DOCSLIB.ORG

Nile Basin Capacity Building Network 'NBCBN' River Morphology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nile Basin Capacity Building Network 'NBCBN' River Morphology Nile Basin Capacity Building Network ‘NBCBN’ River Morphology Research Cluster GROUP III WATERSHED EROSION AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT Survey of Literature and Data Inventory in Watershed Erosion and Sediments Transport BY Mr. Longin Ndorimana Mr. Astere Nindamutsa Dr. Samy Abdel-Fattah Saad Dr. Bayou Chane Dr. Ahmed Khalid Eldaw Dr. Hassan Fadul Dr. Osman Mohammed Naggar Coordinated By: Dr. Kamaleldin Bashar, Scientific Advisor: Prof. G. J. Klaassen, UNESCO-IHE 2005 NBCBN / River morphology Research Cluster EXCUTIVE SUMMARY Many parts of the Nile Basin are witnessing soil degradation and loss associated with erosion resulting from over exploitation of forests and vegetation cover. This is particularly severe in the Ethiopian highlands as well as in the Equatorial region. The arid and semi-arid regions of the basin are now experiencing serious environmental degradation and spread of desertification. Research is needed in watershed erosion and sediment transport to deal with problems such as: (1) increase of losses in soil & water; (2) increase of sediment deposition in reservoirs; (3) increase of sediment entering irrigation canals; (4) prediction in changes in river morphology; (5) evaluation of practical methods to conserve soil and water; (6) minimizing sediment transported by irrigation canals (7) appropriate sediment measuring techniques; (8) deterioration of quality of water. The overall aim of this research area is to provide Capacity Building in Watershed Erosion and Sediment Transport, in the Nile Basin Countries involved, to sustainably manage the water resources of the Basin. Considering the boundary conditions imposed by the time limit and budget constraints, the first phase proposed for this research was a survey of the literature and data inventory in water shed erosion and sediment transport. The objectives of this research proposal are: 1/ review and synthesize available data [their sources, availability, extend and quality); 2/ identification of gaps and/or new data needed and 3/ elaborate appropriate regional database network. Four countries are involved, viz: Burundi, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan. Sudan will be the regional coordinator. It has been agreed on a number of activities as shown by the following matrix (L being the Lead Country and M Being the Member Country): Activity Matrix Activity Burundi Egypt Ethiopia Sudan Surveying the Literature in Sediment Yield M M L Surveying the Literature in Soil Conservation M M L M Measures Inventory of Sediment Transport Data M M M L Collection of Studies in Sediment Transport M M M L Inventory of Data on Sediment Load M M M L (including reservoir data) Comparison of Measuring Techniques M L M M Preparation of Report M M M L Results Phase ( 1) During Phase 1 the activities have concentrated on a survey of the literature and data inventory on both watershed erosion and sediment transport in the Nile basin. • Review and synthesize available data [their sources, availability, extend and quality); Watershed Erosion and Sediment Transport i NBCBN / River morphology Research Cluster • Identification of gaps in knowledge and data available and/or identify need for additional data collection • Elaborate appropriate regional database network. • Description of measuring methods and techniques for sediment transport in rivers which has resulted in the following products to be included in the Phase 1 report: • Survey of the literature on sediment yield • Survey of the literature in soil conservation measures • Inventory of sediment transport data • Collection of studies in sediment transport • Inventory of data on sediment load (including reservoir data) • Comparison of sediment measuring techniques Future Research Plans • Setting up and preparation of data base(s) on sediment yield and sediment transport in the Nile basin • Assessment of sediment yield in selected areas using remote sensing and GIS • Estimation of sediment from sand encroachment and gully erosion • Proposing more improved sediment transport measurement techniques • Cooperation with other activities like FRIEND/NILE is considered, in particular for the data base part. Watershed Erosion and Sediment Transport ii NBCBN / River morphology Research Cluster TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Why need for research in Watershed Erosion and Sediment Transport?............................... 2 1.2.1 Increase of Losses in Soil & Water............................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Increase of Sediment Deposition in Reservoirs ............................................................ 2 1.2.3 Increasing of Sediment Entering Irrigation Canals ....................................................... 2 1.2.4 Prediction of River Morphology ................................................................................... 2 1.2.5 Evaluation of Practical Methods to Conserve Soil and Water ...................................... 3 1.2.6 Minimizing Sediment Transported by Irrigation Canals............................................... 3 1.2.7 Appropriate Sediment Measuring Techniques.............................................................. 3 1.2.8 Deterioration of Quality of Water ................................................................................. 3 1.3 Research Objectives............................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Work Group........................................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Work Plan.............................................................................................................................. 5 1.5.1 Activities and Role of Member Countries..................................................................... 5 1.5.2 Activity Matrix.............................................................................................................. 5 1.5.3 Surveying the Literature in Sediment Yield.................................................................. 5 1.5.4 Surveying the Literature in Soil Conservation Measures.............................................. 5 1.5.5 Inventory of Sediment Transport Data.......................................................................... 6 1.5.6 Collection of Studies in Sediment Transport ................................................................ 6 1.5.7 Inventory of Data on Sediment Load (including Reservoir Data) ................................ 6 1.5.8 Comparison of Measuring Techniques.......................................................................... 6 1.5.9 Carrying Special Type of Sediment Transport.............................................................. 7 1.5.10 Preparation of the Report .............................................................................................. 8 1.6 Output .................................................................................................................................... 9 2 LITERATUR REVIEW............................................................................................................... 10 2.1 SURVEYING THE LITERATURE IN SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES............... 10 2.1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 10 2.1.2 Soil Erosion................................................................................................................. 10 2.1.3 What is Conservation? ................................................................................................ 10 2.1.4 Causes of Soil Erosion ................................................................................................ 10 2.1.5 Soil and Water Conservation in Selected Countries in the Nile Basin: ...................... 12 2.1.6 Soil and climate types ................................................................................................. 17 2.1.7 Types of erosion.......................................................................................................... 18 2.1.8 Measuring of Soil Erosion........................................................................................... 18 2.1.9 Erosion Control Measures........................................................................................... 19 2.1.10 Run-Off Control Measures for Soil Conservation ...................................................... 20 2.1.11 River (or stream) bank erosion control........................................................................ 22 2.1.12 Maintenance ................................................................................................................ 25 2.2 SURVEYING THE LITERATURE IN SEDIMENT TRANSPORT ................................. 25 2.2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 25 2.2.2 Bed Load Transport Rate ............................................................................................ 26 2.2.3 Suspended Load Transport Rates................................................................................ 26 2.2.4 Total Load Transport Rates........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Entanglements of Modernity, Colonialism and Genocide Burundi and Rwanda in Historical-Sociological Perspective
    UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS Entanglements of Modernity, Colonialism and Genocide Burundi and Rwanda in Historical-Sociological Perspective Jack Dominic Palmer University of Leeds School of Sociology and Social Policy January 2017 Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is their own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. ©2017 The University of Leeds and Jack Dominic Palmer. The right of Jack Dominic Palmer to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by Jack Dominic Palmer in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would firstly like to thank Dr Mark Davis and Dr Tom Campbell. The quality of their guidance, insight and friendship has been a huge source of support and has helped me through tough periods in which my motivation and enthusiasm for the project were tested to their limits. I drew great inspiration from the insightful and constructive critical comments and recommendations of Dr Shirley Tate and Dr Austin Harrington when the thesis was at the upgrade stage, and I am also grateful for generous follow-up discussions with the latter. I am very appreciative of the staff members in SSP with whom I have worked closely in my teaching capacities, as well as of the staff in the office who do such a great job at holding the department together.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Isiah Brandt Sumner-Fredericksburg High School Sumner, IA Burundi, Factor 20
    Isiah Brandt Sumner-Fredericksburg High School Sumner, IA Burundi, Factor 20: Farm to Market Burundi: Building roads for produce to be transported “Now, 50 years after the beginning of the Green Revolution, we again need Dr. Borlaug’s legacy and leadership. For in the coming decades we must confront the single greatest challenge in all human history: whether we can sustainably feed the more than 9 billion people who will be on our planet by the year 2050. Greater than going to the moon; greater than preventing nuclear war; greater than curing cancer, I would argue it is the most difficult issue we've ever confronted." -World Food Prize President Ambassador Kenneth Quinn Why are people hungry today? In a time of prosperity, why are people hungry? The technology and information are available to have a very efficient and prosperous world, but people are still hungry. How can we utilize what we have to prevent poverty? Why aren’t we? There are barriers. The barriers must be knocked down. People are preventing themselves from having a prosperous country by putting up barriers for themselves. This is what Burundi’s government has done for its people. A lot of the barriers were not formed for what they are currently doing, but the government has done very little to remove them. They know about them, but why is nothing still being done? Is there an answer? Do they know the question? From my prospective, the question is; why are people still hungry? Steps may be taken to solve the problem or question.
    [Show full text]
  • Burundi / Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF)
    Republic of Burundi / Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF) Burundi Diagnostic Trade Integration Study (DTIS) Update Volume 1 – Main report July 2012 Acknowledgements At the request of the Government of Burundi, the World Bank took the leading role in the preparation of this DTIS Update. The core members of the team were: Ferdinand Bararuzunza (local networks and stakeholder consultations); Olivier Cadot (non-tariff measures); Antoine Coste (trade performance analysis, sectoral case studies); Charles Kunaka and Philippe Lambrecht (trade facilitation and logistics), and Smita Wagh (financial services). The task team leader of the report is Nora Dihel. Background papers and other inputs were also provided by Aurélien Beko (informal sector); Joseph Butoyi (horticultural sector survey); Matthew Harber (trade data analysis); Jean-Pascal Nganou and Calvin Zebaze Djiofack (NTBs); Kabemba Lusinde Wa Lusangi (investment climate and tourism), and Jumaine Hussein (coffee), Ian Mills (regional integration), Ana Margarida Fernandes and Ingo Borchert (data on Burundi’s services trade barriers). Moreover, the analysis in the report greatly benefited from very helpful comments and feedback provided by Paul Brenton, Hannah Messerli, Jacques Morisset, Jean- Pascal Nganou and Barbara Rippel, among others. The DTIS update was elaborated in close cooperation with counterparts in the Burundian government, including the EIF Coordinator Léonard Ntibagirirwa and Youssouf Kone at the Ministry of Trade and Industry, who prepared an evaluation of the implementation of the first Action Matrix, administered the regulatory survey on professional services and provided comments on the results of the DEC Survey on services barriers. The DTIS update team would also like to thank the numerous stakeholders from the public and private sectors who provided helpful insights during the team missions undertaken in 2011 and early 2012, the workshop on preliminary results organized in November 2011 and the validation workshop organized in July 2012 in Bujumbura.
    [Show full text]
  • Burundi Final Report 1Feb17
    FINAL REPORT RFS N. 2015/367563 1.1 REPUBLIC OF BURUNDI 1.1.1 Legal 1.1.1.1 International Law The Constitution of Burundi deals with the issue of international treaties and agreements in sections 290 to 294. The section relevant to this study are section 290 and 292: Section 290 stipulates that specific treaties may only be ratified by virtue of law, i.e. must be approved by Parliament and section 292 indicates when a treaty enters into force and provides for reservations to the signing of a treaty should it be in contradiction to the Constitution. The process for ratification of an international agreement in Burundi is as follows: The Line Ministry negotiates an international agreement that falls within its mandate; The Line Ministry compiles the law for the ratification of the agreement (“project de loi”); The law is submitted to the Ministry of International Relations who compiles an instrument of ratification; The law and the Instrument of Ratification is submitted to the Ministry of Justice who provides a legal opinion on it; The bill, the instrument of ratification and the opinion are submitted to Cabinet for approval; After approval, Cabinet submits the Bill, the Instrument of Ratification and the Opinion to the Assembly for its approval; After approval by the Senate, the President approves the bill and the instrument of ratification after which it is formally ratified. Burundi does not need to ratify EAC laws, but they do have to amend their national laws if the national laws contradict the EAC law. The VLM MOU as well as the MCBRTA is drafted as a multilateral agreement, which facilitate easier implementation in the Tripartite Region but in the case of Burundi, it will complicate the implementation process as the agreements will have to be ratified in accordance with the process described above.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Knowledge in Refugee Camps
    UNESCO activities for the support to youth centres and cultural groups in post-conflict refugee camps for transmitting intangible cultural knowledge in view of a sustainable repatriation UNESCO Field Office Dar es Salaam, CLT Traditional Knowledge in Refugee Camps The Case of Burundian Refugees in Tanzania Dr. Marie-Aude Fouéré Drum performance in Kanembwa refugee camp, Tanzania, at the beginning of a story-telling session Traditional Knowledge in Refugee Camps The Case of Burundian Refugees in Tanzania 2 Table of Contents Abbreviations 5 Glossary 6 Acknowledgments 7 Introduction 8 1. Traditional Knowledge in Refugee Camps in Tanzania 8 2. Historical Background 9 3. Repatriation and Reintegration of Refugees in Burundi 10 4. Kibondo Refugee Camps in Tanzania 11 I Traditional Knowledge in Burundian Refugee Camps 13 1. The Preservation of Burundian Traditional Knowledge 13 Informal Traditional Knowledge Formal Transmission of Performing Arts 2. Changes in Traditional Cultural Knowledge 17 Oral Traditions and Expressions Knowledge and Practices concerning Nature Cultural Norms: The Challenge of Male Position of Authority 3. Roots of Changes in Traditional Cultural Knowledge 20 The Genocide and the Experience of Exile Organization and Structure of Refugee Camps Humanitarian and Development Programs Globalisation in Refugee Camps Conclusion 23 II Socio-Cultural Challenges to Reintegration in Burundi 24 1. The First Stages of Return of Burundian Refugees 24 Facilitated Repatriation Arrival in the Colline (hill area) 2. A Two-Faceted Reintegration of Returnees 25 A Smooth Re-Adaptation to the Community An Obvious Reluctance to Discuss the Genocide Factors of Suspicion in the Colline : Former Rebels, Land Issue and International Aid 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Distr. GENERAL UNCTAD/LDC/90 3 August 1994 Original: ENGLISH
    Distr. GENERAL UNCTAD/LDC/90 3 August 1994 Original: ENGLISH ENGLISH AND FRENCH ONLY UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT TRANSIT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN EAST AND CENTRAL AFRICA Issues, actions and constraints Report prepared by Mr. Alex Rugamba and Stephen Wainaina UNCTAD consultants* __________ * The views expressed in this study are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNCTAD secretariat or of any official administration. The designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimination of its frontiers or boundaries. GE.94-53283 (E) -2- CONTENTS Paragraphs I. Overview of the transit transport situation in East Africa ................ 1-15 General information ................ 1-15 II. Transit transport systems: actions and policies at the national level ........... 16-156 A. Kenya ..................... 16-69 1. Transit routes............... 16 (a) General information.......... 16 (b) Road routes.............. 16 (c) Rail routes.............. 16 (d) Airfreight services.......... 16 2. Transit infrastructure and facilities . 17 - 36 (a) Roads................. 17-22 (b) Rail routes.............. 23-26 (c) Port of Mombasa............ 27-34 (d) Inland container depots........ 35 (e) Oil pipeline ............. 36 3. Customs facilities and arrangements .... 37-48 4. Airfreight services ............ 49-53 5. Actions by the Government and national institutions................ 54-69 (a) Port of Mombasa............ 54-58 (b) Rail services............. 59-63 (c) Road services............. 64-67 (d) Oil pipeline ............. 68 (e) Airfreight services.........
    [Show full text]
  • Burundi Structural Adjustment and Development Issues Background
    ReportNo. 6754-BU Burundi StructuralAdjustment and Development Issues BackgroundPapers Public Disclosure Authorized January20,1988 DivisionAF3CO South-Centraland Indian Ocean Department AfricaRegion FOR OFFICIALUSE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Documentof the WorldBank Thisdocument has a restricteddistribution and may be usedby recipients onlyin the performanceof theirofficial duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosedwithou; World Bank authorization. Currency Equivalents and Units Currency unit = B.rundi Franc (FBu) Exchange rate = US$ 1.00 = FBu 114.17 (Annual average 1986) = FBu 123.12 (Average Jan.-Nov. 1987) = SDR 1.00 = FBu 134.08 (Annual average 1986) FBu 159.50 (Average Jan.-Nov.1987) Standards = Metric system Fiscal Year - January 1 to December 31 Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms ADF African Develcpment Fund BCC Burundi Coffee Company BEI Development Budget BNDE National Bank for Economic Development BO Ordinary budget BRB Bank of the Republic of BurunJi (central bank) CADEBU Burundi Savings Bank CCI Chamber of Commerce and Industry COGERCO Company for the Management of the Cotton sector COOPEC Rural Cooperative of Credit COTEBU Textile Company of Bujumbura CPI Center for Industrial Promotion EDF European Development Fund FP Family Planning FWA Fully Washed Arabica (coffee) IEC Information/EducationCampaign ICA International Coffee Association IDA International Development Association IMF International Monetary Fund ISABU Agronomic Sciences Institute
    [Show full text]
  • International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi: Final Report]1 2
    [International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi: Final Report]1 2 Contents Part I: Introduction I. Creation of the Commission II. The Commission’s Mandate III. General Methodology IV. Activities of the Commissions A. 1995 B. 1996 V. Difficulties in the Commission’s Work A. The time elapsed since the events under investigation B. Ethnic polarization in Burundi C. The security situation in Burundi D. Inadequacy of resources VI. Acknowledgements VII. Documents and Recordings Part II: Background I. Geographical Summary of Burundi II. Population III. Administrative Organization IV. Economic Summary V. Historical Summary VI. The Presidency of Melchior Ndadaye VII. Events After the Assassination Part III: Investigation of the Assassination I. Object of the Inquiry II. Methodology III. Access to Evidence IV. Work of the Commission V. The Facts According to Witnesses A. 3 July 1993 B. 10 July 1993 C. 11 October 1993 1 Note: This title is derived from information found at Part I:1:2 of the report. No title actually appears at the top of the report. 2 Posted by USIP Library on: January 13, 2004 Source Name: United Nations Security Council, S/1996/682; received from Ambassador Thomas Ndikumana, Burundi Ambassador to the United States Date received: June 7, 2002 D. Monday, 18 October 1993 E. Tuesday, 19 October 1993 F. Wednesday, 20 October 1993 G. Thursday, 21 October 1993, Midnight to 2 a.m. H. Thursday, 21 October 1993, 2 a.m. to 6 a.m. I. Thursday, 21 October 1993, 6 a.m. to noon J. Thursday, 21 October 1993, Afternoon VI. Analysis of Testimony VII.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Tanganyika: Turning Corridors Into Sustainable Opportunities
    Lake Tanganyika: turning corridors into sustainable opportunities Commissioned by the Netherlands Enterprise Agency Lake Tanganyika: turning corridors into sustainable opportunities A study on maritime corridor development at Lake Tanganyika Lake Tanganyika: turning corridors into sustainable opportunities A study on maritime corridor development at Lake Tanganyika Commissioned by the Netherlands Enterprise Agency Rotterdam, 2021 Authors: Maurice Jansen Niels van Saase Susan Vermeulen Michael Dooms Freeman Dickie Geoffrey Ngombo Mwango Juliette Watiku Nyerere Table of contents List of figures ................................................................................................................................................. 2 List of tables .................................................................................................................................................. 3 List of images ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 List of abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Executive summary ....................................................................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No.7848-BU Public Disclosure Authorized STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT REPUBLIC OF BURUNDI Public Disclosure Authorized TRANSPORT SECTOR PROJECT FEBRUARY 28, 1990 Public Disclosure Authorized Infrastructure Operations Division South-Central and Indian Ocean Department Africa Region Public Disclosure Authorized This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. Currency Eqauavlent Currency Unit Burundi Franc (F6u) USS 1 FBu 156 !ejjhte and Measures 1 kilometer (km) = e.62 mile 1 quare kilometer(k*2) a e.a86 sq.ile Oloeary of Abbreovtiotnsand Acronym AfDB Aft Scan Development Baitk AGCD Adm.nistration GAn6rale de la Coop6ration au D6veloppoment (Belgian Aid Agency) BEI Budget Extreordinaire et d'Inveetistsment (Investment Budget) sO Budget Ordinaire (Recurrent BudGet) BRB Banque de la R&publique du Burundi (Central Bank) CCCE Caisse Centrale de Coop6ratton Economique (French Aid Agency) CGR Cellule do Gestion Routire (Road Planning Unit) CIF Cost Insurance Fret DAF Direction Administrative et Financi4re(Department of Administration and Finance) DOR Direction G6n6raledes Routes (General Directorate for Roads) DOT Direction On6raledesTransports, Postes etT4l6communications (Gerkeral Directorate for Transport, Posts and Telecommunications) DSm Dar-es-Sa leam DTE Direction Technique do I'Exploitation (Department of Maintenance) DTEC DirectionTechnique
    [Show full text]
  • SSATP Annual Meeting 2005 November 2005 – Bamako, Mali
    Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program SSATP Working Paper No. 81 SSATP Annual Meeting 2005 November 2005 – Bamako, Mali Africa Region January 2006 World Bank SSATP Working Paper No. 81 SSATP 2005 Annual Meeting Bamako, Mali January 2005 ACRONYMS AfDB African Development Bank AGETU Agence des transports urbains ARMFA African Road Maintenance Funds Association ARTTA African Rural Travel and Transport Association ASANRA Association of Southern African National Road Agencies ATS Appropriate Transport Services CETUD Conseil exécutif des transports urbains de Dakar CICOS Commission Internationale du Bassin Congo-Oubangui-Sangha COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CSIR Council of Scientific and Industrial Research DfID UK Department for International Development EAC East African Community ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EU European Union FESARTA Federation of Eastern and Southern African Road Transport Associations FIA Fédération internationale de l’automobile GDP Gross Domestic Product GNP Gross National Product GRSP Global Road Safety Partnership ICT Information and Communication Technologies IFRTD International Forum for Rural Transport and development IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development INRETS Institut national de recherche sur les transports et leur sécurité ISTED Institut des Sciences et des Techniques de l'Équipement et de l'Environne ment pour le Développement LAMATA Lagos Area Metropolitan Transport Authority LTDP Long Term Development
    [Show full text]
  • Country Reports
    Organized by Funded by Mekong Institute (MI) Thailand International Cooperation Agency (TICA) International Training Program on Green Freight and Logistics Development May 20 - 31, 2019 Country Reports Mekong Institute (MI) Khon Kaen, Thailand Table of Contents 1. Azerbaijan ......................................................................................................................... 3 2. Bangladesh ....................................................................................................................... 7 3. Burundi ........................................................................................................................... 12 4. Ethiopia........................................................................................................................... 15 5. Malaysia .......................................................................................................................... 18 6. Mauritius ......................................................................................................................... 29 7. Mexico ............................................................................................................................ 32 8. Mongolia ......................................................................................................................... 36 9. Morocco.......................................................................................................................... 44 10. Myanmar ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]