCB in the scrap This is the most severe impact due to the scrap yard operations behind yard to minimnize potential of accidental release of toxic gases and neighboring land use on the site and can not Site 1-'B' of the site increase the distance between hazardous operations and the transit site be elimninated with out closing down the Accord highest priority to shift the PAHs residing at the transit scrap yard operations The issue also figures resettlement site at Mankhurd to a permanent resettlement site most prominently among the PAHs concerns with the living conditions at the site 2 Accident risk due to fast Repair 1.5m tall barbed wire fence on the side facing the road at both 1-A The PAPs during interactions have moving traffic on link road and 1-B of the site and highlight the entry points to the site with indicated very high concern about the risk landscape elements of accident while crossing the road Construct speed breakers and zebra crossing at the entry points on both The measure proposed is obligatory from sides of the link road and widen the median at zebra crossing the safety point of view Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions Within the Site' 1 Poor ventlation and day light Whitewashing of interior wails and ceiling of tenements with lime after During the interactions, the PAPs have not within the tenements ascertaining the willingness of the PAPs brought out lack of ventilation or day light as an issue. Partially, they have overcome the problem by keeping their doors open. Considering the transitory nature of the site, the implementation of measures discussed under section 3.2.3 may not be necessary However, in such future construction, MMRDA should ensure that dwelling are designed is accordance with the ventilation norms

These measures will also minimize the impacts of the site on the surrounding environment

28 2 Settlement of parts of transit Examine viability of repairs of the affected tenements This measure should be implemented resettlement site leading to Dismantle non-viable and accident-prone tenements immediately major cracks in some tenements Relocate the affected PAHs to vacant dwelling within the site or at other sites. If shifted to other sites, the PAHs should retain their priority for shifting in to the permanent tenements Use the vacated are to augment toilet facility (refer S N 6) 3 Inadequate solid waste Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around the site The PAPs at the site have expressed serious collection and disposal at the Provide garbage disposal bins at the site and integrate the site with concern about the lack of proper garbage site MCGM solid waste collection network disposal facilities. They are also concerned Revive the existing collection system which is currently being operated about the piling up garbage and resulting by the NGO and strengthen it with the help of community societies bad odour and mosquito breeding. PAPs formed by the NGO mentioned that in the event of excessive Undertake awareness programme to develop understanding of accumulation of garbage, they request importance of proper solid waste collection and disposal among the MCGM to clear the dumps, which is PAHs generally done after prolonged pursuatione 4 Dilapidated drains leading to Clean and repair, the drains, which are damaged or filled up with debris, Dilapidated drainage network and the insanitary conditions Channelize and cement the ends portions of the drains leading up to the indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in the creek arm drains is currently causing serious Organize the existing societies to take charge for up keep and cleanliness insanitary conditions. The solid waste and of the drainage network on regular basis drainage improvement measures therefore Provide for periodical spray of insecticides in the drains and near are obligatory and should be implemented garbage disposal area immediately 5 Inadequate water supply Water pressure from the source (MCGM water supply line) should be People reported that the toilets are not increased so that there is enough pressure in the line to fill the storage provided with water and have to be carried tanks near the toilets and reach the farthest water point. from home. People stand in long queues to Restore defunct storage tanks and taps fetch water. Lack of water for sanitation is also a cause for open defecation observed around the site 6 Inadequate Water supply in -Restore overhead water tanks and ensure provision of water at toilets Highly unhygienic conditions are observed toilets After providing adequate water supply in toilets, educate PAHs for in and around the site due t open discontinuing the habit of open defecation defecation. PAHs have reported difficulty in using the existing facilities that encourages the unsanitary practice Lack of lighting in the open Provide street lighting that ensures adequate illumination specially at the spaces water gathering site and toilets

29 Mosquito breeding Implement mechanism indicated above to improve the cleanliness at the The mosquito problem would be solved to site large extent on efficient implementation of Provide for spray of insecticide at regular intervals solid waste disposal and maintenance of drains 9. Provision of shops Provide a few shops within the site to meet the daily needs of grocery These measures will reduce across the road and vegetables of the inhabitants movement and risk of contamination of Regularize the informal vending places and create sanitary conditions eatables sold around them 10 Green spaces and open areas Landscape the open areas after clearing the garbage and improving the The landscaping suggestions are compatible site with restoration plan

30 Impacts Due to Water Logged Area

The eastern corner of the plot and the area beyond the plot has sparse mangroves. The surrounding areas around the mangroves are waterlogged and are prone to mosquito breeding. This may cause health impacts in the transit resettlement site The impacts in this regard can be minimised by periodic fumigation at the site

3.3.2 Impact of Environmental Conditions Within the Site

The environmental conditions have been evaluated for their impact on the inhabitants under three categories, namely: (i) adequacy of dwellings (ii) level of services and (iii) provision of amenities. Comparing the existing conditions with minimum provisions, observations on the functional aspects of the services, technical observations coupled with discussions with the inhabitants have been used to identify areas for intervention. Once a deficiency and its cause are identified, all plausible measures for corrective action are listed. The recommended measure are short listed based on feasibility of implementation, stakeholder preference and technical necessity for corrective action

Site Layout

Turbhe-Mandala site is also planned on grid pattern, with roads and pathways in right angles. The internal roads form seven clusters of dwelling units. The site is on reclaimed land and is flat, generally sloping towards the creek arms passing from the south-east corner of the site. The creek arm and CRZ cover almost half of the land, the other half is left for development The site statistics are presented below:

Plot Area 44,522.00 Sqm Nos. of Tenement 896 Average Population ( 5 Ppt) 4480 On Full Occupancy Nos. of W.C. Provided 96 Seats Nos. of Tenements Coming In CRZ Nil Total Built Up Area 10,492.16 Sqm Area Under Roads 4,184.37 Sqm Recreational Open Area 1,092.00 Sqm Area Of Creek Arms 6,546.00 Sqm Area Under CRZ 17,075.35 Sqm

Layout and Design of Dwelling Units

(a) TENEMENTS

Existing situation

Tenements are temporary sheds with AC sheet roofing, half brick thick walls, plastered only up to 1.0 m from the ground level from both the sides. The

31 carpet area of each tenement is 11.71 sqm (126 sft), it includes the cooking and bathing area (without tap) which is drained in to the open drains outside. The provision of W.C. and water point is common. The only window provided is of 12 sft area with metal shutters. The site is enclosed with compound wall of 1.8m height on three sides. The fourth side, which is facing the road, is not provided with a compound wall

On the north-east corner there are about 200 tenements' made up of G.I. Sheets, which are rejected

.-- ---. - . W sample tenements, still existing, and occupied by displaced slum dwellers.

-~ ;t'-sw ~s'2These tenements come ;~ > *+ >. *under CRZ, and their - condition is uninhabitable

Analysis

Rows of houses close to the WBM approach road are prone to dust pollution.

The rejected sample tenements, which are uninhabitable yet occupied, do not have proper drains, pathways and other services. Due to which stagnant water, causes nuisance and breeding conditions for mosquitoes and other insects, is seen all around.

'The tenements were rejected by MMRDA due to sub-standard construction Plaiusible Remedies

* Provision of a chain link fence along the WBM approach road side along with plantation of creepers will help in reducing the dust pollution. * White wash with lime the interior walls and ceiling of tenements. This will make the dwellings more lit and hygienic * Provide A.C. vent cowls at the roof near the ridge, to increase the cross ventilation. To be effective, two vent pieces will be required for every tenement * Replace a small part (1.0 m x 0.5 m) of A.C. sheet roofing with translucent fibre sheets, to improve the day light inside the room

(b) ROADS

Existinig situaotio

Access: The site is across* the railway line, making ' the approach difficult by road. The access to the i site is from the service A road parallel to the

railway tracks, This - service road joins the Sion-Panvel highway through a rail under-pass, 2.0 Km away, towards Vashi from the site. Presently this acts as the only approach to the site. An under- pass towards Mankhurd railway station is under construction, which would make the approach easier when, completed.

- _ Internal Roads: The internal roads are 9.Om and i _-~6.0 m wide and are made up of W.B.M., with open lo^ ' . c - , wdrains on both the sides. r . - a ~ ~1 13 The surface of the roads is t-~ tl uneven and not properly sloped and thereby causing flooding during rainy season Pathways: The space in- between the row of houses act as the Pathways and are lined with open drains on one side only. The pathways are 2.5 m wide and connected to the internal road. The pathways are paved with rough shahabad stone

33 Analysis

Entry to the site is not defined as compound wall is mnissing in the front side and all the pathways open on to the approach road and are used as per the convenience, creating lots of disturbance for the inhabitants

The roads are not properly sloped towards the drains and are liable to be water clogged in rains. This is further detrimental to its condition and would make it difficult to use in rains

There is no provision for roadside plantation and the street lighting along the internal roads

The drains have been left open wherever they cross the pathways, people have kept stone slabs to span them. This causes hindrance in the movement

PlausibleRenmedies

* Provide a chain link fence separating the transit site from the road paralla] to the railway tracks and make provision for plantation of people along the fence * Rectify the transverse slope of internal roads and provide camber to have slopes on both sides leading rainwater to nearby storm water drains. The slope of camber shall be 1:36. * Cover the open drains across the roads and pathways while maintaining uniformity with pathway/road level for ease of movement Provide adequate street lighting along the internal roads and pathways with a maximum spacing of 15m to have an illumination intensity of 50 lux at nighttime.

Existinig situatilo

The creek arm serves as the main drain for the e i site, taking all the wastewater in it. It also carries the solid waste dumped along its sides. M

The site is provided with a network of open drain system sloping towards the natural drain (Creek arm). These open drains carry the surface water and wastewater along with kitchen waste and solid waste. The drains are clogged and the water stagnant.

Condition of drains here is poor compared to other two transit sites. The drains are water

34 clogged and dirty, it appears that it has not been cleaned for a long time and also the ends of these drains are left on the sloping soil of the reclaimed earth. This leads to breeding of mosquitoes and unhygienic conditions.

Analysis

It is observed that the drains are clogged with solid waste and as a result the sullage disposed into the drains remains stagnant and creating breeding conditions for mosquitoes and other insects. This situation is mainly due to lack of awareness amongst PAHs for proper disposal of solid waste. The mechanism for sold waste collection and disposal is also needs to be improved

The ends of open drains are not designed to carry water/sludge up to the creek arm. The water hence spreads on to the open space along the creek arm and remains stagnant, creating breeding conditions for mosquitoes and other insects

PlausibleRemedies

* Undertake awareness programme among the PAHs for proper disposal of solid waste from the site and support it by proper solid waste collection mechanism at transit site * Provide for weekly cleaning of the drains with provision for appropriate disposal of muck . Provided smooth cement plaster on the sides and haunching on the bottom of the drains to rectify the slope and finishing of the drains * Improve the drain portions leading to the creek arm to ensure adequate drainage * Remove solid waste from the creek arm and its sides and, develop a barrier by way of hedge of shrubs along the length of the creek arm to discourage inhabitants directly disposing the solid waste into the creek arm

Services

(a) WATER SUPPLY

Existing situation

Water is supplied from the municipal mains, Water supply is continuous but the pressure is low. There is no provision for water storage.

Water taps are provided in the open spaces between the row of houses or at the end of every row of houses. Every household has to collect water from these points nearest to them

35 Analysis

Inadequacy of water is due to the low water pressure and lack of proper storage facility on community level.

Numbers of taps provided are also inadequate, as people have to stand in queue for a long period. Gathering space is not provided near water points where people can stand properly

No adequate gathering space is provided near the water points.

There is no water storage facility near the common toilet blocks. Storage of water on community level needs to be provided at least for sanitation purpose.

PlausibleRemedies

* Increase water pressure and the duration of supply from source. * Provide overhead storage tanks at the toilet blocks and introduce pressure pumps to fill water in the tanks * Additional taps should be provided to achieve the ratio of one tap for ten tenements. These water points can be provided in the open spaces between the rows of houses, which can act as gathering spaces also.

(b) SANITATION- (TOILETS)

Existing situation

W.C. facility is common and is provided in blocks. There is a provision of one seat for every 9 tenements. Water storage facility is not near toilet blocks.

The cleaning of the toilets appears to be irregular as it is done once a week by the persons appointed through NGO

Open defecation is prevalent at the site

Analysis

Considering the norms currently being followed in "slum sanitation programme" under Bombay Sewage Disposal Project (BSDP), there should be one toilet seat for every 50 adults. Though there are necessry number of toilets, open defecation is observed to be prevalent. The site interviews revealed that this is due to lack of adequate water to clean the toilets. Considering the undesirability of open defecation, it is necessary that adequate water is provided at the toilets. Lack of water also leads to unhealthy toilet habits that may have health impacts due to risk of direct contamination

36 PlausibleRemedies

. Provide overhead water tank at the toilet blocks with adequate water supply pressure to ensure that water gets filled in the tanks . Educate the PAHs about the importance of sanitation such that open deification is eliminated

Existing situation

No garbage bins or allocation of area for garbage dumping within the site was seen. Provision for daily collection of garbage to transfer it to nearest municipal garbage bin is also not there. Hence, site is littered with solid waste all over and outside the site along the road.

Analysis

The arrangement of solid waste collection is observed to be completely absent. Ungainly and unhygienic conditions prevail in the open spaces within the site. The site is not connected to solid waste collection network of MCGM. Therefore, the waste is piling from almost for an year in the site and surroundings Direct disposal of solid waste into the drains and creek arms is also observed

It is observed that community bins are also absent at cluster level. This acts as a deterrent for proper disposal of solid waste and encourages disposal into the drains aggravating the drainage problem

The above is further compounded due to lack of awareness among the PAHs of need for adequate disposal of solid waste and likely negative health impacts of their negligence Solid waste disposal is a major problem, its improper disposal is leading to choking of drains, unclean surroundings and unhygienic conditions

PlausibleRemedies

* Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around the site * Provide garbage disposal bins at the site * Establish collection system within the site, which is currently absent. This can be implemented on similar set up with NGO as followed in Mankhurd site by involving the societies formed by the NGO * Construct a compost pit at the site and employ a person to segregate the recyclables and dispose the biodegradable waste in the compost pit . Undertake awareness programme to develop understanding of importance of proper solid waste collection and disposal among the PAHs

37 * Introduce a incentive mechanism to encourage sanitary habits by providing benefit in terms of more frequent cleaning or insecticide spray or reduced collection charges to clusters that keep their premises clean

(d) ELECTRICITY

Existing situation

Within Tenement Electricity is provided in each tenement for which they have to pay Rs. 75/- per point per month. On an average, each tenement has about two points. This arrangement is found satisfactory

Street Lighting: Currently there is no provision for street lighting and lighting at the community spaces

Analysis

Internal roads have no provision of street lighting and not even the light from tenements falls on streets as the rows of houses face the pathways not the internal roads

Water points where people have to gather from early morning, there is no provision for illuminating that area when it is dark

Remedies

Amenities

(a) SHOPS

Existing situation

No adequate amenities are present at site. There is only one rationing shop and a consulting doctor, which is hardly open. For the smallest thing tenements have to go near Mankhurd station, which is at least 1 km from there

38 Analysis

Lack of convenience shopping facility near the site is one of the major problems there. To fulfil their needs people have to go to Mankhurd market, as there is no nearby shopping area. Petty shopkeepers, however, are seen selling the eatables at the site which considering the unsanitary conditions at the site is a certain heath risk. There is, therefore, urgent need to improve sanitary conditions at the site

There is no adequate medical and first aid facility provided on the site.

For day to day needs people have to go the shops near Mankhurd station (approximately 1 km from the site) as no vendors come to the site at present because the site is not connected to the main road at present.

PlausibleRemedies

• Convert a few tenements towards highway link road to shops to provide for essential daily needs of the residents such as grocery, fruits and vegetables, medical facility, PCO, etc. . Regularise the place for hawkers and inhabitants interested in such commercial activities at cluster level and provide special attention to maintain clean and hygienic conditions around the vending platforms/shops

(b) SCHOOL

Existing situation

There are no proper education facilities apart from balwadies. The children have to go far of places for basic primary education.

Analysis

There is no pre primary or primary school near the site, forcing the people to travel large distances

Remedies

Explore Possibilities of using the nearby school at Mandala village

39 (c) OPEN SPACES

Recreational Open Spaces:

Existing situation

The 2.5 m wide pathway between the two rows of tenerments serves as the most useful open space, which is used for washing, water storage and other small recreational activities.

These open spaces also serve as connection and approach to the recreation areas. Water points

- ___2, -- are provided in these spaces, -- - hence act as gathering spaces as well.

There are seven small open rectangular pocketprovideds as recreahonal areas. These spaces are paved with shahbad stone and are surrounded by the rows of houses and are further cut short by planting bed along the pathways in these areas. Attempt to grow vegetation does not seem successful.

Analysis

For every cluster there is one pocket of recreational area. Each pocket of rectangular open spaces measuring nearly 6m x 10m, are very small in size and are inadequate for the community recreational purposes. However, compared to Mankhurd site, the open spaces provided are considerably high

Remedies

* Improve the use of available recreational open spaces by improving the access and keeping them a good conditions * Level the building debris in the south-eastern corner and use this place for developing compost pit, constructing toilet blocks and developing green space 40 Other Open Spaces:

Existing situation

There is a stretch of open space along the creek arm on the South-east corner of the site. This space is dumped with construction debris and garbage

-~~~~~~~~~

Small pockets of open spaces are left towards the end of few rows of houses, which at present have not been used for any other purpose than dumping of solid waste.

Analysis Open space along the main road is at present used for movement, as there is no compound wall to keep it segregated from the road

There is no buffer space left on the west side and south side of the settlement. A drain keeps away houses from the compound wall

Small pockets at the end of pathways, which can be potential spots for developing greenery on the site and can be functional also, are left unattended hence become places for garbage dumping

Open space along the creek arm is used for solid waste disposal and hence become the area with stagnant water causing unhealthy situations

Remedies

* Create green spaces along the creek arm to form a barrier to prevent solid waste dumping * Create recreational areas in open pockets at the corner of the tenements to form functional as well as aesthetically appealing spaces such as children play area, sitting areas etc

41 3.3.3 Impacts on Surrounding Environment Due to the Transit Resettlement Site

The transit sites are located within areas that have sparse as well as dense coastal vegetation including mangrove. The tenements however, have adequate supply of clean domestic fuels and therefore use of wood is not observed to meet the fuel requirements. Also, the transit site have provision of latrines with septic tanks and the direct wastewater discharges to the mangroves areas do not cause a significant negative impact Also, it;is observed that the salt pans areas are away from the transit site and do not have any interrelation with its operations

The transit resettlement site however gives rise to impacts due to: (i) indiscriminate dumping of solid waste in the open area near the creek arm and the surrounding areas (ii) land discharge of sullage generated from the tenements

As observed in the environmental conditions of the site, the service in respect of organised solid waste collection is absent in the site. This results in strewing of solid waste at south-eastem comer, in and around the creek arm or along the railway tracks. The transit resettlement site thus causes unhygienic environs leading to: (i) odour problems (ii) straying of animals' (iii) mosquito and insect breeding. The impacts in this respect can be minimised by implementing the remedial measures recommended to improve the services within the site. Such measures will be ineffective unless the off-take of waste from the site by MCGM and this site is not covered under MCGM network due to access problems. Therefore, it is desirable that Turbhe-Mandala site is made self-sufficient by providing a compost pit at the site

The sullage generated from the kitchen and bathroom waste is currently collected through open drains and is discharged near the creek arm on the south-eastern corner of the site. The end section of the drainage is dilapidated and as a result, the sullage is discharged on land prior to reaching creek arm. In addition, the creek arm is shallow and water flow is marginal. Also, the gradient difference between the creek arm and the site is hardly 50cm. This causes water logging, which in turn leads to unsanitary conditions around the site. The possible solution could be to renovate the drainage network as part of site improvements

3.3.4 CEMP Recommendations for Turbhe-Mandala Transit Resettlement Site

42 Table 3.2

COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR TURBHE MANDALE TRANSIT CAMP SITE

S.N. |Issue I Feasible Remedial Measures |Remarks Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions Within the Site' Poor ventilation and day light Whitewashing of interior walls and ceiling of tenements with lime after During the interactions, the PAPs have not within the tenements ascertaining the willingness of the PAPs brought out lack of ventilation or day light as an issue. Partially, they have overcome the problem by keeping their doors open. Considering the transitory nature of the site, the implementation of measures discussed under section 3.3.2 may not be necessary However, in such future construction, MMRDA should ensure that dwelling are designed is accordance with the ventilation norms 2 Inadequate solid waste Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around the site The PAPs at the site have expressed serious collection and disposal at the Provide garbage disposal bins at the site concern about the lack of proper garbage site Establish collection system within the site, which is currently absent. disposal facilities. They are also concerned This can be implemented on similar set up with NGO as followed in about the piling up garbage and resulting Mankhurd site by involving the societies formed by the NGO bad odour and mosquito breeding. PAPs Construct a compost pit of 35mX18mXlm size on the southern end of the mentioned that till date MCGM has not site and employ a person to segregate the recyclables and dispose the cleared the garbage even once since the biodegradable waste in the compost pit inception of the site Undertake awareness programme to develop understanding of importance of proper solid waste collection and disposal among the PAHs 3 Dilapidated drains leading to Clean and repair, the drains, which are damaged or filled up with debris, Dilapidated drainage network and the insanitary conditions Channelize and cement the ends portions of the drains leading up to the indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in the creek arm drains is currently causing serious Organize the existing societies to take charge for up keep and cleanliness insanitary conditions. The solid waste and of the drainage network on regular basis drainage improvement measures therefore Provide for periodical spray of insecticides in the drains and near are obligatory and should be implemented -garbage disposal area immediately

These measures will also miuniuse the impacts of the site on the surroundmg environment 43 4 0 Inadequate water supply Water pressure from the source (MCGM water supply line) should be People reported that the toilets are not increased so that there is enough pressure in the line to fill the storage provided with water and have to be carried tanks near the toilets and reach the farthest water point. from home. People stand in long queues to Restore defunct storage tanks and taps fetch water. Lack of water for sanitation is also a cause for open defecation observed around the site 5 Lack of lighting in the open Provide street lighting that ensures adequate illumination specially at the spaces water gathering site and toilets 6 Mosquito breeding Implement mechanism indicated above to improve the cleanliness at the The mosquito problem would be solved to site large extent on efficient implementation of Provide for spray of insecticide at regular intervals solid waste disposal and maintenance of drains 7 Provision of shops Provide a few shops within the site to meet the daily needs of grocery These measures will reduce risk of and vegetables of the inhabitants contamination of eatable sold

8 Green spaces and open areas Landscape the open areas after clearing the garbage The landscaping suggestions are compatible with restoration plan

44 3.4 SITE III - WADALA

3.4.1 Impact of Surrounding Land Use on the Site

Impacts Due to the Waterlogged Area to the South-Eastern Side of the Site

The waterlogged area in the south-eastern corner of the site is one of the major areas for mosquito and insect breeding and unsanitary conditions. Such a land use near the site would cause health problems. The impacts due to the waterlogged site should be minimised by providing proper drainage to the site. In addition, periodic fumigation of insecticide should be done in the area

Impacts Due to Lack ofAccess to Public Transport

Though the site is connected to the city, the route is circuitous. Also nearest public transportation node, i.e. GTB railway station, Anik Bus Depot or Truck terminal bus stop is atleast 3km. As a result the project affected people have to walk atleast 20minutes to reach nearest available public transport. The impacts in this respect can be minimised by extending the BEST bus services to the transit site

3.4.2 Environmental Conditions Within the Site

The environmental conditions have been evaluated for their impact on the inhabitants under three categories, namely: (i) adequacy of dwellings (ii) level of services and (iii) provision of amenities. Comparing the existing conditions with minimum provisions, observations on the functional aspects of the services, technical observations coupled with discussions with the inhabitants have been used to identify areas for intervention. Once a deficiency and its cause are identified, all plausible measures for corrective action are listed. The recommended measures are short listed based on feasibility of implementation, stakeholder preference and technical necessity for corrective action

Site Layout

Wadala site is also planned on grid pattern, with roads and pathways in right angles around the dwelling units. The site is on reclaimed land and is flat

One of its sides touches the approach road and other two sides are adjacent to hutments. On one side it is touching an open space along the pond

The site is surrounded on all four sides by nala/drain, which acts as the main drain. One more drain runs in the centre along the 9m wide main approach road. This divides the site into two parts, which are connected at some places by bridging the drain hume pipes and a culvert. The site statistics are presented below:

45 Plot Area 1,09,844.45 Sqm Nos. of Tenement 3600 Nos Average Population (5 Ppt) 18000 On Full Occupancy Nos. of W.C. Provided (Seats) 840 Nos Total Built Up Area 43,747.82 Sqm Area Under Roads/Pathways 8,805.84 Sqm Recreational Open Area 3,100.00 Sqm

Layout and Design of Dwelling Units

(a) TENEMENTS

Existing situation

Tenements are constructed of prefabricated concrete panels with AC sheet roofing. The only window provided is of 12 sft area with metal shutters. The carpet area of each tenement is 11.71 sqm (126 sft), it includes the cooking and bathing area (without tap) which is drained in to the open drains outside. The provision of W.C. and water point is part of the community facilities

Analysis

Dwelling units, being unplastered and unpainted, are dark and dingy inside. Window opening, which should be 1/6th of the carpet area as per Development Control Regulations for Greater Bombay Rule No. 42, is smaller than required hence sufficient daylight and ventilation is not available in the rooms

Inadequate ventilation can give rise to poor indoor air quality in case unclean fuel such as wood and coal is used for cooking. However, it is observed that all tenements have access to clean fuel and appropriate stoves. 90% of the PAHs use kerosene and the rest use LPG. Therefore, the indoor air quality impacts due to poor ventilation are not significant. Further interviews with the PAHs revealed that most of the time they keep the doors open which overcomes the deficiency in ventilation due to less than normal window space

Currently there is no boundary wall and as a result there are multiple entry points through internal roads in between the rows of houses. This causes nuisance to the tenements adjacent to the approach road to the site

46 PlausibleRemedies

* Construct Chain link fence with proper setbacks and clearly demarcated entry points * White wash with lime the interior walls and ceiling of tenements. This. will make the dwellings more lit and hygienic * Provide A.C. vent cowls at the roof near the ridge, to increase the cross ventilation. To be effectve, two vent pieces will be required for every tenement * Replace a small part (1.0 m x 0.5 m) of A.C. sheet roofing with translucent fibre sheets, to improve the day light inside the room

(b) ROADS

Existing situation Access:

There are two access points to the whole site. The approach to these

accesses is by a connecting road from truck terminal road. The access to one ,.of the main entry to the site is from a culvert over the nala. Access from this culvertm after a turn joins to 9m wide central main road. The access to another entry is partly blocked as manholes of septic tank of toilets on the roadside are higher than the road level. Hence this second access is not treated as a main entry

47 The main roads are 9m wide and finished with WBM, with open drains on both the sides. Along these drains are 1.5 m wide pathways from which tenements are approached

The roads have uneven surface causing difficulty while moving on them. Provision of streetlights is there along the 9m wide internal road

The secondary internal roads are 3m wide with shahabad stone paving and open drain on one side

Pathways: The 2.5 m wide space paved with shahabad stone, in-between the row of houses act as Pathways and are lined with open drains of half round GSW pipes on both sides.

Analysis

The second entry, which acts as the main entry, to the site over a culvert is around 4mt wide, which is little shifted from the alignment of the central 9.0 m wide road. Around this area there is lot of solid waste dumped in to the nala, creating nuisance and unpleasant conditions

The first entry is through a partly barricaded 9m wide road, which is used only by the pedestrians and the two wheelers

The 9.0 m wide main road on which the access lies are connected to each other at two places through small culverts spanning the central nala

The roads are not properly sloped towards the drains and are liable to be water clogged in rains. This is further detrimental to its condition and would make it difficult to use in rains

There is no provision for roadside plantation and the street lighting along the secondary internal roads other than main roads

The drains have been left open wherever they cross the pathways and at junctions of pathways & roads, people have kept stone slabs to span them. This causes hindrance in the movement

PlausibleRemedies

* Bridge Nala on front side in alignment with the main road to create a proper entry point * Highlight the entry to second to the second part with the help of landscape elements and raise level of roads in place where manholes are there

48 o Rectify transverse slope of the roads with the provision of camber to slope both sides towards open drains. The slope of camber shall be 1:36 * Provide greenery along the central nala * Provide road side plantations along high tension line area * Cover the open drains across the roads and pathways to the same level of the pathway or road for having ease of movement

Existinag sitlation

The central nala and the peripheral nala serve as the main drains for the site, taking all the wastewater a along with solid waste away

from the site. The sides of - . nala/drain are retained with the help of plastic cement. .: bags filled with gravel

The site. is provided with a network of open drain system _ftrM.- sloping towards the three main drains which runs on both ends and at the centre of the site. These open drains carry the surface water 1-,:& . and wastewater along with kitchen waste and solid waste. The drains are clogged and the water stagnant

- Section of drain along the pathways is of half round GSW *,.qb4 pipe of 6 inches diameter, from which the water is transferred to bigger drain

;-v2 'X< - > , The cleaning of the drains is not proper and needs to be more frequent. The ends of these drains are left on the sloping soil of the reclaimed earth of the main drain. This further deteriorates the condition of main drain

49 It also leads to stagnation of water and breeding of mosquitoes

Analysis

The drains are not designed to carry any solid waste, hence are clogged and the water remains stagnant throughout. Further people are not aware as to not to throw solid waste into the drains, which creates obstruction in the flow of sludge

As the lengths of the drains are bigger, the 6 inches diameter half round GSW pipe are insufficient to carry the load of sludge discharge from the houses along it

The ends of open drains are not designed to carry water/sludge up to the main drain. The water hence spreads on to the open space along the main drain and remains stagnant, creating breeding conditions for mosquitoes and other insects

The sides and bottom of main drains are not properly constructed to facilitate smooth flow of sludge

PlausibleRemedies

* Undertake awareness programme among the PAHs for proper disposal of solid waste from the site and support it by proper solid waste collection mechanism at transit site * Provide for weekly cleaning of the drains with provision for appropriate disposal of muck * Provided smooth cement plaster on the sides and haunching on the bottom of the drains to rectify the slope and finishing of the drains * Improve the drain portions leading to the creek arms to ensure adequate drainage * Remove solid waste from the creek arm and its sides and develop a barrier by way of hedge of shrubs along the length of the creek arm to discourage inhabitants directly disposing the solid waste into the creek arms.

50 Services-Provisionand Functioning

(a) WATER SUPPLY

Existing situation

The water supply is intermittent and the pressure very low. Water points are provided in the temporary AC sheet roofing sheds. In one part of the site, these water sheds are at the end of the rows of tenements towards main road. For rest of the site water sheds are provided in the recreational open spaces

Provision of water for toilets are through sintex tanks, which are kept at a height of 0.5 m, cannot be filled due to low water pressure

Analysis

Inadequacy of water is due to the low water pressure and lack of proper storage facility on community level

PlausibleRemedies

(b) SANITATION- (TOILETS)

Existing situation

The W.C. facility is common, and there is a provision of average one seat for every 5 tenements. Lack of adequate water supply and its storage leads to unhealthy conditions of toilets. The cleaning of the toilets appears to be done by the persons through the NGO

Analysis

As per the norms number of toilets is sufficient, still people are found defecating in open. This could be due to lack of adequate water in the toilets and their untrained habits

51 PlausibleRemedies

* Provide overhead water tank at the toilet blocks with adequate water supply pressure to ensure that water gets filled in the tanks * Educate the PAHs about the importance of sanitation such that open deification is elinmnated

Existing situiation

Garbage is found to be A_ strewn all around the site. in open spaces, f2.)J within & along the nalla. Recently garbage -. disposal bins have been . constructed at various E places within the site However, these bins are not being used by the inmates

Currently communities have imposed announced a fine . of Rs. 500/- if any

_ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~clusterof houses dispose the garbage openly. The results of such measure is yet to be seen

Analysis

Till the time of survey, there was no clear evidence of inmates using the garbage bins. However, the NGO is positive about improvements

Design of the garbage bins is not proper for evacuating it by mechanised municipal trucks or by hands

52 PlausibleRemedies

* Provide garbage collection at community level from where disposal could be done to the allocated garbage bins. Further it can be arranged to be carried away by the municipality * Redesign the garbage bins to have opening on the roadside for ease of evacuation * Conduct awareness programme to enhance understanding for proper solid waste disposal among the residents * Introduce a incentive mechanism to encourage sanitary habits by providing benefit in terms of more frequent cleaning or insecticide spray or reduced collection charges to clusters that keep their premises clean

(d) ELECTRICITY

Existing situation

Electricity is provided in each tenement for which they have to pay Rs. 75/- per point. Provision for street lighting is there, along with outdoor common lighting facility

For pathways lighting is done with the help of tube lights

Analysis

Outdoor and indoor lighting facility provided seems adequate

Amenities

(a) SHOPS, SCHOOL & PUBLIC TRANSPORT

Existing situation

No facility for convenience shopping provided. There is no ration shop and few vendors along the main lanes of the site. For the smallest need inhabitants have to go to Guru Teg Bahadur Nagar as that is the nearest place to get everything

There are two primary schools running on the site till seventh standard. There is no separate building for that but is running in the tenements only. Other than this two balwadies are there for small kids

The nearest public transport facility available is at a distance of 3km

53 Analysis

Provision of commercial area for convenience shopping has not been made at the site. As per the additional guidelines for implementation of slum redevelopment schemes under regulation No. 33 (10) of the Development Control Regulations of Greater Bombay, convenience shopping area should be 2 per cent of the site area. The lack of shops to provide the goods for daily causes inconvenience to the residents. Also, there are no medical and first aid facility provided on the site

Lack of availability of public transport near the site is a major grievance of the PAHs. Currently people walk about 20 minutes to reach nearest railway station or bus stop

PlausibleRemedies

* Convert tenements facing the internal road into the shops for daily needs such as grocery, fruits and vegetables, medical facility, PCO, etc. and provide the PAHs with alternative accommodation within the site * Support and encourage Inhabitants interested in such comnmercial activities * Provide A cluster of vacant houses for additional pre-primary school or for the purpose of extension to the existing school. * Provide public transport. Extend Services of BEST buses coming up to truck terminus to the site

(b) OPEN SPACES

Recreational Open Spaces:

Existing situation

Three major recreational spaces are provided for community activities. These sites are full of solid waste and surface is undulating and in bad condition as rocks and boulders is seen on the surface

The 2.5 m wide pathway between the two rows of tenements serves as the only functional open space, which is used for washing, water storage and other activities like sitting etc

Analysis

Poor maintenance of planned recreation areas has made them non-functional spaces inspite of being big in size

54 Improper location for garbage bins and absence of those have made the recreational areas littered all around with solid waste

Pllausible Remedies

* Landscape design including hard and soft landscape the area in order to make the RGs more functional * Design appropriate access and connectivity to the other areas as it works as gathering space near water points

Open Spaces:

Existiug situation

Along the approach road, strip of 4 to 5 m width of open space is present. A small stretch bout 15 m width is there at the rear side which is unused. Similarly the road near the high tension line, 1.2 - 1.5 m wide open space is available through out the stretch

Small pockets of open spaces are left towards the end of each row of houses, which at present have become place for garbage dumping

. -! -I., -- 4 -

On the pond side, approximately 4-6 m wide space is there between nala and tenements. This space can be used for developing landscape plans

55 Analysis

There is no compound wall or fencing hence the strip of open space has become more of a circulation space to enter the site from all the openings

All other spaces are left untreated and unplanned, which at present have become places for solid waste disposal.and sites for open defecation

Open space on the rear side has potential to be developed as area for active and passive recreation

PlausibleRemedies

* Barricade the front with the green stretch of plantation * Other pockets created at the ends of the roads, between the road and the rows of houses, and along the nalas to be designed to provide functional value and maximum greenery on the site . Design rear open space as a landscaped garden to barricade it from surrounding hutment and create a breathing space for the tenants

3.4.3 Impacts on Surrounding Environment Due to the Transit Camp

The impacts on surrounding environment due to the transit camp is mainly due to (i) indiscriminate dumping of solid waste in the open areas near the creek arms and the surrounding areas (ii) land discharge of sullage generated from the tenements

56 impacts in this respect can be minimised by implementing the remedial measures recommended to improve the services within the site. However, such measures will be ineffective unless the off-take of waste from the site by MCGM is effective. Therefore, it is important that the transit site is officially identified as one of the neighborhood collection points of MCGM solid waste collection network

The sullage generated from the kitchen and bathroom waste is currently collected through open drains and is discharged in to the nalla draining at the periphery of the site. As this nalla also drain significant slum areas located upstream, the additional impact of the transit resettlement site is observed to be significant. Added to this, the culvert draining the nalla in front of the site is not adequately designed to drain the discharges. Also the nalla is clogged with solid waste. The possible solution could be to dredge the nalla and provide appropriate culvert to drain the water efficiently

3.4.4 CEMP Recommendations for Wadala Transit Resettlement Site

CEMP recommendations for the site are based on integration of plausible remedial measures for individual impacts/environmental deficiencies on the level of the site as the whole. In additional to technical requirement, while finalising the CEMP recommendations, feasibility of implementation within short life span of the site, people's preference and findings of epidemiological survey (Annexure II) and its compatibility with the post-closure plan have been kept in mind. Table 3.3 presents the CEMP recommendation for the site

Chapter IV

COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

4.0 INTRODUCTION

This section provides the conceptual details of the CEMP measures identified in Section III of the report, time schedule for implementation and cost of implementation. The proposed recommendations are identified with reference to the site in the form of a zoning map prepared for each site. Wherever relevant, conceptual sketches are provided to illustrate the proposed measures. The CEMP also identifies responsible entities for implementation based on the level of effort needed and capacity of the existing community set up. These CEMP recommendations include the public perception and feedback on various environmental issues discussed in this report. These observations are presented in Annexure - III as minutes of consultation meetings with PAHs

4.1 SITE - MANKHURD

The measures requiring physical interventions for mitigating the adverse impacts and improving environmental conditions prevalent at Mankhurd transit site are presented in Map 4.1. These interventions are grouped in to different zones. The details of mitigation measures for relevant impacts with reference to applicable zone is presented below

4.1.1 Measures to Minimise Land Use Impacts on the site

Measures to Minimise Accident Risks

The accident risks due to the fast moving traffic adjacent to the site are proposed to be minimised by providing speed brakers on both sides of the highway and zebra crossing at the entry points. The road median at zebra crossing should be widened such that the pedestrians can wait to watch speeding vehicles or in case if there is continuous traffic on one side of the road. The crossings from the site should be channelised to a single entry point by repairing the existing barbed wire fence along the boundary of the site. The entry point should be highlighted with light poles on either side of the entry and landscaped pocket

While implementing this measure, care should be taken to construct the speed brakers as per IRC norms

The responsible entity for implementation of this measure will be MMRDA. While the construction of entry point and associated landscaping should be done by MMRDA, the construction of speed brakers and laying the zebra crossing should be

60 OPENLAND ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NOTES

PLOT AREA = 47,171 61 SOM BUILTUP AREA = 19,12966 SOkI AREAUNDER ROADS= 3,851.78 SOM RECREATIONAL AREA= 5,70e 25 SGU f,REAUNDER CRZ = 11.155 72 SO't As _Si rrT rrT |~I'mrwII 1 \

LEGEND

TNE 8 C § § § 0 }1 § § IIIXl | ZR @''1' r - / RG-I = RECREATION AREA I-$I_1_1_-SI 9 = TOILETBLOCKS = TENEMENTSBLOCKS [i 1111Bi'ii = VIATERPOiNTS ZOWING PLAN FOIR ZONE- E l l w / S t / / PRECOMMENDATION

NORTH

OPEN~ ~ ~~ LAND OE

TiTLE VF .3 :4- EXISTING LAYOUT

SCAL-E - 1 1 \ "s \7/ .. - '8' /HUTMENT SITE TRANSIT CAMP - SITE 1 AT .T.S. NO. 138, MANKhURn IAUMBAI

______implemented through MCGM as the works related to roads within the corporation is implemented by MCGM in co-ordination with traffic police

Measure to Minimise Pollutionfrom Scrap Yard

The impacts arising due to the handling of hazardous chemicals at the site should be minimised by regulation of hazard causing activities. In this respect, MMRDA should take initiative to highlight the problems to MCGM and Maharastra State Pollution Control Board in the interest of safeguarding the PAHs at the transit camp site

In addition, MMRDA should construct a chain link fence behind Site 1-B of to discourage the children entering the open space between the tenements and scrap yard where hazardous waste is disposed on land. Also an additional landscaping measure by providing two layers of trees with under story plantations and creating a green space will be effective in controlling crossing over towards the scrap yard. These proposed measures should be implemented in Zone D of the recommendation plan

4.1.2 Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions Within the Site

Improvement to tenements

The inside walls and roof of the tenements should be white washed with lime. This will make the room more lit and hygienic. This measure should be implemented after ascertaining the willingness of the PAPs

The viability of repairs to the tenements that developed major cracks in the site should be evaluated thoroughly. Based on such evaluation the non-viable and accident-prone tenements shall dismantled. People from dismantled tenements should be shifted to vacant houses within the site or to other sites. These PAHs should also be considered for priority shifting in to permanent tenements. The viability of the tenements should reviewed on quarterly bais

The open area created after . . . dismantling of dilapidating ______structures (if there are any) T- should be retained as open __---| ______spaces. Any vacant area - - created in the CRZ area -- : - should form part of CRZ restoration. This area is shown as Zone - B in - -PC- - - -' C[?,CLI Th recommendation plan. This area should be protected 5ECTION

61 from indiscriminate solid waste dumping by providing a green barrier of large and medium height shrubs. The species to be used for green barrier can be Thevetia perviflora ( kaner), Hamelia patens, bougainvillea species, lowsonia indica (mehndi), Tabernae montana coronaria,Acalypha species, Durantaspeciosa etc

While the responsible entity for effecting the above mentioned measures will be MMRDA, the maintenance of the creek front areas should be entrusted to the local community under the guidance and super vision of the NGO working at the site

Improvement of solid Waste Management

The solid waste management within transit site shall be improved in a systematic way such that a permanent solution will be established. Also it is important that the solid waste management is implemented as an integral part of transit camp sanitation which includes improvement to drainage and toilet facilities. This will ensure improvement of health and hygiene aspects at the site. For this purpose the following measures should be implemented by MMRDA:

(i) Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around with the help of NGO who is currently collecting the waste and MCGM (ii) Organise the societies already existing in the site through involvement of the NGO who is currently working with the communities (iii) Conduct an awareness programme about the importance of good sanitary conditions, of which efficient solid waste management, good drainage and hygienic toilet habits are essential components. The awareness programme should emphasise the need to improve the current situation. The citizens should also be told as to how the current solid waste disposal practices at the site are affecting the drainage system which in tum causes mosquito breeding and associated health problems. The awareness should emphasise the need to prevent open defecation (iv) Provide garbage bins at select places such that people do not through the waste around (v) Co-ordinate with MCGM to include the site in regular solid waste collection network of MCGM

Improvement of Drains

The improvement of drains should be integrated with the implementation of measures for improving the solid waste management In this respect MMRDA should:

62 (iii) The ends of the drains should be extended up to the creek arms and properly cemented ensuring the sullage is drained in to the creek arms and not discharged on land (iv) The existing societies should be re-organised to take charge for up keeping the drainage network on regular basis. This shall be implemented under the guidance and supervision of NGO working at the site

Improvement of Toilet Facilities

As stated in the earlier sections, the improvements to toilet facilities should be integrated with improvement of sanitary conditions at the site. The toilet facilities at the site should be improved by MMRDA by:

(i) Optimising the use of existing toilet blocks by providing water tanks at the existing and new toilet blocks and ensuring improved water supply

(ii) Involving the NGO working at the site to emphasise the need to stop open defecation

Improvement of Water Supply

To improve the water supply at the site, MMRDA should:

(i) Co-ordinate with MCGM to increase the pressure in the water supplies so that there is enough pressure in the line to fill the storage tanks. For this purpose, pressure pumps may be introduced in the water supply line (ii) The taps at water points and overhead tanks at the toilet blocks should be reinstalled (iii) Each society should be entrusted with the responsibility to safeguard the taps and tanks installed in their respective clusters

Improvement of Open and Green Spaces

As stated in the earlier section, the area available in Zone-D, behind Site 1-B should be covered with a chain link fence and and two layers of trees with under storey plantations should be done. The rest of the area available should be landscaped for recreational purposes

The open area under Zone - B, behind Site 1-A of the site should be left as it is with out any intervention

The triangular open spaces available between site boundary on western side and the row of houses in Zone - E should be cleared of solid waste dumps. This open space

63 should be landscaped with one layer of tree plantation with in between shrub plantations along the site boundary. Plant species such as pongamia glabra, acacias, cassias, lantana, etc. can be used for this purpose

Control of Mosquito Breeding

The mosquito problem would be solved to large extent on efficient implementation of measures to improve solid waste disposal, renovation of drains and proper maintenance of the same, and provision of adequate toilet facilities

However, periodical fumigation once before change of season in the drains, creek front and other open spaces within the site will eliminate reduce mosquito breeding. Such a measure should be implemented at overall site level and should be co- ordinated by the NGO at the site. The cost for this purpose should be recovered from all the societies in the transit site

In addition, the NGO should regularly survey site to check for any cesspools or water stagnant areas and take necessary action to prevent mosquito breeding

Provision of Clean Spacefor Infornal Shopping

The informal vending spaces currently used within the site should be improved by constructing a platform with shelter such that vending spaces will be clean. The maintenance of this space should be entrusted to the vendors under the guidance and supervision of EMCs

4.1.3 Budgetary Estimates

The budget for implementation of the proposed improvements has been estimated and the capital cost and recurring cost for maintenance works out to Rs. 1,051,573/- and Rs. 143,623/- respectively. The details of cost estimates is presented in Annexure IV

4.1.4 Implementation Responsibility and Time Schedule

The mitigation measures and the responsible entities for implementation of the plan, block cost estimates are presented in Table 4.1

Since all the proposed improvements are of immediate importance, the implementation should be carried out within three months

64 Table 4.1

COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR MANKHURD TRANSIT CAMP SITE

S.N. Issue Remedial Measures | Responsible Agency Capitall I _ . |I for Implementation Cost (Rs/-) Measures to Eliminate/Minimise Imp acts Due to the Surrounding Land Uses Chemical pollution due to the- i. Regulate scarp yard activities through MCGM and MPCB mininiize MMRDA through Nil.(Administ scrap yard behind Site 1-B of potential of accidental release of toxic gases MPCB rative the site ii. Construct chain link behind site 1-B and provide landscaping with MMRDA through Measure) two layers of trees MCGM iii. Accord highest priority to shift the PAHs residing at the transit MMRDA 50,000 resettlement site at Mankhurd to a permanent resettlement site .______MMRDA 2 Accident risk due to fast i. Repair the existing barbed wire fence on the side facing the road at MMRDA 29,000 moving traffic on link road both Site 1-A' and 1-B and highlight the entry points to the site with landscape elements and lighting ii. Construct speed breakers and zebra crossing at the entry points on 50,000 both sides of the link road and widen the median at zebra crossing MMRDA through iii. Landscaping to highlight the entrance MCGM and Traffic 18,000 Police Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions Within the Site Poor ventilation and day light i. Whitewashing of interior walls and ceiling of tenements with lime MMRDA 285,200 within the tenements after ascertaining the willingness of the PAPs Settlement of parts of transit i. Examine viability of repairs and dismantle non-viable tenements MMRDA Engineer resettlement site leading to ii. Relocate the affected PAHs to vacant dwelling within the site or at major cracks in some tenements other sites (If shifted to other sites, the PAHs should retain their MMRDA priority for shifting in to the permanent tenements) .

l Refer Annexure - IV for detailed cost breakup

65 3 Inadequate solid waste i. Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around the site MMRDA through NGO 20,000 collection and disposal at the ii. Provide garbage disposal bins at the site IMMRDA 28,000 site iii. Integrate the site with MCGM solid waste collection network MMRDA through MCGM NIL iv. Revive the existing collection system which is currently being MMRDA and NGO in co- NIL operated by the NGO and strengthen it with the help of community ordination with EMCs societies formed by the NGO v. Undertake awareness programme to develop understanding of MMRDA through NGO 25,000 importance of proper solid waste collection and disposal among the PAHs 4 Dilapidated drains leading to i. Clean and repair, the drains, which are damaged or filled up with MMRDA 20,000 insanitary conditions debris, ii. Channelize and cement the ends portions of the drains leading up to MMIRDA 24,000 the creek arm iii. Organize the existing societies to take charge for up keep and MMRDA through NGO NIL cleanliness of the drainage network on regular basis iv. Provide for periodical spray of insecticides in the drains and near EMC Covered in garbage disposal area Sr.No. 8 5 Inadequate water supply i. Water pressure from the source (MCGM water supply line) should be MMRDA through NIL increased so that there is enough pressure in the line to fill the storage MCGM tanks near the toilets and reach the farthest water point. ii. Restore defunct storage tanks and taps MMRDA 50,000 6 Inadequate Toilets i. Provide water tanks to ensure adequate water supply at the toilet MMRDA 40,000 blocks After providing adequate water at the toilets, educate PAHs for NIL discontinuing the habit of open defecation NGO and EMCs 7 Lack of lighting in the open i. Provide street lighting that ensures adequate illumination specially at MMRDA 50,000 spaces the water gathering site and toilets 8 Mosquito breeding i. Implement mechanism indicated above to improve the cleanliness at MMRDA through NGO NIL the site and EMCs ii. Provide for spray of insecticide at regular intervals EMCs 5,000 9. Provision of shops MMRDA 100,000 Provide clean open platforms for informal vending NIMRDA 10 Green spaces and open areas i. Landscape the open areas along the creek and area created after MMRDA 114,750 clearing the garbage and improving the site

66 4.2 SITE II - TURBHE MANDALE

The measures requiring physical interventions for mitigating the adverse impacts and improving environmental conditions prevalent at Turbhe Mandale transit site are presented in Map 4.2. These interventions are grouped in to different zones. The details of mitigation measures for relevant impacts with reference to applicable zone is presented below

4.2.1 Measures to Minimise Land Use Impacts on the site

Measures to Minimise Impacts due to WaterloggedArea

The implementation of the proposed measures to improve the conditions within the site, as discussed in the subsequent sections will mitigate the impacts due to water logging

4.2.2 Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions Within the Site

Improvemnent to tenements

The inside walls and roof of the tenements should be white washed with lime. This will make the room more lit and hygienic. This measure will be implemented by MMRDA after ascertaining the willingness of PAPs

Provision offence and properAccess

A chain link fence along the site shall be provide by MMRDA to prevent access in to the site through pathways between tenements. The entrance to the site shall be highlighted with two light poles and lined with shrubs. The fence shall be lined with one row of trees and understory shrubs. The trees and shrubs should be of fast growing type with thick foliage. Also the saplings selected should be atleast two to three years old. The tree species can be cassia siamia, acacia auriculiformis, pongamia glabra, peltophorum ferruginium,, etc. For under storey plantations, tabernae montana coronaria, hamelia patens, hibiscus, bougainvellia etc. can be used.

While the construction of the fence and tree plantation will be implemented by MMRDA, the tree plantations shall be handed over to the society adjacent to road for maintenance purpose. The maintenance of the plantations shall be overseen by the NGO who is currently working at the site

Improvement of solid Waste Management

The solid waste management within transit site shall be improved in a systematic way such that a permanent solution will be established. Unlike other sites, the Turbhe Mandale site is away from the MCGB solid waste network. In addition it

67 NOTES

PLCT AREA = 4 4 5 2 CJ SOM RAILWAY LINE SUILTUP AREA 10751 92 SCe

AREAUNDER ROADS= 4184 37 SOM RECREATIONALAREA = 1092.00 SOM

=~~~~-e - R 0 A D LEGEND

ENTRANCETO SETrLEMENT _.____ i -,;rm F ->>t ezoIX_ = [ RG-I | = RECREATIOnl AREA TOILET =TOUET BLOCKS

SANPLP iR.Gm TENEMENTSU ; ifD= BLOCKS R.G7 lgS | 2|= WATER* TENEMENTSPOINTS

OPEN LND ZON I NG PL AN FOR RECOMMENDATION _r/3lIMF L NE ------

:D IIII.IIIEE/HOL------,,-

NORTH

OPEN LAND

TITLE f cW o. 4- 9, ZONE-C OPEN LAND EXISI G LAYOUT

SCALE - 1 -1 50

SITE TRANSIT CAMP - SITE 2 AT D.T.S. NO. 6/1 (PT). TURBHE*MANDA'E. MANKHURD, MUMBAI also may not be possible to immediately include the site in MCGB network as the access to the site is circuitous. Therefore, the proposed measures are recommended in such a way that the site will be self sufficient in handling the solid waste

In addition, it is felt important that the solid waste management is implemented as an integral part of transit camp sanitation, which includes improvement to drainage and toilet facilities. This will ensure improvement of health and hygiene aspects at the site

The specific steps to be implemented by MMRDA in this respect include:

(i) Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around with the help of NGO who is currently collecting the waste. A one time help shall be taken from MCGB to clear the site (ii) Construct a compost pit in an area of about 625sqmts with a pit depth of lm (which will meet the requirements of disposal for one year). The pit should be constructed at the southern (Zone-D) end of the site in modular form with about 52 modules of 12sqmt. each. The lm pit depth should be achieved by excavating 0.5m below ground level and constructing 0.5m wall above. The compost pit should be cordoned from all sides (iii) The composting activities should be handed over to the NGO operating at the site who in turn will appoint a person to segregate the recyclables and dispose the biodegradable waste in the compost pit (iv) Provide garbage disposal bins at the site and establish collection system within the site, which is currently absent. This can be implemented on similar set up with NGO as followed in Mankhurd site by involving the societies formed by the NGO (v) Erect a green barrier along the CRZ line (Zone-D) by planting medium height shrubs. Such a measure will curtail disposal of garbage and open defecation (vi) Organise the societies already existing in the site through involvement of the NGO who is currently working with the communities (vii) Conduct an awareness programme about the importance of good sanitary conditions, of which efficient solid waste management, good drainage and hygienic toilet habits are essential components. The awareness programme should emphasise the need to improve the current situation. The citizens should also be told as to how the current solid waste disposal practices at the site are affecting the drainage system which in turn causes mosquito breeding and associated health problems. The awareness should emphasise the need to prevent open defecation

The compost generated from the pit should be used for developing the green spaces within the site during operation period of the tenements. During post-closure period, the compost should be used for developing the coastal vegetation in CRZ areas which will not come under inundation. The proposed coastal vegetation development is discussed in Chapter V under restoration of Mandale site

68 Improvement of Drains

The improvement of drains should be integrated with the implementation of measures for improving the solid waste management. In this respect MMRDA should:

(i) Clean all the drains, which are damaged or filled up with debris and should be repaired to ensure a design period of at least three years (ii) Smooth cement plaster on the sides and haunching on the bottom should rectify the slope and the finishing of the drains (iii) The ends of the drains should be extended up to the creeklet and properly cemented ensuring the sullage is drained in to the creeklet and not discharged on land (iv) The existing societies should be re-organised to take charge for up keeping the drainage network on regular basis. This shall be implemented under the guidance and supervision of NGO working at the site

Improvement of Toilet Facilities

(i) Optimising the use of existing toilet blocks by providing water tanks at the toilet blocks and ensuring improved water supply (ii) Involving the NGO working at the site to emphasise the need to stop open defecation

Improvement of Water Supply

To improve the water supply at the site, MMRDA should:

Provision of Street Lighting

Wall mount light fixtures at 15m interval along the roads, open areas and pathways should be provided to light all the useable spaces at night time

69 Improvement of Open and Green Spaces

Triangular and irregular shaped open spaces

created by road and the rows of houses, as -ENEMFN1ES - shown in Zone-C of the recommendation plan should be developed as landscaped pockets for each wing/ row/ society for recreational purposes. Landscaping could be creation of sitting space, children's play area, etc. These pockets should also accommodate roadside tree plantation wherever possible

Control of Mosquito Breeding

The mosquito breeding at the site will be substantially reduced on efficient implementation of measures to improve solid waste disposal, renovation of drains and proper maintenance of the same, and provision of adequate toilet facilities

However, periodical fumigation (once before change of season) of pesticides in the drains, creek front, and other open spaces within the site will eliminate mosquito breeding. Such a measure should be implemented at site level and should be co- ordinated by the NGO operating at the site. The cost for this purpose should be recovered from all the societies in the transit site

In addition, the NGO should regularly survey site to check for any cesspools or water stagnant areas and take necessary action to prevent mosquito breeding

Provision of Clean Spacefor Informal Shopping

4.2.3 Budgetary Estimates

The budget for implementation of the proposed improvements has been estimated and the capital and recurring cost of maintenance of the same works out to Rs.896,363/-.and Rs.147,063/- respectively. The details of cost estimates are presented in Annexure IV

4.2.4 Implementation Responsibility and Time Schedule

The mitigation measures and the responsible entities for implementation of the plan, block cost estimates are presented in Table 4.2

70 Table 4.2

COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR TURBHE MANDALE TRANSIT CAMP SITE

S.N. Issue Remedial Measures Responsible Agency for Capital' Implementation Cost (Rs/-) Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions Within the Site 1 Poor ventilation and day light Whitewashing of interior walls and ceiling of tenements with lime after MMRDA within the tenements ascertaining the willingness of the PAPs 2 Inadequate solid waste i. Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around the site MMRDA through NGO 15,000 collection and disposal at the ii. Provide garbage disposal bins at the site MMRDA 17,500 site iii. Establish collection system within the site, which is currently absent. MMRDA and NGO in co- NIL This can be implemented on similar set up with NGO as followed in ordination with EMCs Mankhurd site by involving the societies formed by the NGO iv. Construct a compost pit of 35mX18mXlm size on the southern end of MMRDA through NGO 437,500 the site and employ a person to segregate the recyclables and dispose the biodegradable waste in the compost pit v. Undertake awareness programme to develop understanding of MMRDA through NGO 25,000 importance of proper solid waste collection and disposal among the PAHs 3 Dilapidated drains leading to i. Clean and repair, the drains, which are damaged or filled up with MM44RDA 10,750 insanitary conditions debris, ii. Channelize and cement the ends portions of the drains leading up to MMvRDA 12,000 the creek arm iii. Organize the existing societies to for EMCs and take charge for up MMRDA through NGO NIL keep and cleanliness of the drainage network on regular basis iv. Provide for periodical spray of insecticides in the drains and near EMCs 5,000 garbage disposal area 4 Inadequate water supply i. Water pressure from the source (MCGM water supply line) should be MMRDA through MCGM NIL increased so that there is enough pressure in the line to fill the storage tanks near the toilets and reach the farthest water point ii. Restore defunct storage tanks and taps MMRDA 25,000 5 Inadequacies in Toilet blocks i. Provide water supply at toilets MMRDA Nil ii. After providing adequate water suplly at toilets, educate PAHs for discontinuing the habit of open defecation NGO and EMCs 6 Lack of lighting in the open i. Provide street lighting that ensures adequate illumination specially at MMRDA 35,000 spaces the water gathering site and toilets

I Refer Annexure IV for detailed costs 71 7 Multiple access in to the site i. Construction of chain link fence along the boundary of the site MMRDA 27,500 through pathwasys _ Mosquito breeding ii. Implement mechanism indicated above to improve the cleanliness at MMRDA through NGO Cost is covered the site and EMCs ab ove iii. Provide for spray of insecticide at regular intervals EMCs _ Provision of shops Provide clean open platforms within the site to meet the daily needs of MMRDA 100,000 grocery and vegetables of the inhabitants and EMC

= Green spaces and open areas i. Landscape the open areas after clearing the garbage MMRDA 100,000

72 Since all the proposed improvements are of immediate importance, the implementation should be carried out within three months

4.3 SITE III - WADALA

The measures requiring physical interventions for mitigating the adverse impacts and improving environmental conditions prevalent at Wadala transit site are presented in Map 4.3. These interventions are grouped in to different zones. The details of mitigation measures for relevant impacts with reference to applicable zone is presented below

4.2.1 Measures to Minimise Land Use Impacts on the Site

Measures to Minimise Impact Due to WaterloggedArea

The mosquito breeding and, associated health impacts due to the waterlogged area to the south -eastern corner of the site should be minimsed by periodical fumigation of pesticides, once before change of season

Measures to Improve Site Connectivity

The site connectivity with the rest of the city by public transport should be improved by extending the BEST bus services which are currently operating up to Wadala truck terminal. MMRDA should co-ordinate with BEST to implement this measure

4.2.2 Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions within the Site

Improvement to tenents

In addition, provide a chain link fence of 1.5m height along the side facing the access road with entry points clearly demarcated. This measure will prevent multiple entry points through pathways between houses.

Implement tree plantations of single layer and under storey plantation along thefence. The species to be used for this purpose include: Pongamia glabra, peltophorum ferruginium, cassia siamia, acacia auriculiformis, and Thevetia perviflora ( kaner), Hamelia patens, bougainvillea species, lowsonia indica (mehndi), Tabernae montana coronaria, Acalypha species, Durantaspeciosa etc.

These measures fall under Zone-A of the recommendation plan. The measures should be implemented by MMRDA

73 HUTMIENTNOE

PLOT AReA = 1.09,84445 SOM / ke3a_ * < ZONE-C OPEN AREA BUILTUP AREA = 43,747.62 SOM 6294-37 SOFi AREA UNDERROADS = 19,34595 SOM l F/7. r______A____C___ REcREATIONAL AREA- 9,619.20 SOIA

i | r /|12ffi3 0;0 -A LEGEND:

~~~]j F ..& WP ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-WATERPOINTS ______T| 1|-9 = TOILETBLOCKS TYPE

- AFFW [|A ! . JLL.j !AE TENEMENTSBLOCKS A rie A F GARBAGEBINS

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iia1 AE [ll3 El ~1-||SITE ZO4E-A-TRANSIT.|| ZONE-A ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~EAT C.S. NO. 6,CAMPWADALA. - SITENUMBAI 3 Improvement of solid Waste Management

The solid waste management within transit site shall be improved in a systematic way such that a permanent solution will be established. In addition, it is important that the solid waste management is implemented as an integral part of transit camp sanitation, which includes improvement to drainage and toilet facilities. This will ensure improvement of health and hygiene aspects at the site. For this purpose the following measures should be implemented by MMRDA:

(i) Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around with the help of NGO who is currently collecting the waste and MCGM (ii) Organise the societies already existing in the site through involvement of the NGO who is currently working with the communities (iii) Conduct an awareness programme about the importance of good sanitary conditions, of which efficient solid waste management, good drainage and hygienic toilet habits are essential components. The awareness programme should emphasise the need to improve the current situation. The citizens should also be told as to how the current solid waste disposal practices at the site are affecting the drainage system which in turn causes mosquito breeding and associated health problems. The awareness should also highlight the need to avoid open defecation (iv) Improve the design features of the garbage bins such that the evacuation of waste out of the site will be easier (v) Co-ordinate with MCGM to include the site in regular solid waste collection network of MCGM

Improvement of Drains

The improvement of drains should be integrated with the implementation of measures for improving the solid waste management In this respect MMRDA should:

(i) Clean all the drains, which are damaged or filled up with debris and should be repaired to ensure a design period of at least three years (ii) Provide smooth cement plaster on the sides and haunching on the bottom should rectify the slope and the finishing of the internal drains (iii) The central main drain bifurcating the site should be cleaned and pitching & pointing done on the sides (as shown in the sketch) to retain the earth (iv) Redesign the dilapidated culvert in front of the site ensuing : (a) smooth evacuation of drain water from the site (b) proper connectivity of the site to the access road

74 -t -> LNrP 5PRuB5 TENSMENT . - . Es -2 NTE-RNAL.a

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(v) The existing societies should be re-organised to take charge for up keeping the drainage network on regular basis. This shall be implemented under the guidance and supervision of NGO working at the site

Improvement of Water Supply

To improve the water supply at the site, MMRDA should:

Improvement of Toilet Facilities

As stated in the earlier sections, the improvements to toilet facilities should be integrated with improvement of sanitary conditions at the site

The toilet facilities at the site are expected to improve once the water supply situation is improved. In addition, involving the NGO working at the site to emphasise the need to stop open defecation will improve the situation

Improvement of Open and Green Spaces

The areas identified demarcated, as Zone-C should be developed as open/green spaces. The improvements in this respect should cover:

75 (i) Clearing of garbage and boulders etc. from the spaces marked for recreational use. These sites should be leveled and landscaped to make it more useable at community leve (ii) Open spaces along the nala should be lined up by medium height shrub plantation to create a green visual as well as physical barrier along it (iii) Small irregular shape pockets created at the ends of the rows of houses at the west side should be landscaped (as shown in the sketch). These can be maintained by the individual societies

Control of Mosquito Breeding

In addition, the NGO should regularly survey site to check for any cesspools or water stagnant areas and take necessary action to prevent mosquito breeding

Provision of Clean Space for Infornal Shopping

76 4.2.3 Budgetary Estimates

The budget for implementation of the proposed improvements has been estimated and the capital and recurring cost of maintenance of the same works out to Rs. 3,377,413/-.and Rs. 400,021/- respectively. The details of cost estimates are presented in Annexure IV

4.3.4 Implementation Responsibility and Time Schedule

The mitigation measures, the responsible entities for implementation of the CEMP and the block cost estimates are presented in Table 4.3

Since all the proposed improvements are of immediate importance, the implementation should be carried out within three months

77 Table 4.3

COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR WADALA TRANSIT CAMP SITE

S.N. Issue Remedial Measures Responsible Agency for Capital1 I Implementation Cost (Rsf-) Measures to Eliminate/Minimise Imp cts Due to the Surrounding Land Uses 1 Mosquito breeding due to i. Periodic spraying of insecticide MMRDA through MCGM Not part of waterlogged area in the south- CEMP costs east corner of the site 2. Lack of public transportation i. Extend the BEST bus service operating to Wadala truck terminal to the MMRDA through BEST NIL (Adrmn. corridor transit site Measure) Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions Within the Site 1 Poor ventilation and day light ii. Whitewashing of interior walls and ceiling of tenements with lime MMvIRDA 720,000 within the tenements after ascertaining the willingness of the PAPs 2 Inadequate solid waste i. Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around the site MMRDA through NGO 30,000 collection and disposal at the ii. Provide garbage disposal bins at the site and integrate the site with MMIRDA 20,000 site MCGM solid waste collection network iii. Revive the existing collection system which is currently being MMRDA and NGO in co- NIL operated by the NGO and strengthen it with the help of comnunity ordination with EMCs societies formed by the NGO iv. Undertake awareness programmne to develop understanding of MMRDA through NGO 25,000 importance of proper solid waste collection and disposal among the PAHs 3 Dilapidated drains leading to i. Clean and repair, the drains, which are damaged or filled up with MMRDA 43,750 insanitary conditions debris, ii. Pitching of main drains MMRDA 148,500 iii. Organize the existing societies to take charge for up keep and MMRDA through NGO NIL cleanliness of the drainage network on regular basis iv. Provide for periodical spray of insecticides in the drains and near EMC Refer Sr.No.8 garbage disposal area

I Refer Annexure IV for detailed costs

78 4 Inadequate water supply i. Water pressure from the source (MCGM water supply line) should be MMRDA through MCGM NIL increased so that there is enough pressure in the line to fill the storage tanks near the toilets and reach the farthest water point. ii. Restore defunct taps MMRDA 10,000 5 Mosquito breeding i. Implement mechanism indicated above to improve the cleanliness at MMRDA through NGOs NIL the site ii. Provide for spray of insecticide at regular intervals EMCs 5,000 6. Provision of shops MMRDA 100,000 Provide clean platforms for informal vendorswith good and create sanitary conditions around them EMCs 7 Multiple access causing i. Construction of chain link fence along the boundary of the site MMRDA 41,250 ____ through pathways in to site 8 Green spaces and open areas ii. Landscape the open areas after clearing the garbage and improving MMRDA 1,530,000 the site

79 4.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

The proposed institutional set up for implementation of CEMP consists of three major components. These being: (i) effective implementation of CEMP measures; (ii) involvement of PAHs in the form of Environmental Management Committees (EMCs) operation and monitoring of CEMP; and (iii) Independent Monitoring Consultant (IMC). The proposed institutional arrangement for monitoring is depicted below:

MMRDA

Quarteri Re ort

Independent Review Consultant

SPARC

EnvironmentaI Management committee

The success of the plan will depend upon effective participation of all four stakeholders. The institutional arrangement envisages that services of SPARC, an NGO who has implemented the resettlement schemes for the PAHs at the transit sites and is currently providing basic infrastructure services will be continued by the MMRDA. SPARC will seek formal participation of residents by forming Environmental Management Committees (EMC) at each transit site (similar in concept to EMCs for the permanent resettlement sites). EMC for a site will comprise of one representative each from the resident's societies at the transit sites. With disseminate the Dos and Don'ts for achieving healthy living conditions, encourage PAHs to contribute to upkeep of services by regular payment of service charges and provide them opportunity to express their dissatisfaction with the service and make suggestions for improvement

80 While the capital cost for implementation of CEMP shall be provided by MMRDA, the operational costs for maintaining the services shall be collected by SPARC from different societies through the EMC

For its effective functioning the EMC at each transit site

* Shall be formally constituted by the Joint Director (Env.), MMRDA who will explain the efforts by the MMRDA for implementing the CEMP and their expectations from the EMC for its effective implementation * Shall comprise of members representing different societies, currently existing at the respective resettlement sites. These members could be either secretary of each society or member nominated by each of the society * Will elect one of the members as chairperson * shall consist of one member each representing SPARC and the independent review consultant * shall constantly work for awareness generation at the site through meetings, informal discussions and circulation of Dos and Don'ts in vernacular language. (The List of typical Dos and Don'ts which shall be updated regularly is presented in Table 4.4) * Will meet formally every month * shall regularly monitor the CEMP implementation and operation of basic services and amenities at the site in close co-ordination with SPARC * along with SPARC During operational phase of CEMP shall take charge of liaison with the various agencies involved like MCGB, MMRDA, BSES, etc. for smooth functioning of the services within the resettlement site

The Independent Monitoring Consultant (IMC) Shall be appointed by MMRDA, who will: * independently carryout monthly monitoring of implementation and operation of CEMP * participate with SPARC and EMC for awareness generation * provide quarterly reports to MMRDA on effectiveness of CEMP and also provide intermittent feedback if necessary * provide need based technical expertise to EMC as well as MMRDA

The CEMP implementation and operation monitoring requirements and responsible agencies for monitoring are presented in Table 4.5. The Table 4.6 presents the quarterly monitoring reporting formats to be used by the IMC for reporting the progress to MMRDA

81 Table 4.4: Typical List of Dos and Don't to be Circulated Amongst Inhabitants

1. Store the garbage at residence in a separate bin and dispose at convenience in the earmarked bins or hand over to the collecting agency 2. Do not throw Garbage in the drains, open spaces and water bodies 3. Do not allow stray animals near the garbage bins 4. Discourage rag pickers. This may lead to strewing of waste around 5. Report the irregularities in solid waste collection to the EMC members 6. Keep the water collection post and the surroundings clean 7. Ensure proper drainage around the water post and bring to the notice of EMC in case of inadequacies 8. Report any signs of leakage to EMC members 9. Keep check on vandalists to prevent damage to the water taps 10. In case of low pressure, contamination, etc. report to the EMC members 11. Toilets should be kept clean and maintained properly and should not be used to dispose any waste like paper, cotton, etc. 12. Water seal in the toilet should be maintained and any deficiencies should be brought to the notice of EMC members 13. Each of the habitants should check on vandalism to prevent damage of overhead tanks on the toilets 14. Overflowing septic tanks, consistently unclean toilets should be brought to the notice of EMC for remedial action 15. Street lights should be protected from vandalism and unauthorised uses/ illegal connections 16. Landscaped area should be kept clean with out littering and should be protected from encroachment

82 Table 4.5: MONITORING REQUIREMENT FOR TRANSIT RESETTLEMENT SITES

S.N. Issue Monitoring Aspect Responsible Agency Frequency of Remedial Action Monitoring/Repo for Monitoring Monitoring in case of poor rting Cost service 1 Solid Waste Disposal Condition of bins and EMC members Regular on Household Level Part of IMC surroundings need base with respective societies budget for Scavengers, stray cattle EMC Members formal to interact with providing services and dogs at the bins monthly households for Garbage in the open Respective societies inspection improvements spaces at different and EMC Members Quarterly societies Reporting by Cluster Level Garbage in the drains Respective societies EMC to EMC to interact and EMC Members MMRDA with NGO for Collection of solid waste NGO in co-ordination through IMC improvement by MCGM with EMC members Site Level: EMC to interact with .______MCGM ward office Functioning of compost EMC and IMC Monthly plus IMC as technical Part of IMC budget pit in Turbhe Mandala need based advisors, will for providing site interact with NGO services for proper maintenance and upkeeping of the compost pit 2 Storm Water Drains Physical condition of IMC Half yearly MMRDA to take Part of IMC budget drains including drain during the necessary corrective for providing outlets months of May action in case of services and November physical damages Prevention of garbage in EMC Regular on need IMC & NGO to Part of NGO and the drains base conduct awareness IMC budget programie

83 3 Water supply Ensuring of taps in EMC Regular on need Corrective action operational condition base with necessary measures put in

._ __ .place Water Potability EMC through local Once quarteily Arrest leakages in Rs 20,000/- assessment laboratory (10 samples) case of poor water .______quality Detection of Leakages EMC Regular on need Co-ordinate with base MCGM to arrest leakage Adequacy of water NGO and EMC in co- Regular on need Co-ordinate with pressure ordination with ward base MCGM to improve office pressure Toilets Facilities Availability of water in Respective society and Regular on need overhead tanks EMC members base Cleardiness Respective society and Regular on need Convene respective EMC members base society and NGO meetings in case of lack of poor sanitary conditions Condition of septic tanks IMC Half yearly once EMC will arrange IMC Budget and as the need to clean septic tanks arises with the help of MCGB Boozer Lighting -streets and open Tampering and Respective society Take necessary spaces vandalism action with fines predetermined by EMC members Replacement of fused Respective society Replacement of bulbs bulbs by respective societies Regular operation Respective society Highlight in EMC ______8meetings

84 6 Mosquito breeding Prevention of cess pools EMC Regular on need Identification of and stagnated drains base cause and rectification Unattended solid waste EMC Regular on need Co-ordinate with base NGO and/or MCGM Regular Fumigation EMC Regular on need base 7 Green spaces and open Regular Watering, de- EMC Regular on need areas weeding and protection base Survival rate of saplings EMC and IMC Monthly In case of drop of IMC Budget survival, EMC shall check for the reasons and replant Solid waste in the open Respective society and Regular on need Necessary action to spaces EMC base be taken by respective societies .-

Table 4.6: QUARTERLY REPORTING TABLE

SI.No Enviromnental Observations on Action proposed in previous Action taken during reporting Actions proposed for next service effectiveness quarter (if applicable) quarter(if applicable) quarter

85 Chapter V

RESTORATION PLAN FOR TRANSINT RESETTLEMENT SITES

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The transit resettlement sites for the PAHs of MUTP were planned and developed under time constraints arising from urgent need to resettle the encroachers whose continued presence along the railway tracks posed hazard to safe operations of suburban railway. Due to paucity of open spaces near the affected areas, the transit sites were built by reclaiming the low lying lands within a reasonable distance from point of dislocation over which the PAHs could commute so that they could retain their means of livelihood. Two transit resettlement sites at Mankhurd and Turbhe- Mandala in part also extended over the CRZ areas

The scope of site restoration under the study, therefore, fell under two distinct categories. The first category constituted the areas that fell under the CRZ. The restoration plan for the CRZ areas needed to restore the CRZ areas to the natural conditions that existed during the pre-transit site construction period. In view of the altered environmental conditions at the site and adjoining areas, however, it was necessary to establish the feasibility of such restoration. Development of restoration plan for the CRZ areas, therefore, included such investigations

The restoration plan for CRZ area included assessment of the existing conditions of CRZ area and its adjoining area with respect to the land use, ecological status in terms of presence of mangroves, their growth and health status, inundation of area and anthropogenic factors. Based on assessment, the viability of restoration of vacated transit site within CRZ has been evaluated and restoration plan provided. The restoration plan also looks into the measures like clearing or constructing the drainage channels to facilitate inundation of CRZ areas. The plan also lists the conditions of naturally occurring, relatively undisturbed vegetation in the vicinity, which can serve as a model for restoration of CRZ areas

In case of non-CRZ areas the restoration plan is focused on dismantling the transit dwellings, infrastructure, and ensuring that the site is free from debris

5.2 RESTORATION PLAN FOR CRZ AREAS

The methodology followed for preparing the restoration plan for CRZ areas affected due to the construction of transit sites at Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala included the following steps:

86 (i) Identification and evaluation of existing condition of affected CRZ areas based on the field observations (ii) Establish the environmental conditions of the naturally occurring mangroves in the surroundings area (500 m radius) to which the existing transit site can be restored after dismantling the transit accomnmodations in desired areas (iii) Suggest measures and methodology for undertaking restoration effort in the coastal region (with respect to CRZ guidelines provided for the transit sites).

5.2.1 Observations at the Transit Sites

As part of this assignment, mangrove vegetation was studied for floral elements and their distribution along the coastal areas of Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala regions. A survey of 500 m belt beyond both the transit site regions was also conducted to understand the status of coastal habitats

Since water situation and tidal forces operate at different intensities in different parts of an intertidal zone, the species of mangroves prospering in these areas also are different. Considering Thane creek region as one contiguous habitat, which extends upto Mankhurd, starting from creek side, the following sequence of mangrove species have been observed while progressing towards land: Avicennia - Sonneratia - Aegiceras - Acanthus - Aeluropus

The mangrove vegetation in the transit site Areas of Mankhurd and Turbhe- Mandala is a mixture of Avicennia marina, Acanthus ilicifolius, Excoecaria agallocha, Sesuvium portulacastrum, and Aeluropus lagopoides. Table 5.1 provides distribution of these species in project area

Table 5.1: Distribution and current status of mangrove and their associates at Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandale regions

Name Of Mangrove Species Family Location Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. Acanthaceae Mankhurd, Turbhe- Mandale Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Trin. Poaceae Mankhurd, Turbhe- Mandale Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Myrsinaceae Mandale Blanco Avicenma marina (Forsck.) Avicenniaceae Mankhurd, Turbhe- Vierh. Mandale Avicennia officrnalis Linn. Avicenniaceae Turbhe-Mandale Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blum. Rhizophoraceae Turbhe-Mandale

87 Name Of Mangrove Species Family Location

Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Verbenaceae Mankhurd, Turbhe- Gaertn. Mandale Excoecaria agallocha L. Euphorbiaceae Mankhurd, Turbhe- Mandale Salvadora persica L. Salvadoraceae Mankhurd, Turbhe- Mandale Sesuvium portulacastrumL. Ficoideae Mankhurd, Turbhe- Mandale

5.2.2 Status of mangroves in the region of study

Current status (with respect to height of species and percentage plant cover) of mangrove and their associates at Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala transit sites is highlighted in Table 5.2

Table 5.2: Current status of mangrove and their associates at Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala Transit Sites.

Name Of Mangrove Species Mankhurd Turbhe-Mandala Height (m) & plant cover Height (m) & plant cover Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. 1-1.5 m, sparse About 1 m, sparse Aeluropus lagopordes (L.) Trin. A grass A grass Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Absent About 1 m Blanco Avicennia marina (Forsck.) 2-3 m, a thin but dense 1-2 m, sparse Vierh. stretch Clerodendrum inerme (L.) About 1 m, sparse About 1 m, sparse Gaertn. Excoecaria agallochaL. 1-2 m, sparse 1-1.5 m, sparse Salvadora persica L. < 1 m, sparse < 1 m, sparse Sesuvium portulacastrumL. Ground cover Ground cover Dense: plant cover 100 %; sparse: plant cover 40-60 %

It is common to come across situations where the zonation pattern of plants of mangrove habitats is disturbed due to different operative factors such as tidal forces, land features, human activities and differential sensitivities/tolerances of species to pollutants

88 Based on the field surveys, appropriate locations for restoration of developed (reclaimed) zones within the transit sites of Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala regions were identified. A plan of conducting plantations in the identified areas was also prepared

5.2.3 Steps for Preparing the Transit Sites for Restoration to their Original (Near Natural) Status:

Successful restoration of coastal mangrove habitats requires knowledge of the processes essential to developing and supporting the productivity of the system as a whole, rather than its parts. Restoration activities within the identified areas of transit sites (as shown in Figure 5.1 and 5.2) in Mankhurd as well as Turbhe- Mandala region are be aimed at:

) Altering Site conditions (facilitation of tidal inundation, drainage, etc.); > Introducing suitable species of plants (in this case mangrove species) and faunal species (which would come in the advent of plantation efforts); and > Providing protection (reducing environmental and other anthropogenic pressures) to the site thereby encouraging natural regeneration.

Figure 5.1 CRZ Areas to be Restored by Plantation of Mangroves at Mankhurd

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5.2.4 Conversion of Identified areas of Transit Sites (R 1, R-2 R-3 & R-4) into an Intertidal Zone (Region)

Mangrove ecosystems are places where tides and coastal currents bring constant variation and where plants and animals have to adapt to changing chemical, physical and biological characteristics. In recent years, there have been detailed studies on coastal biodiversity, ecology, hydrology, physiology and productivity of many different mangrove ecosystems of the World; however, the discrete nature of these data makes the principal factors controlling overall productivity very difficult to identify. This situation is perhaps not surprising given the tremendous amount of diversity and heterogeneity of mangrove ecosystems and the lack of'single model that could describe the way they function.

As it is observed from Figure 5.3, mangroves prefer specific (exclusive) habitats within the intertidal zone (as a natural selection). Therefore, artificial regeneration of mangroves in a modified/ altered habitat condition would require a scientific approach.

Conversion of the identified locations highlighted as R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4 in Figures 5.1 and 5.2 , which are just within or well above the upper intertidal regions of coastal habitats into intertidal zone, is a pre-requisite. For this purpose, a detailed plan of restoration has been prepared which would ensure as given below, establishment of ecological and environmental parameters essential for redevelopment of mangrove habitats, gradually

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la,l'aas uoa$4 au:4J; lAM 6thi uDayJ :lM&& 6 aul la4Tim 4 !H 4GG36!H : 1MHH Table 5.3: Parameters required for restoration of landward regions into coastal mangrove habitats

PARAMETER DESCRIPTION Lower intertidal A gentle gradient of land, with less wave action and region currents (the level of which will be below Mean High Water Line (MHWL) extending upto the Mean Low Water Line Substratum type Generally silty, clayey (of the type which is condusive for mangrove growth) Water requirement Daily tidal inundation and exposure to air (about 24 tides per fortnight can inundate such regions, if developed based on the guidelines given for substratum type)

Two treatments have been worked out for the restoration of the identified areas within the transit sites. They are: 1. Restoration of reclaimed lands adjoining the tidal channels located within or around the transit sites, and 2. Restoration of upper intertidal regions (which are untouched in the existing set up of Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala regions despite establishment of the transit sites)

Figure 5.4 provides an approach to create conditions within intertidal regions along the creek arms, which are reclaimed for transit sites. The tidal channel is extended by replacing the filled material by soil and provide slopes above MSL that will facilitate the process of artificial mangrove regeneration. Here, creation of slopes within the newly created substratum and its defined angle will ensure tidal inundation and in turn help survival of a few forms of mangrove specie

Figure 5.5 is a typical cross section of a single tidal channel which will be created within the upper intertidal regions that are untouched in the existing set up of Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala regions. The width (both at the top and bottom) of such channel will ensure frequent inundation of tidal water within the upper intertidal regions of transit sites. The distance between two channels (within the network of such channels in the region) will provide the space for adequate spread of the upcoming plantlets of mangroves which will eventually cover the entire region (without any traces of openness/ barrenness). Areas earmarked for mangrove restoration if filled will be excavated to mean hightide level

91 The coastal habitats within the 500 m radius of both, Mankhurd and Turbhe- Mandala sites have been during the last decade, subjected to reclamation for various purposes such as (a) using them as dumping grounds of solid waste generated within the City of Mumbai, and (b) reclamation for other infrastructure development activities (housing, construction of roads, etc.). Due to these anthropogenic pressures, the mangrove habitats in these regions can not be considered as a pristine or an untouched ecosystem. The average height of mangrove plants in these areas does not exceed 2.5-3.0 m (which is far less than the one observed within some of the adjoining areas of Ghatkopar-Vikhroli (in case of transit site of Mankhurd) and Chembur (in case of Turbhe-Mandala transit site)

Therefore, the restoration effort at the Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandale Transit Sites, will be undertaken with a sole objective of converting these areas into a dense patch of mangroves species

5.2.5 Types of species to be planted in the intertidal regions of Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala Transit Sites:

Mangroves grow in relatively shallow water as seedlings cannot become anchored in deep water. The physical size of mangroves and their requirement of having a great proportion of their body above the water but at the same time being anchored in the soil make occupancy of deep water impossible. Chapman (1975) maintained that the shallower the water and the more extensive the shallow, the greater is the extent of mangrove development; on steeply shelving shores, where the zone of shallow water is narrow, only fringe communities develop

Although detailed information on the prerequisites for all the individual mangrove species is lacking, it can be stated that if certain conditions prevail, such as protected shoreline with suitable climate, muddy substrata and suitable tidal regime, a mangrove community is likely to develop, provided of course, there is a proximal source of propagules. Furthermore, this mangrove community will consist of some combination characteristic of plant species. This combination of species for different types of areas proposed for restoration is provided in Table 5.4. The actual layout of mangrove restoration area and coastal plantation is provided for Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandale sites in Figures 5.6 and 5.7, respectively

92 ASVPED.P ~tORT

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RESTORATION PLAN CONQEPlUA LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT

SCALE - 1 1500

TRANSIT CAMP -SITE 1 AT C.T.S. NO. 138, MANKHURD, MUMBAI -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -97sE +23

. DaroUd vAW~~~~~~~~~l'ed EXSLeinUS

FIGURE PROPOSED) PESTORActION PLAN (TURpBiE~ -MANDALIE) , 8ASED ON~ J1DaIOHJ NYsYAHyNlid IJiyjHS AIRS EXISTING LAN.D-USE Table 5.4: Species of plnats of mangrove habitats identified for for restoration of identified regions of Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala transit sites.

Location Name of Mangrove Distance between Species to be planted two individuals (m)

Upper Intertidal Region Rhizophora mucronata, 1.5m (open spaces within the Rhizophora apiculata, transit sites where artificial Avicennia marina channels will be created) Newly created intertidal a: within the first 10 feet 1.0 m between region/s adjoining the from the water front: individuals and 1.5 m already existing tidal Rhizophora mucronata, between the rows channel (Mankhurd Site) Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia alba b: within 10 feet and 20 0.5 m between feet strip from the water individuals; 1 m front: Avicennia marina, between the rows Avicennia officinalis, Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriops tagal, Ceriops decandra, Aegiceras corniculatum c: within 20 feet and 30 0.5 m between feet strip from the water individuals; 1 m front: Excoecaria between the rows agallocha, Ceriops tagal, Salvadora persica, Clerodendrum inerme CRZ region (as shown in d: a strip beyond 30 feet 3 m between the map) from the water front individuals, 2 m (where mangroves are between the rows planted), on the landward side till the CRZ boundaryParkinsonia species, Tamarix gallica, Pongamia pinnata, Thespesia populneoides,

93 5.2.6 Cost of Restoration of CRZ areas

The cost of plantation per ha in the proposed areas of Mankhurd and Turbhe Mandala is provided in Table 5.6.

Table 5.5: Cost estimates for restoration of Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala Transit Camp Sites into mangrove habitats

ACTIVIT'Y C OST (Indian Rs.) Mangrove Restoration Restoration of the existing relatively untouched coastal Rs. 20000/- natural areas in Turbhe-Mandale and Mankhurd (lha 0 Rs 20000/- ha) Manipulation (digging channels for facilitating the tidal Rs 100000/- water in the areas of manipulation - which are in the upper intertidal region) of Mankhurd Site (2.5ha@ Rs 40000/- ha) Collection and transport of planting stock from coastal Rs. 17500/- habitats of Maharashtra (3.5ha 0 Rs 5000/- ha) Plantation cost, protection, and aftercare (monitoring for Rs 87500/- one year) (3.5ha 0 Rs 25000/- ha) Development of Coastal Vegetation Plantation of species in the landward region (beyond 30 Rs 700000/- feet area from the water front - a strip of 30 m) including soil, manure and irrigation expenses for one year (Rs 50/ sq m for 6000 Sq m in Mankhurd and 8000 sq m in Mandale) Total Rs 925000/-

5.3 RESTORATION PLAN FOR NON-CRZ AREA

After the resident population is shifted to permanent sites, the transit site will be restored by dismantling the transit dwellings, infrastructure, and ensuring that the sites are free from debris. As part of site restoration, the debris at all the three sites shall be cleared and the site shall be leveled without leaving any undulations, channels, pits, open septic tanks etc.. It is envisaged that the amount recovered from the salvaged materials shall compensate the cost of demolition and removal of debris to the dumping site. The cost for clearing the site for restoration is hence assumed to be nil. After restoration, the sites will be handed over to the respective agencies owning the land for future developments

94 5.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT

The proposed post-closure restoration plans for all the transit sites should be implemented by MMRDA through bidding process. A special restoration committee created by MMRDA should oversee the bidding process and implementation as well as supervision. The composition of the Restoration Committee will consist of the following:

* Planner (MMRDA representative) * Ecologist (a Mangrove Expert) - External * Hydrologist (External) * Civil Engineer (Extemal/ MMRDA representative) * Environment Expert (MMRDA representative) * Enviromnental Engineer (External) * Biologist (a Horticulturist) - External.

The executing agency will ensure that the restoration work will be done in coordination with and to the satisfaction of the Restoration Committee

5.5 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

The implementation of restoration plan for each transit site will commence immediately after the relocation of its inhabitants to permanent sites and will be completed within one year duration as per the time schedule presented in Table 5.6

Table 5.6: Time Schedule for Implementation of Site Restoration Plan

Sr. No. Restoration Milestone Duration and Date of Completion 1 Dismantling of dwellings and leveling 3 months, End of 3rd month of the site 2 Invitation and evaluation of proposal 2 months, End of 5th month for restoration of CRZ and RG 3 Award of restoration work 1 month, End of 6th month 4 Implementation of restoration work 6 month, End of 12th month 5 Award of maintenance contract 1 month, End of 12th month

95 Annexure I

Details of Noise Model

The Sound Pressure Level (SPL) generated by noise sources decreases with increasing distance from the source due to wave divergence. An additional decrease in SPL with distance from the source is expected due to atmospheric effect or its interaction with objects in the transmission path

Estimating highway noise impact involves a complex process, which will require a large computer analysis to model in detail. However, the methodology presented below is a general highway noise model that predicts the equivalent noise level (Leq) and is adequate for most noise assessment requirements. The advantage of the model, which predicts L,q is that Leq, is the "Energy Average" noise level and as such is not dependent on the statistics of the traffic flow

The Highway Noise Model presented below is based upon calculating the hourly Leq for all category-wise vehicles separately and then adding these logarithmically to obtain the overall hourly Lq as follows:

Leq (hi) = Loe, + lOlog N, + lOlog 15 I+a _ 13 + c5 S,T D

Where,

Leq(hi) = Equivalent noise level at the hour (h) for vehicle type (I) Loei = Reference mean energy level for (ith) vehlcle type Ni = Number of vehicles of (ith) class passing in time(T) one Hour (1 hr) Si- Average Speed of vehicles of (ith) class (kmph) T = Time duration corresponding to Ni, one hour D = Perpendicular distance in (m) from centerline of the traffic Lane to observer a = Factor relating to absorption characteristics of the ground cover between roadway and observer (to be conservative, this is taken as O in actual modeling, but considered qualitatively in the final analysis) 6s- Shielding factor for barrier (to be conservative, this is taken as 0 in actual modeling, but considered qualitatively in the final analysis)

The combined effect of all the vehicle categories can be determined at the receptor by adding the individual values using the following equation Leq(h,total) lolog E 10 Leq(h/lO) h=i

The above highway noise model is used in this study. In order to compare the results with the Indian standards, the equivalent day time noise levels, Lday (period 0600 hours through 2100 hours) and equivalent night time noise levels. Lnight (period 2100 hours through 0600 hours) are estimated

Input to the Model

i) Reference Noise Levels

The vehicular noise emission levels significantly vary with vehicle speed. It is therefore necessary that speed dependency of noise emissions for various categories of vehicles is taken into account while using the model for noise prediction due to the roadway. In this work the speed-noise relations presented by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) in their report on Environmental and Social Assessment Delhi - Noida Bridge Project have been adopted (Table 5.10)

Table - 5.10 Reference Noise Levels Variation with Vehicle Speed and Category (Noise Levels in dB(A) at 15 meter) Speed(kmph) Cars Trucks & Buses 2/3 Wheelers 30 56.0 73.0 58.0 40 59.0 76.0 61.0 50 63.0 80.0 66.0 60 68.0 81.0 68.0 70 68.0 81.5 70.0 80 70.0 82.0 72.0 90 72.0 83.0 74.0 100 74.0 83.5 76.0

Note: Minimum noise level at 30 kmph are taken even if the vehicle speed decreases below 30 kmph Annexure II

Epidemiological Survey - Findings and Recommendations

An epidemiological surveillance to ascertain the impact of environmental factors on the health of the conmmunity based at the three resettlement sites (i) Mankhurd, (ii) Turbhe-Mandala and (iii) Wadala

The natural history of the diseases considered, Vector borne and Water and Food borne suggested that stress may be laid on environmental factors responsible for the two groups of diseases: (i) Vector borne (mosquito borne e.g. Malaria and Filarial etc), (ii) Faeco-oral infections e.g ; typhoid, cholera and other such diarrhoeal diseases

The seasonal variations which are noticed in the natural history of the disease cycle suggest that the period of atleast a year prior to the survey time be considered for assessing the impact of these environmental factors responsible for the prevalence of the above mentioned diseases

It is not merely the physical examination, which is an important tool for assessing the prevalence of the aforementioned group of diseases but the eliciting of the history of associated symptomatology suggestive of similar diseases because of these environmental factors:

(a) Water logging giving rise to mosquito breeding which is the major vector (b) Water contamination leading to various diarrhoeal diseases of which typhoid and cholera form the major entity besides various other bacteriological and viral infections

In order to study the impact of these environmental factors, one is required to separate the persons suffering with common seasonal/climatic variations resulting in various constitutional signs and symptoms from those who have had typical symptomatology similar to the group of diseases with the above referred etiology

The findings of this study point towards the presence of the diseases due to the aforementioned environmental factors in the community surveyed during the period as being endemic; in other words the diseases are present in the community throughout the year

The number of places seen at the various sites and the situation in these sites has presented us with an interesting finding; the presence of the cases is associated with the wet areas. In other words, presence of water logging or water- stagnation has a direct effect on the prevalence of these vector-borne or faeco-oral diseases The Mankhurd site is bisected by the creeklet besides having drain on the eastern boundary, and the presence of cases is seen on the areas adjoining the creeklet and the drain, whereas the areas which are away from these wetlands are presenting with zero or negligible cases, as can be seen from the data attached

The situation at Mandala is a repeat of that which is seen at Makhurd - the dry areas (areas where there is little and no water logging) presenting with no cases as compared with the wet areas (with lot of water logging or water-stagnation)

This fact is quite marked at the Wadala site where keeping in mind the total population the prevalence should have been high. Instead, the figure of persons affected could work out to less than 1 in 4000. This could be corroborated with lesser wet areas in the community and the surroundings

Keeping in view the above findings, it is possible that the number of the persons affected by this vector borne and faeco-oral diseases can be brought down by improving drainage of wastewater from the area Health Observations at Transit Resettlement Sites

Sr Date & Month Name and Age Type of Disease Address No of Illness

Part A - Mankhurd Transit Resettlement Site 1 September 2001 Mrs Anantha B Mahtre Typhoid (Widal +ve) F 5/1 24 (25 yrs) 2 August-Sep 2001 Ms Savitri Chandran Naidu (30 yrs) Typhoid (Widal +ve) F 5/125 3 December 2001 Mast Rajagopal (5 yrs) Typhoid (Widal +ve) F 5/132 4 January 17'n 2002 Mst Amol Balaram (7 yrs) Rodare Malaria(MP+ve) F 8/209 Typhoid (Widal +ve) 5 January 12, 2002 Mrs Savitri Yadav (35 yrs) Malaria (MP +ve E 80 Splen +ve) 6 January 29, 2002 Mr Subhash Anil Salve (10 yrs) Typhoid (Widal +ve) E/82 Hospitalised Part B - Mankhurd Transit Resettlement Site 1 January 2002 Baby Aarti M Kamble (2 yrs) Diarrhoeal Disease H/8 1 2 January 29, 2002 Baby Maya Rajesh Ghangude (4.5 Malaria (MP +ve) H/78 yrs) 3 January 29, 2002 Rajesh Bhagwat Ghangude (35 yrs) Malaria (MP+ve) H/78 4 January 2002 Shalan Dauli Madi (40 yrs) Malaria (MP+ve) H 75 5 January 2002 Zubeda Malaria (MP+ve) H 114 6 January 2002 Ranjama Prakash Kamble (10 yrs) Diarrhoeal Disease H 43 7 January 29, 2002 Vijayamani (42 yrs) Eosinophilia I 44 8 October 05, 01 Sharma Banu (50 yrs) Malaria (MP+ve) 1 161 9 October 26, 01 Maimumira (55 yrs) Typhoid (Widal +ve) 1 149 Turbhe-Mandala Transit Resettlement Site 1 NA Mahesh Kumar Gupta (17 yrs) MP Suspect E/148 2 NA Harshada Ganve (13 yrs) Eosinophilia +ve 3 NA Sachin Ganve (11 yrs) Eosinophilia Suspect 4 NA Ganesh Prabhakar Nirbhone (10 Malaria (+ve) yrs) 5 NA Don John D'lima (29 yrs) Typhoid )+ve) A/199 6 NA Mahesh Bhimji Mewada (17 yrs) Typhoid/Malaria suspect 7 NA Kishore Patthe (17 yrs) Typhoid +ve 8 NA Lata Madhukar Panchal Typhoid +ve E/192 9 NA Amrita Satish More (16 yrs) Diarrhea 10 NA Jyoti Rajan Khaire (10 yrs) Loose motion, I ______I__v o m itin g Wadala Transit Resettlement Site 1 NA Nitin Prabhakar Adawade (7 yrs) Malaria +ve A4/4 2 NA Ruksana Bibi (10 yrs) Malaria +ve F4/1 1 3 NA Dharmenda Ratan Sodhe (21 yrs) Malaria suspect B4/15 4 NA Moinuddin Shaikh (30 yrs) Typhoid +ve A42/15 5 NA Mohammad Raffiq (19 yrs) Malaria suspect A42/16 Health Observations at Transit Resettlement Sites

Sr Date & Month Name and Age Type of Disease Address No of Illness

Part A - Mankhurd Transit Resettlement Site 1 September 2001 Mrs Anantha B Mahtre Typhoid (Widal +ve) F 5/1 24 (25 yrs) 2 August-Sep 2001 Ms Savitri Chandran Naidu (30 yrs) Typhoid (Widal +ve) F 5/125 3 December 2001 Mast Rajagopal (5 yrs) Typhoid (Widal +ve) F 5/132 4 January 17th 2002 Mst Amol Balaram (7 yrs) Rodare Malaria(MP+ve) F 8/209 Typhoid (Widal +ve) 5 January 12, 2002 Mrs Savitri Yadav (35 yrs) Malaria (MP +ve E 80 Splen +ve) 6 January 29, 2002 Mr Subhash Anil Salve (10 yrs) Typhoid (Widal +ve) E/82 I___ Hospitalised Part B - Mankhurd Transit Resettlement Site 1 January 2002 Baby Aarti M Kamble (2 yrs) Diarrhoeal Disease H/81 2 January 29, 2002 Baby Maya Rajesh Ghangude (4.5 Malaria (MP +ve) 1/78 yrs) 3 January 29, 2002 Rajesh Bhagwat Ghangude (35 yrs) Malaria (MP+ve) H/78 4 January 2002 Shalan Dauli Madi (40 yrs) Malaria (MP+ve) H 75 5 January 2002 Zubeda Malaria (MP+ve) H 114 6 January 2002 Ranjama Prakash Kamble (10 yrs) Diarrhoeal Disease H 43 7 January 29, 2002 Vijayamani (42 yrs) Eosinophilia I 44 8 October 05, 01 Sharma Banu (50 yrs) Malaria (MP+ve) 1 161 9 October 26, 01 Maimumira (55 yrs) Typhoid (Widal +ve) 1 149 Turbhe-Mandala Transit Resettlement Site 1 NA Mahesh Kumar Gupta (17 yrs) MP Suspect E/148 2 NA Harshada Ganve (13 yrs) Eosinophilia +ve 3 NA Sachin Ganve (11 yrs) Eosinophilia Suspect 4 NA Ganesh Prabhakar Nirbhone (10 Malaria (+ve) yrs) 5 NA Don John D'lima (29 yrs) Typhoid )+ve) A/199 6 NA Mahesh Bhimji Mewada (17 yrs) Typhoid/Malaria

suspect______7 NA Kishore Patthe (17 yrs) Typhoid +ve 8 NA Lata Madhukar Panchal Typhoid +ve E/192 9 NA Amrita Satish More (16 yrs) Diarrhea 10 NA Jyoti Rajan Khaire (10 yrs) Loose motion, I ______vo mitin g Wadala Transit Resettlement Site 1 NA Nitin Prabhakar Adawade (7 yrs) Malaria +ve A4/4 2. NA Ruksana Bibi (10 yrs) Malaria +ve F4/1 1 3 NA Dharmenda Ratan Sodhe (21 yrs) Malaria suspect B4/15 4 NA Moinuddin Shaikh (30 yrs) Typhoid +ve A42/15 5 NA Mohammad Raffiq (19 yrs) Malaria suspect A42/ 16 Annexure -III

Minutes of Public Consultation Meetings

Mankhurd Site

Date of Meeting- 20 December 2001 Venue- SPARC Office Hall in Part A Transit Site (Towards Mankhurd)

Solid Waste Solid waste is collected door to door. In absence of municipal disposal bin, the solid waste collected is disposed in adjoining creek. Also, waste from the scrap yard is disposed in the creek-let that has reduced its width that creates to water stagnation. In the absence of proper collection, the solid waste is burned at the location

The residents opined that due to presence of industrial waste along with trapping of solid waste and the stagnation of water, a gas is generated, which on release cause nuisance. In one event, the intensity of odour was so intense that the residents have to run out of the colony. The residents claim that this has caused lots of respiratory problems in the colony and should be resolved. In this regard, the people residing in the colony had filed complaint to civic authorities. After no response from civic authorities the resident took initiative and cleaned the creek-let once. However, they feel that since the garbage also comes through the creek from the upstream areas, it needs frequent cleaning

Flooding- Residents informed that the site does not get flooded. The internal drains provided for drainage are maintained properly and adequately by undertaking regular cleaning activity through the societies. All residents contribute Rs 15 per tenements for cleaning of gutter

Mosquito Nuisance- Residents feel that the stagnation of wastewater due to choking of Nala is the reason for mosquito breeding. The fumigation for mosquito control is not regular. Civic authorities undertake fumigation only on deposition of money by societies and residents feel that it is not adequate and effective

Ration Shop and Other Grocery Shops- The site has one ration shop, which provides all item under rationing list except kerosene. Since the kerosene is not available in the ration shop located in the transit site, people has not transferred the rationing cards. As a result, PAHs are still using their old ration shops and for this they have to travel all the way to Mahim and other far of places. There are other 2-3 grocery shops being operated by PAHs from tenements, which cater to the needs of the transit site residents. Medical Facility- The transit site has a private consulting doctor, available in the evening. In addition, Church missionary from Santacruz provides free medical consulting on every Saturday

Schools- The Part B of transit site (towards Ghatkopar side) has one Balwadi. SPARC has been approached by some organization to open a balwadi in the Part A (towards Mankhurd) and proposal is under consideration. However residents feel that there should be school for children. Since the nearest Municipal school is at Tata colony and is quite far off for primary school children

Commutation - The nearest railway stations is Mankhurd. The BEST buses also ply on the Mankhurd-Ghatkopar link road and therefore site is well connected. However, residents feel that the high speed traffic on the road has become a serious accident risk for crossing the road. Residents also reported about 3-4 accidents with 1 death casualty till date and feel strong need for speed breakers /traffic signal with pedestrian crossing

Security- The site being not fenced and open pose security problems. People feels that some security provision should be made to prevent burglaries. Nearest police station is Mandala chowky

Infrastructure and Sanitation Services- Total 13 nos of societies are operational in the Transit Camp Part A. Resident have informed that the water supply is adequate. Each PAH contributes about Rs 75 for water supply, Rs 35 electricity and Rs 15 for gutter and toilet cleaning. Total electricity bill amount to 2.5 lacs while collection is only upto 1 lac. Though there is no provision made for playground, the space in the front along the main road and the mudflat along the nala on the backside of the site is used for playing. 4 toilets blocks are provided for about 802 PAHs and residents feel that the numbers of toilets provided are adequate. The transit camp also has adequate communication facility. Three zip phones are in operation presently

With respect greening of the transit camp site, people enthusiastically reported that they would be ready to participate in such activity. PAHs suggested that sapling should be provided for plantation along the inner roads and every PAH will water and nurture the sapling in front of his house Turbhe Mandale Date of Meeting- 20 December 2001 Venue- SPARC Office Hall in at Transit Site

Solid Waste Solid waste is collected on alternate days from door to door by people employed by SPARC. In absence of municipal disposal bin, the solid waste collected is disposed of in the nearby creek. People throw the garbage along the creek as there is no provision of garbage on the site.

Mosquito Nuisance- Residents feel that the stagnation of wastewater due to choking of drains is the reason for mosquito breeding. The fumigation for mosquito control is not done. The fumigation is carried out by civic authorities only on deposition of money by societies and residents feel that it is not effective

Ration Shop and Other Grocery Shops- The site has one ration shop, which still is not operational. Hence people have not yet transferred their rationing cards. As a result, PAHs are still using their old ration shops and for this they have to travel all the way to Mahim and other far of places. There are other 1-2 grocery shops being operated by PAHs from tenements, which cater to the needs of the transit site residents. But for most of the things people go to Mankhurd station market, which is nearly 1 km from the site.

Medical Facility- The transit site has a private consulting doctor arranged by SPARC, available once a day. People informed that they have to go to Mankhurd or Chembur for medical facility.

Schools- The transit site has 2-3 Balwadi, being managed with help of SPARC and Mahila Samiti. There is one school up to third standard. However resident feel that there should be proper school for children. Since the nearest Municipal school is at Tata colony and its quite far off for primary school children to go. Higher class students go to their previous schools at their original places.

Commutation - The nearest railway stations is Mankhurd which is around 1 km from the site. The site is not connected through road transport people have to walk to the other side of the railway station to catch the bus as subway is under construction. It is informed by the residents that it is difficult to walk the approach road as it is in very bad condition. In rainy season this road gets flooded with water.

No public transport vehicle comes on this road. It was reported that people are taken on haathgadi to the hospital in any emergency, which many times causes delay to reach the hospital on time. The residents feel that proper road facility with appropriate lighting arrangement should be given priority. It was also informed that incidents of looting and snatching occur on this road as street lights are not provided

Infrastructure and Sanitation Services-

Here people have informed that water is major problem. Water pressure is very low from the source though SPARC has arranged for the pipeline from the source area. Water quality is also very bad (yellowish in colour) and it was reported by the residents that because of dirty water every household is having stomach problems. The water pressure is so inadequate that the tenements towards creek side do not receive any water. The PAHs also reported that they have to bring water from the adjacent MHADA colony, which is under construction. The security staff at the MHADA colony does not allow withdrawing of water

Each PAH contribute about Rs 20 for water supply and for gutter and toilet cleaning, Rs 75 for electricity.

Though there is no provision made for playground, the small space in the center of each cluster and roads are used for playing.

8 toilets blocks are provided for about 896 PAHs and residents feel that the numbers of toilets provided are adequate. Only one toilet block in E-block was closed and no alternative arrangement was done, hence people were forced to defecate in open areas outside the site.

The transit camp also has adequate communication facility. One PCO is being operated by PAH

Date of Meeting- 22 December 2001 Venue- Cultural committee Office at Transit Site

Solid Waste There is no provision of collection of garbage from household. Residents used to throw the garbage in the drains. Recently garbage bins are constructed which are in open areas and residents have to walk a long distance for garbage disposal.

Residents, through their societies have approached BMC to make arrangements for garbage collection from the bins to disposal areas but there is no response. Resident has request BMC to send collection vehicle for transportation of garbage

It was informed that in recently SPARC and societies have imposed a penalty of Rs. 500 on residents if they are found throwing garbage not in bins but in drains or elsewhere.

Commutation Residents feel that the site is not well connected and this is the biggest problem. To reach the nearest station Guru Teg Bahadur Nagar, it takes about 20 minutes walk and 30 minutes walk for bus stop. They have to go through the adjacent hutment to take the short cuts to the station and the bus stop. These hutment are not safe to pass through as many robbery/ snatching/theft incidents have been recorded especially when it is dark. For medical emergency needs Sion or KEM Hospital is the nearest which takes one hour to reach as access is through hutment and it is difficult to get taxi or rickshaw.

Residents feel that the BEST bus stop should be provided in near vicinity on priority basis.

Mosquito Nuisance- Residents feel that the stagnation of wastewater due to choking of drains and the solid waste littered all over the site is the reason for breeding mosquito, flies and other insects. The fumigation for mosquito control is not regular. The fumigation was carried out once by civic authorities when malaria had spread in the locality and the transit camp. This fumigation was also as a result of initiative taken by societies. However, residents feel that the fumigation was not effective as it was carried out only in the front row

Ration Shop and Other Grocery Shops- The site has no ration shop, and the ration cards are not yet transferred. The transfer of ration cards is in progress. As a result, PAHs are still using their old ration shops and for this they have to travel all the way to their original places like Sewri, Mahim etc.

There are grocery shops being operated by PAHs from tenements, which cater to the needs of the transit site residents. The transit site does not have any medical shop facility, which residents think is important to have. For medical facility and medical store residents have to go to Indira Nagar at a distance of 15 minutes from there. People feel as far as possible free/low cost medical facility should be made available.

Residents have to depend on the hawkers and vendors for vegetables and all which sit outside the site in the evening

Schools- There are three primary schools on the site along with the balwadis run by Mahila Samiti. Of these three school, two are upto 8th standard and 10th standard respectively, while the third one is not yet operational. For secondary education children are still going to their earlier schools as there is no muncipal school nearby.

Securitv- The site has been surrounded on two sides by hutment and front side is not fenced and this poses security problems. One campus security person is employed by the societies as security provisions. People also feel the need of police chowki there.

Infrastructure and Sanitation Services- Total 46 nos of societies are operational in the Transit Camp. Resident have informed that the water supply is adequate. Supply is from 2 am to 10 am only in the morning and water pressure is acceptable. But water taps are not distributed, so people have to walk long for water. Each PAH contribute about Rs 25 for water supply and for gutter and toilet cleaning, Rs 100 for electricity. Residents have informed that daily toilet cleaning is there but drains were cleaned only once in eight months of stay. People feel that cleaning of drain and removal of solid waste from the site should be done immediately.

Though playground or open spaces are provided on the site, hardly anybody uses it for playing as these are not leveled and full of stones. For major events (cricket match) and any cultural function residents clean and use these spaces.

25 toilets blocks are provided for about 3600 PAHs and residents feel that the numbers of toilets provided are adequate. The only problem is the metallic doors which are half damaged due to lack of maintenance.

With respect greening of the transit camp site, people enthusiastically reported that they would be ready to participate in such activity. Residents informed that vegetation done by MMRDA but could not survive as cows and buffaloes enter the site from the road and destroy trees. PAHs suggested that sapling should be provided for plantation along the inner roads and every PAH will water and nurture the sapling in front of his house (i) -K---,

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Cost of Implementing CEMP Cost Estimates for Implementing the CEMP for Transit Resettlement Site - Mankhurd

Capital Costs Annual Maintenance Cost Details used for working out TRATE TPercentage S.N ITEM PARTICULARS estimates QUANTITY UNIT Rupees) TOTAL COST of Capital Total Cost I ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ etmts_ (ues~_ _Cost

SITE 1 - MANKHURD

ZONE A __ l 1 Speed breakers, zebra crossing, Lumpsum 50,000 widening of median 0 0 2 Repairing of barbed wire fencing 290 m 290.00 r.m 100.00 29,000 10 2,900 3 LANDSCAPING a Tree plantation @ 6m along chain link 280 m 6 M c/c 48.00 nos. 175.00 8,400 1,260 fence 15 b Under storey plantation of shrubs @ 280 m 1 M c/c 280.00 nos. 100.00 28,000 4,200 1.Om 15 c Landscape at entrance 10 sqm 4 nos. 40.00 sqm 450.00 18,000 15 2,700 3| Lighting at entrance 2 nos. 2 nos. 4.00 nos. 3,000.00 12,000 10 1,200 ZONE B 1 IGreen barrier of shrubs along CRZ - two 2 x 395 m 1.2 M c/c 950.00 nos. 100.00 95,000 14,250 | Jlayers of shrub plantation @ 1.2m . 15 ZONE C 1 Replacing water tanks of capacity 5000 8 no. 1 per 8.00 nos. 5,000.00 40,000 4,000 Its toilets toilet ______block 10 and taps _ Lumpsum = 10,000 10 1,000 2 Whitewashing of tenements 725 and 701 tenements in 1-A 1426 00 nos. 200 00 285,200 0 and 1-B . 0 3 Cleaning the site of solid waste I i I Lumpsum 20,000 twice yearly 40,000 4 Placing Garbage bins - of metal one near each toilet block 8.00 nos. 3,500.00 28,000 10 2,800 5 Imparting training through NGO for solid Lumpsum 25,000 0 ,waste management. . 0 6 Cleaning of drains ( of built-up area) 20000.00 sqm 1 00 20,000 once a month 20,000 7 Constructing the ends of - drains 40 00 nos. 600 00 24,000 0 constructing brick channel of 3 0 m lengthwith 0.3mx3 Om brickbat soling and PCC (1:3 6) over it 0 8 Spraying insecticides = Lumpsum_ 5,000 our times yearl 20,000 9 Construction of platforms for informal Lumpsum 100,000 vending 10 Providing lighting to roads and pathway 2 for each pathway & 15 m c/c on 100.00 nos. 500 00 50,000 7,500 roads 15

ZO N E D______1 Chain link fence in rear side of part 'B'- 200.00 r.m 250.00 50,000 0 1.5m high of 230 mm brick wall 0 2 Providing single row of trees @ 6m 210 m 6 M c/c 35.00 nos. 175.00 6,125 15 919 with under storey plantation of shrubs in 2 x 195 m 1.2 M c/c 325.00 nos 100.00 32,500 4,875 two rows @1.2 m _ 15 ZONEE E 1 Providing single row of trees @ 6m = = 30.00 nos. 175.00 5,250 15 788 with under storey plantation of shrubs 145 00 nos. 100.00 14,500 2,175 @1 2m _ . 15 I ______=______Rs. 955,9755_975_130,566 ITOTAL including 10 % contingencies t1 = Rs. 1,051,573 143,623 [ I I I I I I I I L I II Cost Estimates for Implementing the CEMP for Transit Resettlement Site- Turbhe Mandala Capital Costs Annual Maintenance Cost

Details used for working out RATE Percentage S.N ITEM PARTICULARSesias QUANTITY UNIT Rues TOTAL COST of Capital Total Cost efcstimates t ITEM PARTICULARS ] ( Rupees) Cost

SITE 2 - TURBHE-MANDALA ZONE A 1 Constructing of approach road upto Measures in this respect shall be integrated and Mankhurd rly. Station bugted in area development for MHADA rehabilitation project 2 Construction of 1.5m high chain link 110.00 r.m 250.00 27,500 2,750 .fencing in front 10 3 Providing single row of trees @ 6m 210 m 6 M c/c 35.00 nos. 175.00 6,125 15 919 with under storey plantation of shrubs 210 m 1.2 M c/c 175.00 nos. 100.00 17,500 2,625 @1.2 m I__ 15 4 Lighting at entrance 2 no I ent. 2.00 3,000 00 6,000 15 900 ZONE B I =_= 1 Providing lighting to roads and pathway 2 for each pathway & 15 m c/c on 70.00 nos. 500.00 35,000 5,250 roads 15 2 Cleaning of drains ( of built-up area ) 10750.00 sqm 1.00 10,750 once a month 10,750 3 Constructing the ends of drains - 20.00 nos. 600.00 12,000 constructing brick channel of 3 0 m lengthwith 0.3mx3.Om brickbat soling Iand PCC (1 3 6) over it 4 Spraying insecticides _ Lumpsum 5,000 our times yearl 20,000 5 Cleaning the site of solid waste Lumpsum 15,000 twice yearly 30,000 6 Placing Garbage bins one for each toilet block 5.00 nos. 3,500.00 17,500 10 1,750 7 Imparting training through NGO for solid Lumpsum 25,000 L1 lwaste management. l L u 2 0 _ ZONE C 1 Landscaping of pockets- trees, shrubs, 400.00 sqm 250.00 100,000 15,000 seating as necessary 15 2 Plafform for informal vending Lumpsum 100,000 ZONE D 1 Construction of Compost pit, including 625.00 cum 700.00 437,500 43,750 excavation, construction of pit 10 - = Rs 814,875 133,694 TOTAL including 10 % contingencies = Rs 896,363 147,063 Cost Estimates for Implementing the CEMP for Transit Resettlement Site- Wadala

Capital Costs Annual Maintenance Cost

Details used for working out RATE Percentage S.N ITEM PARTICULARS estimatns QUANTITY UNIT RupE TOTAL COST of Capital Total Cost estimates (Rupees) ~~~~~~Cost SITE 3 - WADALA

ZONE A - _ _ I 1 1.5m height chain link fence 165m along the boundary facing 165.00 r.m 250.00 41,250 4,125.0 the road 10 ______=______=_____ -______=______0.0O______2 Providing single row of trees @ 6m 995 m 6 M c/c 165.00 nos. 175.00 28,875 15 4,331 3 with under storey plantation of shrubs 995 m 1.2 M cdc 830.00 nos 100.00 83,000 12,450.0 = @1.2 m = = = . 15

3 Construction of culvert over entrance _ Lumpsum 200,000 0 0 0 ______0.0 4 Lowering the level of manhole covers Lumpsum 25,000 0 0.0 = ______0OC______0 5 Dredging of nala near entrance _1Lumpsum_ 75,000 10 7,500.0

ZONE B _ ____ I Cleaning of drains ( of bunit-up area) 43750.00 sqm 1.00 43,750 once a month 43 750 0

2 Pitching of main drain . 660.00 r.m 225.00 148,500 0 0.0

3 Cleaning the site of solid waste = Lumpsum = 30,000 twice a year 60,000 0

4 Constructing garbage bins. . . 5.00 nos 4,000.00 20,000 10 2,000.0 5 Imparting training through NGO for solid Lumpsum l 25,000 waste management. 0 0 _ . 0 3600.00 nos 200.00 720,000 0 6 Construction of open 0.0 platforms for Lumpsum 100,000 informal vending _

7 Whitewashing of the tenements ZONE C 1 Landscaping of open recreation areas. ____ 9000.00 sqm 150.00 1,350,000 15 202,500.0 2 Plantation of shrubs along main drain 660 m 1 2 M c/c 550.00 nos 100 00 55,000 15 8,250 0

3 Landscaping of open pockets = = 500.00 sqm 250.00 125,000 15 18,750.0

t______=______=______-Rs. 3,070,375 363,656.3 L TOTAL including 10 % contingencies = = Rs. 3,377,413 400,021.9 OPEN LAND \ NOTES tOW LY114rtl \ PLOT AREA - A7,171 61 S0kI BUILTUP AREA = 19,129 66 SCM AREAUNDER ROADS = 3.851 78 SOM RECREATIONAL AREA = 5.700 25 SOM AREAUNDER CRZ = 11,155.72 SOM

I.11 1111 _ 1 /s /LEGENDliti

Vi1/ 4 -I-R6 =RECREATION ARCA &11 , 1 §l | r'1 33 1 1 1 ______= TOILEZT-

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ENCROACHMENTS OPEN LAND i i

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TITLE F. .S. __ ,< ". ~ EXISTING LAYOUT

SITE TRANSIT CAMP - SITE 1 AT C.T.S. NO. 138. MANKHURD, MUMBAI Annexure V

Legal And Policy Framework for Development of MUTP

Indian Legal Requirements

1. The applicable Indian legal provisions are described in two groups one related to environment and the other related to resettlement.

Legislation related to Environment:

2. There are various Acts, Rules and Notifications applicable for different environmental components such as Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Noise Pollution, Coastal Areas, Hazardous Materials Handling and Transport, Forest and Wildlife. In addition, regulatory provisions by way of environmental clearance also exist. The applicable acts and regulations are listed below.

Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986

3. This is an umbrella act for environmental protection. Various rules and notifications are issued from time to time under the provisions of this Act. Environmental Protection Rules (2000) specify standards for ambient air quality whereas Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 provide for the ambient noise standards in public places. However legal mechanism to achieve these are not explicit in terms of emission at source in transport sector except for the vehicle emission norms like Euro II or Bharat II that have been prescribed. The Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 1994 (as amended in May 1997) make environmental clearance mandatory for 29 categories of developmental projects listed in Schedule 1 of the notification. Railways are not listed in schedule 1 and hence do not need environmental clearance. For other components under MUTP, MoEF has confirmed that environmental clearance EIA notification is not required.

Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991

4. The notification provides for determining certain areas between the Low Tide Line (LTL) and High Tide Line (HTL) and adjacent land ward area as the Coastal Regulation Zone and its classification into CRZ I -ecologically sensitive and coastal wetland between HTL and LTL, CRZ II - where development has already occurred and CRZ III - the residual area largely rural in character. Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMP) of Greater Mumbai specifying the classification of CRZ has been approved by MoEF. The notification also prescribes prohibited activities in CRZ and activities that can be taken up with the approval of MoEF. Reclamation being a prohibited activity cannot be undertaken in CRZ I.

The Maharashtra (Urban Areas) Preservation of Trees Act, 1975

5. GOM legislation requires every local authority to constitute a Tree Authority. No tree can be felled without the permission of this authority. The Road development agencies have to obtain the permission of the Tree Authority for felling of trees in the right of way and follow the Tree Authorities stipulations in respect of transplanting or compensatory plantation.

Legislation related to R & R.

Land Acquisition Act 1894 (LA Act):

6. This act provides for compulsory acquisition of land for public purposes by paying compensation at the market rate with 30% solatium for the compulsory nature of acquisition and interest at 12 percent per annum from the date of notification of land for acquisition.

7. The act provides for preparation of Regional Plan for the MMR as a whole and preparation of Development Plans (Master Plans) for the local jurisdiction of individual municipal authority like MCGM. The Regional Plan of MMR has been sanctioned in 1999 whereas the Development Plan of Greater Mumbai was sanctioned in 1991. The Regional Plan is policy oriented and strategic in nature whereas Development Plan is more specific and prescribes detailed land use zoning including designation of land required for public purposes, which can then be acquired in conjunction with the provisions of Land Acquisition Act. The act also provides a statutory framework for formulation and enforcement of Development Control Regulations. The sub-projects are required to be consistent with the Regional Plan and the Development Plan.

Development Control Regulations for Greater Mumbai 1991 (DCRs):

8. The DCRs set out the standards for building design and construction, provision of services like water supply, sewerage, site drainage, access roads, elevators, fire fighting etc. A separate set of regulations is included for the redevelopment or resettlement of slums, which are administered by the Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA). Buildings procured for R & R have to conform to these DCRs. Up-front clearance of the entire project is however not required under the DCR. Approvals are to be obtained for individual scheme, as it gets prepared. 9. These regulations prepared under the MR & TP Act offer an alternative to acquisition under LA Act by way of Transfer of Development Rights (TDR). The permissible Floor Space Index (FSI) defines the development rights of every parcel of land in Mumbai. If a particular parcel of land is designated for a public purpose the landowner has an option of accepting monetary compensation under the LA Act 1894 or accept TDR (equivalent to the plot area times the permissible FSI), which can be sold in the market for use elsewhere in Mumbai. The DC Regulations have been amended to provide incentives for rehabilitation (including resettlement of slum dwellers) in 1997. For landowners prepared to provide 225 sq.ft. dwelling units free of cost to slum dwellers, the incentive is in the form of right to build and sell floor space equivalent to that required for slum rehabilitation subject to the maximum in-situ utilization of FSI of 2.5. The remainder of the total development rights can be used as TDR. In case of land designated for resettlement of slum dwellers affected by infrastructure projects, the land owner has an option of offering dwelling units to the project implementing agency free of cost and getting the benefit of maximum of TDR equivalent to floor area calculated at FSI of 3.5 (1 for land and 2.5 for the built-up area).

The Maharashtra Co-operative Societies Act 1960:

10. This act provides for establishing, registering and administering the co- operative societies. Housing co-operative is a special form of co-operative society, where the land and building is owned by the co-operative and its members have occupancy rights of apartment occupied by them. Sale and purchase of such units can take place only with the consent of the society. This is a common form of tenure in Mumbai's apartment buildings and is widely understood.

World Bank Policies

11. Given that MUTP has been developed with the intention of mobilizing financial resources from the World Bank, project preparation has included a number of studies and assessments which have sought to address and meet the requirements of the World Bank's environmental and social policies, often referred as the 'safeguard' policies. The next paragraphs provide a summary overview of how these guidelines have been considered. Environmnental Assessment (OP 4.01)

12. In the context of the Bank's Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 on Environmental Assessment, MUTP has been classified as category "A" project, largely on the basis of the large number of people requiring resettlement and rehabilitation. Because of the large-scale resettlement and the triggering of more than one safeguard policy the project is also classified as "Si" in terms of safeguard issues. A consolidated EA including SEA has been prepared that provides the framework for preparing sub-project specific EA and EMPs in compliance with the World Bank policy.

Cultural Property (OP 4.11):

13. The United Nations term "cultural property" includes sites having archeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. Cultural property, therefore, encompasses both remains left by previous human inhabitants (for example, middens, shrines, and battlegrounds) and unique natural environmental features such as canyons and waterfalls. The World Bank's general policy regarding cultural properties is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination.

14. Mumbai with its history of nearly three hundred years is rich in cultural property particularly in the form of built heritage. GOM and MCGM are acutely aware of the need to conserve such heritage. GOM in 1995 with the involvement of NGOs listed over 600 buildings and precincts as of heritage significance. DCR 67 governs the development of these listed buildings and precincts. GOM has also constituted a Heritage Conservation Committee in 1995 to advise the Municipal Commissioner regarding development permission to be granted in case of listed buildings and precincts. No development permission can be granted of the listed buildings or within the precincts without the consent of the Heritage Committee.

15. During the execution of works, if a "chance find " of archaeological significance occurs, the contract requires the contractor to immediately inform the employer and stop further work. Employer will in turn inform the state Archaeology Department for further investigation.

16. The only cultural properties that are directly affected by the sub projects are small places of worship established by the community of squatters within the right of way. These have been created by the affected communities for their own use. Such places of worship do not possess any historical or architectural significance and may not therefore strictly qualify to be treated as cultural property. Nevertheless they are treated as an integral part of preparation of RIPs. The places of worship and other community assets are identified during the BSES. Their rehabilitation is being implemented as a part of the R & R process in consultation with the community (Table A.V.1). The impact on these properties and the manner in which such impacts can be identified can be classified in three categories. Firstly the buildings that are only partially affected can be helped to add equivalent area elsewhere adjacent to the building. Secondly structures that are fully affected by the right of way but are patronized by the community that is not affected by the project could be rebuilt outside the right of way in consultation with the community and with assistance of the NGO. In some cases the entrance to the structure could be reoriented to ensure safety of the devotees visiting the place. Thirdly the affected structures that patronized by the community being resettled could be relocated in consultation with the community. In addition, the community may agree to forego some places without insisting upon their resettlement.

Natural Habitat (OP 4.04):

17. Natural habitats are defined as land and water areas where (i) the ecosystems' biological communities are formed largely by native plant and animal species, and (ii) human activity has not essentially modified the area's primary ecological functions. All natural habitats have important biological, social, economic, and existence value. Important natural habitats may occur in tropical humid, dry, and cloud forests; temperate and boreal forests; Mediterranean-type shrub lands; natural arid and semi-arid lands; mangrove swamps, coastal marshes, and other wetlands; estuaries; sea grass beds; coral reefs; freshwater lakes and rivers; alpine and sub alpine environments, including herb fields, grasslands, and paramos; and tropical and temperate grasslands. Critical natural habitats include existing protected areas and areas officially proposed by governments as protected areas (e.g., reserves that meet the criteria of the World Conservation Union [IUCNI classifications i.e. Strict Nature Reserve/Wilderness Area: protected area managed for science or wilderness protection; II-National Park: protected area managed mainly for ecosystem protection and recreation; HI-Natural Monument: protected area managed mainly for conservation of specific natural features; Iv- Habitat/Species Management Area: protected area managed mainly for conservation through management intervention; V-Protected Landscape/Seascape: protected area managed mainly for landscape/seascape conservation and recreation; and VI-Managed Resource Protected Area: protected area managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems. The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions in its economic and sector work, project financing, and policy dialogue. The Bank supports, and expects borrowers to apply, a precautionary approach to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable development.

18. From this perspective one of Mumbai's notable natural habitat is limited to the 103 sq.km. National Park at Borivali, which is located in the northern part of the peninsula between the two rail corridors. The National Park is protected under the Indian Forest Act. None of the sub-projects passes through the National Park. The other important Natural Habitat is the coastal wetlands in the eastern and western suburbs and along the Vasai creek. These are protected by the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification of 19 February 1991.

Involuntary Resettlement (OD 4.30)

19. The Operational Directive 4.30 describes Bank policy and procedures on involuntary resettlement, as well as the conditions that borrowers are expected to meet in operations involving involuntary resettlement. Planning and financing resettlement of projects are an integral part of preparation for projects that cause involuntary displacement. MUTP will require resettlement of about 19000 households (68000 persons). The World Bank Policy on Involuntary Resettlement is therefore applicable to the project. In compliance with to this policy an R & R Policy has been prepared and adopted by GOM for MUTP. RAP providing the overall framework of policy, entitlements, consultative processes, grievance redressal mechanism, component costs and monitoring and evaluation mechanism has already been prepared. Sub- project specific RIPs are being prepared.

Indigenous People (OD 4.20)

20. This operational directive describes Bank policies and processing procedures for projects that affect indigenous peoples. It sets out basic definitions, policy objectives, and guidelines for the design and implementation of project provisions or components for indigenous peoples. The terms "indigenous peoples," "indigenous ethnic minorities," "tribal groups," and "scheduled tribes" describe social groups with a social and cultural identity distinct from the dominant society that makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the development process. For the purposes of this directive, "indigenous peoples" is the term that will be used to refer to these groups. Indigenous peoples can be identified in particular geographical areas by the presence in varying degrees of the following characteristics: (a) a close attachment to ancestral territories and to the natural resources in these areas; (b) self- identification and identification by others as members of a distinct cultural group; (c) an indigenous language, often different from the national language;(d) presence of customary social and political institutions; and (e) primarily subsistence-oriented production.

21. About 1% of the PAHs of MUTP belong to the Scheduled Tribes. A field- based review was undertaken to determine if these PAHs were subject to application of this Policy since they might have originally belonged to tribal communities in the distant past. As of now they are integrated with the city life and do not have their traditional habitat or follow traditional ways of life. More particularly, (a) they no longer have close attachment to ancestral territories; (b) they do not identify themselves or are identified by others as distinct cultural group; (c) they do not speak an indigenous language; and (d) they no longer belong to customary social and political institutions. There is also a general reluctance to reveal the caste or tribe particularly pronounced when data is to be kept in public domain. It was determined by the review that the social impact of the project on such people is therefore similar to that on other PAHs and thus the policy does not apply. No separate Indigenous Peoples Development Plan (IPDP) has therefore been prepared.

Other Safeguard Policies

22. World Bank has other safeguard policies dealing with Pest Management, Forestry, Safety of Dams and Projects in International Waterways or in Disputed Areas. These are however not applicable to MUTP.

23. The World Bank policies applicable to MUTP project are summarized in Table A.V.2. Table A.V.1: Rehabilitation Of Places Of Worship in MUTP

Sr. Name of Location Date of Size of Extent of Proposed Institutional Cost Time No Site/Structure Consultation Structu Impact Treatrnent Arrangement in Rs Frame by NGO and re PIA (in m.) Impleme Supervisi ntation **on OPTIMISATION OF HARBOUR LINE 1 Yellamma Chunabhatti - September 10 X 10 Fully Part of Temple A+B SPARC Nil * June, 02 Mata Mandir Guru Teg 2000 affected within 1.2 m. of Bahadur by Safety Track to be Nagar Zone demolished and (GTBN) entrance changed to opposite side 2 Kali Devi GTBN - Raoli February 2001 1.86 X Fully 7 m. from Track. A SPARC Nil * June, 02 (Private Junction Near 2.33 affected Entrance of the Temple) Wadala by Safety Temple to be Zone changed towards road by owner 3 Devi Chunabhatti - February 2001 1 X 1 Fully Re-construction A SPARC Nil * Shifted GTBN Near affected Shifted 10 Meters on GTBN FOB by Safety from Safety Zone 26.9.01 ___ (CLA end) Zone 4 Mangari KingCircle - March 2001 5.80 X 4 Partly Re-construction by Construct SPARC Nil * June, 02 Baba under Mahim affected owner ion by R.U.B. by Safety owner at (Private Zone her own Temple) cost Sr. Name of Location Date of Size of Extent of Proposed Institutional Cost Time No Site/Structure Consultation Structu Impact Treatment Arrangement in Rs Frame by NGO and re PIA (m.) 5 Santoshi KingCircle - March 2001 1.86 X Fully by Re-construction A SPARC Nil * Already Mata Mandir Mahim 2.33 safety shifted in zone space beyond _10m.

OPTIMISATION OF CENTRAL LINE 6 Shri. Ravi Das Matunga - October 2.7 X 2.7 Fully Re-construction by A+B SPARC Nil * Work in & Sion 2001 affected Temple Committee Progress Shri. by Safety of Residents Nageshwar Zone 7 Devi Mandir (Matunga - October 4.60 X Fully Entrance to be A SPARC Nil * June, 02 Sion) 11/14- 2001 3.90 affected changed towards 15 by Safety road. No shifting Zone 8 Sai Baba (Matunga - October 4.6 X 4.2 Fully Shifted 5 m. from A SPARC Nil * Shifted Sion) 2001 affected existing site. by Safety Financially Zone supported by other Saibaba Comnuittees. 5TH & 6TH LINE BETWEEN KURLA - THANE 9 Shree Shankar Ghatkopar - December 6.50 X Partly Only Entrance A SPARC Nil * June, 02 Vikhroli 2001 11.90 affected needs to be opened by Safety on road side Zone 10 Sai Baba Ghatkopar December 3 X 2.5 Fully Re-construction 30 A SPARC Nil * Complete (East) Near 2001 affected m. from existing d by 15th Booking by site towards slums April Office Project l l 2002. Sr. Name of Location Date of Size of Extent of Proposed Institutional Cost Time No Site/Structure Consultation Structu Impact Treatment Arrangement in Rs Frame by NGO and re PIA (in m.)

11 Hanuman Ghatkopar December 2.5 X 2.5 Partly Shifted 2 m. from A+B SPARC Nil * Work in Mandir (East) Near 2001 affected Safety zone by Progress Booking by Safety Temple Committee Office Zone 12 Sai Baba Mulund - December 0.8 X 0.7 Fully Shifted 10 m. from A SPARC Nil * Shifted Thane (West) 2001 affected Safety Zone by Safety Zone

Note: **The implementation responsibiliht is of the local residents with Railways and SPARC (A) where there is aformal Temple Committee or Trust (B) it would also collaborate Table A.V.2: Applicability of Safeguard Policies to MUTP Sub-Projects

Sub-Project Environmental Cultural Natural Habitat Involuntary Coastal Regulation Assessment Property OP 4.04 Resettlement OP 4.30 OP 4.01 OP 4.11* Railway Transport Component . 1. Optimization of Suburban Yes Yes No Yes No Services 2. 5th & 6th Lines - Kurla -Thane Yes Yes No Yes No 3. 5th Line Mahim-Borivali Yes No No Yes No 4. BVQR Yes No Yes Yes Yes 5. DC to AC Conversion Yes No No No No 6. Procurement of Rolling Stock No No No No No Road Transport Component 1 JVLR Yes Yes No Yes No 2 ROBs Yes Yes No Yes No 3. SCLR Yes To be Decided No Yes No 4. Pedestrian Subways Yes To be Decided No No No 5. SATIS Yes To be Decided No To be decided No 6. ATC and TM No No No No No 7. Procurement of Buses No No No No No R & R Component 1. Transit Housing Yes No No Yes Yes 2. Permanent Housing Option A Yes No No Yes No Option B Yes No No Yes No Option C Yes No No Yes No Overall Assessment Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

* Cultural Properhy assessment is donefor only Firstyear projects.