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Welding Inspection and Metallurgy

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Welding Inspection and Metallurgy Welding Inspection and Metallurgy API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 577 FIRST EDITION, OCTOBER 2004 --`,````,,,``,````,,,,,,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Reproduced by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 12/07/2005 14:51:07 MST --`,````,,,``,````,,,,,,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Reproduced by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 12/07/2005 14:51:07 MST Welding Inspection and Metallurgy Downstream Segment API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 577 FIRST EDITION, OCTOBER 2004 --`,````,,,``,````,,,,,,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Reproduced by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 12/07/2005 14:51:07 MST SPECIAL NOTES API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic- ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed. API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers to warn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or fed- eral laws. Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to par- ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer or supplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet. Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or prod- uct covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be con- strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent. Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every --`,````,,,``,````,,,,,,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- five years. Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this review cycle. This publication will no longer be in effect five years after its publication date as an operative API standard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republication. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards department telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications, programs and services is published annually and updated biannually by API, and available through Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inv- erness Way East, M/S C303B, Englewood, CO 80112-5776. This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri- ate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com- ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of the Standards department, American Petro- leum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should be addressed to the Director, Business Services. API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer- ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply- ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices. Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod- ucts do in fact conform to the applicable API standard. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Copyright ©2004 American Petroleum Institute Copyright American Petroleum Institute Reproduced by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 12/07/2005 14:51:07 MST FOREWORD API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to API, Standards department, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, [email protected]. --`,````,,,``,````,,,,,,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- iii Copyright American Petroleum Institute Reproduced by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 12/07/2005 14:51:07 MST --`,````,,,``,````,,,,,,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Reproduced by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 12/07/2005 14:51:07 MST CONTENTS Page 1 SCOPE . 1 2 REFERENCES . 1 2.1 Codes and Standards . 1 2.2 Other References . 1 3 DEFINITIONS. 2 4WELDING INSPECTION . 4 4.1 General . 4 4.2 Tasks Prior to Welding. 4 4.3 Tasks during Welding Operations . 6 4.4 Tasks Upon Completion of Welding . 7 4.5 Non-conformances and Defects . 8 4.6 NDE Examiner Certification . 8 4.7 Safety Precautions . 9 5WELDING PROCESSES . 9 5.1 General . 9 5.2 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) . 9 5.3 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). 9 5.4 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). 11 5.5 Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW). 11 5.6 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) . 14 5.7 Stud Arc Welding (SW) . 14 6WELDING PROCEDURE . 14 6.1 General . 14 6.2 Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) . 17 6.3 Procedure Qualification Record (PQR). 17 6.4 Reviewing a WPS and PQR. 18 7WELDING MATERIALS . 19 7.1 General . 19 7.2 P-number Assignment to Base Metals . 19 7.3 F-number Assignment to Filler Metals . 19 7.4 AWS Classification of Filler Metals . 19 7.5 A-number . 19 7.6 Filler Metal Selection. 20 7.7 Consumable Storage and Handling . 20 8WELDER QUALIFICATION . 20 8.1 General . 20 8.2 Welder Performance Qualification (WPQ) . 20 8.3 Reviewing a WPQ . 20 9 NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION . 21 9.1 Discontinuities . 21 9.2 Materials Identification . 26 v --`,````,,,``,````,,,,,,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Reproduced by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 12/07/2005 14:51:07 MST Page 9.3 Visual Examination (VT). 26 9.4 Magnetic Particle Examination (MT) . 27 9.5 Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) . 36 9.6 Liquid Penetrant Examination (PT) . 36 9.7 Eddy Current Inspection (ET) . 37 9.8 Radiographic Inspection (RT) . 37 9.9 Ultrasonic Inspection (UT) . 49 9.10 Hardness Testing . 54 9.11 Pressure and Leak Testing (LT). 54 9.12 Weld Inspection Data Recording. 54 10 METALLURGY . 55 10.1 General . 55 10.2 The Structure of Metals and Alloys . 55 10.3 Physical Properties . 58 --`,````,,,``,````,,,,,,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 10.4 Mechanical Properties . 59 10.5 Preheating . 61 10.6 Post-weld Heat Treatment . ..
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