DOCSLIB.ORG

The Characteristic of Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) and Its Application for Cladding

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Characteristic of Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) and Its Application for Cladding Faculty of Technology The Characteristic of Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) and its application For Cladding Nelson Edoh Imoudu Master’s thesis in Technology and Safety in the High North, June 2017 i Table of Contents Basic Definition ...................................................................................................................................... vi Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. ix 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Background .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Motivation for the Research Project ................................................................................ 3 1.1.2 Research Question ........................................................................................................... 4 1.1.3 Research Purpose and Objectives .................................................................................... 4 1.1.4 Research Outline ............................................................................................................. 4 2 Research Methodology ................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Research Purpose .................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Research Approach .................................................................................................................. 6 2.3 Research Strategy .................................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Data Collection ........................................................................................................................ 7 2.5 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 8 3 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................................... 9 3.1 Welding Processes ................................................................................................................... 9 3.1.1 Laser light ........................................................................................................................ 9 3.1.2 Laser Welding ............................................................................................................... 10 3.1.3 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding – GTAW ........................................................................... 11 3.1.4 Gas Metal Arc Welding – GMAW ................................................................................ 11 3.1.5 Typical Hardfacing Materials ........................................................................................ 13 3.2 CMT – Cold Metal Transfer .................................................................................................. 15 3.2.1 CMT Pulse ..................................................................................................................... 17 3.2.2 CMT Advanced ............................................................................................................. 18 3.2.3 CMT Pulse Advance ..................................................................................................... 19 3.2.4 CMT Dynamic ............................................................................................................... 20 3.3 The Use of CMT process in Cladding ................................................................................... 20 3.4 Synergic Lines ....................................................................................................................... 22 3.4.1 CMT – Process Correction Parameters ......................................................................... 23 3.4.2 Wire Feed Speed ........................................................................................................... 24 3.4.3 Welding Power .............................................................................................................. 24 3.4.4 Shielding Gas ................................................................................................................ 25 3.5 Pros and Cons of CMT Cladding .......................................................................................... 26 ii 3.6 The Major Characteristics Distinguishing CMT from the GMWA conventional Welding Process. ............................................................................................................................................. 26 3.7 Pros and Cons of CMT/Conventional Welding process ........................................................ 27 3.7.1 The Limitation of CMT process .................................................................................... 27 3.8 Weld Bead Geometries .......................................................................................................... 28 3.8.1 Weld Imperfections and Defects ................................................................................... 29 3.8.2 Weld Bead Humping ..................................................................................................... 29 3.9 Failure Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 31 3.9.1 FTA – Fault Tree Analysis ............................................................................................ 31 4 Equipment and Experiment .......................................................................................................... 33 4.1 CMT Welding Equipment ..................................................................................................... 33 4.2 Experiment 1 ......................................................................................................................... 34 4.2.1 Test 1: Weaving on top of mild steel, Synergy line 1357 ............................................. 35 4.2.2 Test 2: Stringer motion, Single and Adjacent beads, Synergy line 1357 ...................... 36 4.2.3 Test 3: Stringer Motion, adjacent beads on top of Mild Steel, 1357 ............................. 37 4.2.4 Test 4 Single Bead, line 1657 ........................................................................................ 38 4.2.5 Test 5 Line 1657, MAG, MAG-Pulse, Mison 18 .......................................................... 40 4.3 Experiment 2 ......................................................................................................................... 42 4.3.1 Test Methods ................................................................................................................. 43 5 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................................. 47 5.1 Experiment 1 ......................................................................................................................... 47 5.2 Experiment 2 ......................................................................................................................... 48 5.3 Case study of fault tree analysis for cladding process ........................................................... 50 6 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 53 6.1 Corocarb Ni-WC facing ........................................................................................................ 53 6.2 Inconel 625 ............................................................................................................................ 53 7 Research Contribution .................................................................................................................. 54 8 Suggestion for further research ..................................................................................................... 55 Works cited ........................................................................................................................................... 56 iii List of Tables Table 1: Different kind of research purposes adapted from Neuman (2003) .......................................... 6 Table 2 : Arc Characteristic values. ........................................................................................................ 8 Table 3 – Hardfacing materials and properties, adapted from DEARNLEY (1988) ........................... 13 Table 4 – Pros and cons of CMT/Conventional welding process. ........................................................ 27 Table 5 – Shielding gas recommended .................................................................................................. 34 Table 6 – Parameter of test 1 ................................................................................................................. 35 Table 7 – Test 2 data stringer movement. ............................................................................................. 36 Table 8 –Test 3 parameter of adjacent bead on top of mild steel, 1357 ................................................ 38 Table 9 – Parameter test of single bead on top of mild steel of 20mm (80mm).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources
    Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources 1502 West Washington, Phoenix, AZ 85007 Phone (602) 255-3795 1-800-446-4259 in Arizona FAX (602) 255-3777 www.admmr.state.az.us Titanium Circular 9, August 1982 by Michael N Greeley, Mining Engineer Titanium is a lightweight metal that is virtually as strong as steel. As our technologies and industries have become increasingly sophisticated, demand for this relatively scarce, but highly desirable metal has increased rapidly. This information circular is written to acquaint the prospector and miner with titanium and its uses. A resume of typical geologic environments and production possibilities in Arizona is given. Uses phisticated needs will vie for a greater share of the The largest market for titanium is in the manufacture world's supply of this unique metal. of pigments. Because of its high refractive index, titanium dioxide pigment imparts whiteness, opacity, Geology and Mineralogy and brightness to paints, varnishes, and lacquers. The most important titanium minerals are anatase Titanium pigment is also used greatly in paper coat­ (Ti0 ), ilmenite (FeTi0 ), perovskite (CaTi03), ru- 2 3 ings and as paper fillers. Many plastic products such tile (Ti0 ), sphene (CaTiSiOS), and leucoxene. Leu­ as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene 2 coxene, a mineraloid, is an alteration product of il­ incorporate titanium pigment because of its resis­ menite, from which a portion of the iron has been tance to degradation by ultraviolet light and its leached. Currently the minerals of commercial inter­ chemical inertness. est are ilmenite, leucoxene, and rutile. Production historically has come from three types of deposits: Titanium dioxide pigment and other titanium com­ Beach and stream placers, massive deposits of titani­ pounds are used in many miscellaneous applications, ferous iron ore, and igneous complexes in which ru­ including rubber tires, floor and wall coverings, tile occurs in association with anorthosite and simi­ glass fibers, ceramic capacitors, carbide cutting lar, mafic crystalline rocks.
    [Show full text]
  • Iidentilica2tion and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Identification and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Minerals from the Colorado Plateaus
    IIdentilica2tion and occurrence of uranium and Vanadium Identification and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Minerals From the Colorado Plateaus c By A. D. WEEKS and M. E. THOMPSON A CONTRIBUTION TO THE GEOLOGY OF URANIUM GEOLOGICAL S U R V E Y BULL E TIN 1009-B For jeld geologists and others having few laboratory facilities.- This report concerns work done on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and is published with the permission of the Commission. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE- INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan. Director Reprint, 1957 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Ofice Washington 25, D. C. - Price 25 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 30 31 32 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 , 40 41 42 42 1v CONTENTS Page 46 47 48 49 50 50 51 52 53 54 54 55 56 56 57 58 58 59 62 TABLES TABLE1. Optical properties of uranium minerals ______________________ 44 2. List of mine and mining district names showing county and State________________________________________---------- 60 IDENTIFICATION AND OCCURRENCE OF URANIUM AND VANADIUM MINERALS FROM THE COLORADO PLATEAUS By A. D. WEEKSand M. E. THOMPSON ABSTRACT This report, designed to make available to field geologists and others informa- tion obtained in recent investigations by the Geological Survey on identification and occurrence of uranium minerals of the Colorado Plateaus, contains descrip- tions of the physical properties, X-ray data, and in some instances results of chem- ical and spectrographic analysis of 48 uranium arid vanadium minerals.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Method of the Qualitative Chemical Analysis of Common Cations
    A New Method of the Qualitative Chemical Analysis of Common Cations by Keiichiro MATS UOKA* Introductory A qualitative analysis of inorganic substances is concerned with the methods of determining the species of base-forming and acid-forming constituents that are pre- sent in a substance. A qualitative analysis admits of twofold classification ; one is chemical and the other is physical method. Recent progress has introduced into the physical method many useful instruments and, for this reason, it is possible for the physical method to perform a very minute analysis in the accurate manner. Yet these instruments are regrettably too high to be within the reach of an average chemical laboratory. In any qualitative chemical analysis important procedures are separation, detec- tion and confirmatory test of the obtained result. With this method it is imperative that a very minute and accurate determination should be performed in less time. A chemical method is also divided into two kinds ; dry and wet methods. The former consists of heating test which contains blowpipe test as a sub-class and bead reaction including borax bead test, microscopic bead test, etc. Though the dry method is useful, its main value is derived from being used as a preliminary procedure. The latter method is further divided into four classes as follows. 1. Method by the use of H2S. 2. Method which uses substitutes for H2S. 3. Method which uses organic reagents instead of sulfide. 4. Method which detects each element on an individual basis. Methods in (1), (2) and (3) are systematic separating methods. And method in (1) and (2) are analyses based on the same principle.
    [Show full text]
  • Salt Analysis(Qualitative Inorganic Chemistry)
    AtoZ CHEMISTRY Salt Analysis Salt Analysis(Qualitative Inorganic Chemistry) 1. Solubility & Colour of Compounds 2. Properties of Gases & Compounds Q 1. Which one has the minimum solubility product? Q 1. Zn and Hg metals can be distinguished by using (A) AgCl (B) AlCl3 (A) NaOH (B) HCl (C) BaCl2 (D) NH4Cl (C) Both A & B (D) None of these Q 2. Which of the following sulphate is insoluble in Q 2. Which Metal dissolve in both NH3 & NaOH ? water? (A) Zn (B) Fe (A) CuSO4 (B) CdSO4 (C) Al (D) Pb (C) PbSO4 (D) Bi2(SO4)3 Q 3. Bromine is recognized by its Q 3. Mark the compound which is soluble in Hot (A) Pungent smelling dark red vapours water? (B) Ability to turn FeSO4 solution black (A) Lead Chloride (B) Mercurous chloride (C) Ability to turn starch iodide paper blue (C) Stronsium Sulphate (D) Silver chloride (D) Ability to dissolve in CS2 to give an orange Q 4. Which of the following basic radical is most colour to the organic layer difficult to precipitate? Q 4. Hydrochloric acid gas can be identified by its 3+ 2+ 2+ + (A) Characteristic pungent smell. (A) Fe (B) Cu (C) Ba (D) NH4 (B) Reaction with ammonia to give white fumes Q 5. Which of the following is most soluble in water? of NH4Cl. (A) AgCl (B) AgBr (C) Reaction AgNO3 to give white precipitate (C) AgI (D) AgF insoluble with in NH4OH. Q 6. PbCl2 dissolves in (D) Reaction with MnO2 to liberate Cl2 gas. (A) NH3 (B) H2O Q 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Welding Inspection and Metallurgy
    Welding Inspection and Metallurgy API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 577 FIRST EDITION, OCTOBER 2004 --`,````,,,``,````,,,,,,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Reproduced by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 12/07/2005 14:51:07 MST --`,````,,,``,````,,,,,,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Reproduced by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 12/07/2005 14:51:07 MST Welding Inspection and Metallurgy Downstream Segment API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 577 FIRST EDITION, OCTOBER 2004 --`,````,,,``,````,,,,,,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Reproduced by IHS under license with API Licensee=YPF/5915794100 No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 12/07/2005 14:51:07 MST SPECIAL NOTES API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic- ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed. API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers to warn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or fed- eral laws. Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to par- ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer or supplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet. Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or prod- uct covered by letters patent.
    [Show full text]
  • TDC Part I Paper I, Group B Inorganic Chemistry Department of Chemistry
    TDC Part I Paper I, Group B Inorganic Chemistry Department of Chemistry L.S COLLEGE MUZAFFARPUR B. R. A. BIHAR UNIVERSITY Dr. Priyanka TOPIC: - p-block group 13 Oxides, oxoacids and hydroxides Oxides, oxoacids and hydroxides Trioxides of all elements (M2O3) are known Thallium forms the monoxide. On moving down the group, the basicity of the oxide increases along with increase in metallic character of the element. Thus B2O3 is acidic, Al2O3 and Ga2O3 amphoteric while In2O3 and Tl2O3 are basic. Tl2O is strongly basic; it dissolves in water forming TlOH, which is as strong a base as KOH. B2O3 is obtained by direct combination or by dehydration of boric acid. 2B + 3O2 B2O3 1000C red heat 2H3BO3 2HBO2 B2O3 Orthoboric acid -2H2O metaboric acid -H2O Being the oxide of a non-metal it is acidic in nature. It is the anhydride of boric acid. When fused with metal oxides or salts it forms metaborates. The metaborates of transition metals have characteristic colours and form the basis of borax-bead test of identification of metals. CoO + B2O3 Co(BO2)2 deep blue CuSO4 + B2O3 Cu(BO2)2 +SO3 Blue Cr2O3 + 3B2O3 2Cr(BO2)3 Green However when B2O3 is treated with strongly acidic compounds like phosphorus pentoxide, it is forced to behave as a base. B2O3 + P2O5 2BPO4 Aluminium oxide occurs in nature as bauxite and corundum and also as gemstones – ruby, emerald, sapphire etc. the colour is due to transition metal ions like iron, chromium, titanium etc. Anhydrous aluminium oxide exists in two forms- α-Al2O3 and r- Al2O3.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of the Risk to Consumers from Borates and the Impact of Potential Restrictions on Their Marketing and Use
    Ref. Ares(2014)76743 - 15/01/2014 Assessment of the Risk to Consumers from Borates and the Impact of Potential Restrictions on their Marketing and Use Final Report prepared for European Commission DG Enterprise and Industry RPA November 2008 Assessment of the Risk to Consumers from Borates and the Impact of Potential Restrictions on their Marketing and Use Final Report – November 2008 prepared for European Commission Directorate-General Enterprise and Industry by Risk & Policy Analysts Limited, Farthing Green House, 1 Beccles Road, Loddon, Norfolk, NR14 6LT, UK Tel: +44 1508 528465 Fax: +44 1508 520758 Email: [email protected] Web: www.rpaltd.co.uk RPA REPORT – ASSURED QUALITY Project: Ref/Title J612/Borates In accordance with the Project Specifications and Approach: associated discussions with the Commission Report Status: Final Report Prepared by: Pete Floyd, Director Tobe Nwaogu, Senior Consultant Nigel Tuffnell, Consultant Approved for issue by: Pete Floyd, Director Date: 25 November 2008 If printed by RPA, this report is published on chlorine free, 100% recycled paper. While RPA considers that the information and opinions given in this report are sound, the report is based on assumptions and information that are subject to uncertainties. Due to such uncertainties and because events may not occur as expected, there is a possibility that the results presented in this report will be different from situations which occur in the future. This report has been prepared for the client in accordance with the associated contract and RPA will accept no liability for any loss or damage arising out of the provision of the report to third parties.
    [Show full text]
  • Dry Tests Physical Examination in Physical
    www.thechemistryguru.com 1 Dry Tests Physical Examination In physical examination of compound colour, smell, density etc, are observed. Physical Examination Observation Inference (A) colour of Compound 2+ 2 (i) Blue, Whose aqueous Hydrated salts of Cu (except CO3 solution is also blue. and Cl-) (ii) Blue, Whose aqueous Anhydrous salts of cobalt solution is pink (iii) Colourless substance Transition metals absent (except some salts of Mn2+) (iv) Green, Whose aqueous Slats of Ni2+, Cr3+ solution is also green and on dilution colour is not changed too much (v) yellow-green, aqueous Salts if Fe2+ solution is light green or almost colourless (vi) Yellow-brown, aqueous Salts of Fe3+ solution is yellow (vii) Violet-pink, aqueous Salts of cobalt solution is pink www.thechemistryguru.com 2 (viii) Black, Substance. CuO, Nio, SnO, FeS, CuS, HgS, PbS, NiS, CoS, CuBr2, Ag2S, Cu2S, MnO2, Fe3O4, FeO, Co3O4, Ni2O3 etc. (ix) Brown Substance CdO, PbO2, SnS, Bi2S3 MnCO3 (pale brown), CuCrO4, SnS. (x) Yellow substance Bi2O3, CdS, SnS2, As2S3, PbI2, Chromates, As2S5, AgI etc. (xi) Red substance Cu2O, HgO, Pb3O4, HgI2 etc. 2 (xii) Orange substance Cr2 O 7 salts, Sb2S3 etc. (xiii) Green substance K2MnO4, Carbonate or Chloride ofCu2+ (xiv) Light pink Hydrated Mn2+ salts (xv) Purple. KMnO4 & other permanganates, some Cr3+ salts. (B) Odour of Compound (i) Ammonical smell NH4 salts (ii) Vinegar like smell Acetates (iii) Like smell from rotten S2- salts. eggs. (C) Density (i) Mixture or salt is heavy Hg and Pb salts (ii) Mixture or salt is light. Salts of Zn, Al, Bi, Ca, Ba, Sr, Mg etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Light Due to Multiple Surface-Plasmon-Polariton Waves
    Pennsylvania State University Engineering Science and Mechanics 2012 ESM TODAY Abstract Book PRESENTATIONS (Presentation) SHAPE-CONTROLLABLE SYNTHESIS OF HYBRID STRUCTURES BY 3D HYDRODYNAMIC FOCUSING METHOD Mengqian Lu , Qingzhen Hao, Ahmad Ahsan Nawaz, Tony Jun Huang Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University Biofunctionalized NEMS Laboratory, the Huang Research Group, PA-16802, USA Micro-/nano- structures (MNS) have shown reaction region contacts the top and bottom walls of potential applications in electronics, materials the microfluidic channels. The aggregation of the science and chemical, physical and biomedical product on the channel wall results in clogging of fields.[1] In micro/nano scale, the size or shape the channels, which substantially reduces the change can affect the materials properties, such as robustness and stability during synthesis process, optical, chemical, electrical properties.[2] and finally causes the failure of the device.[5] Therefore, it is very important to fabricate MNS with uniform size and shape. Three-dimensional (3D) HF method can provide uniform environment both horizontally and Conventional method, which simply mix reagents vertically and confined the reagent streams at the by vortex mixing, is difficult to control the size and center of the channel. Multi-step photolithography shape distribution of the product. During reaction, and assembly protocols have been developed for the addition of reagents, rate of stirring, local fabricating the 3D HF devices. However, these temperature and concentration fluctuations can methods require either tedious assembly of affect the forming process of the product. individual components or multiple alignments and Conventional method cannot make good control of exposures during mold fabrication.
    [Show full text]
  • Welding Processes, Inspection, and Metallurgy API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 577 SECOND THIRD EDITION, MM YYYY BALLOT 1
    Welding Processes, Inspection, and Metallurgy API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 577 SECOND THIRD EDITION, MM YYYY BALLOT 1 WELDING PROCESSES, INSPECTION, AND METALLURGY 2 Special Notes API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed. Neither API nor any of API's employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of API's employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict. API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematic Qualitative Analysis
    UNIT-7 SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS NALYSIS always does not mean breaking of substance into its ultimate constituents. Finding out the nature of substance and identity of Aits constituents is also analysis and is known as qualitative analysis. Qualitative analysis of inorganic salts means the identification of cations and anions present in the salt or a mixture of salts. Inorganic salts may be obtained by complete or partial neutralisation of acid with base or vice-versa. In the formation of a salt, the part contributed by the acid is called anion and the part contributed by the base is called cation. For example, in the salts CuSO4 and 2+ + 2– – NaCl, Cu and Na ions are cations and SO4 and Cl ions are anions. Qualitative analysis is carried out on various scales. Amount of substance employed in these is different. In macro analysis, 0.1 to 0.5 g of substance and about 20 mL of solution is used. For semimicro analysis, 0.05 g substance and 1 mL solution is needed while for micro analysis amount required is very small. Qualitative analysis is carried out through the reactions which are easily perceptible to our senses such as sight and smell. Such reactions involve: (a) Formation of a precipitate (b) Change in colour (c) Evolution of gas etc. Systematic analysis of an inorganic salt involves the following steps: (i) Preliminary examination of solid salt and its solution. (ii) Determination of anions by reactions carried out in solution (wet tests) and confirmatory tests. (iii) Determination of cations by reactions carried out in solution (wet tests) and confirmatory tests.
    [Show full text]
  • Test Methods of Rubber Materials and Products
    TEST METHODS OF RUBBER MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS MATADOR RUBBER S.R.O. Summary Chapter “Rubber Raw Material Testing” describes chemical analyses of raw materials used in the rubber and tyre-making industry. This part is dedicated to a principal explanation of basic determinants in raw material analysis. Such analyses are used primarily to determine basic chemical and physical-chemical constants that are directly related to purity of the used raw materials. The second part describes chemical analyses of vulcanizates. More complex procedures are used and instrumental analytical methods are applied in chemical analyses of vulcanizates. This part explains principles of instrumental analyses used in rubber-making practice. Chapter “Rubber Compound and Vulcanizate Testing” is related to the chapter on “Rubber Raw Material Testing” and provides a comprehensive description of the system of testing rubber compounds, materials and vulcanizates, starting from sampling and testing vessels up to evaluation of test results according to specific standards. The chapter is divided into four parts as follows: • Rubber Compound Testing (determining viscosity, scorching, vulcanization characteristics) • Testing Rheologic Properties of Compounds (rheologic properties of elastomer systems, liquid classification, factors affecting polymer viscosity, rheometry) • Vulcanizate Testing (determining stress-strain properties, hardness, rebound resilience, tear strength, resistance to abrasion, aging test, dynamic tests, adhesion tests) • Dynamical-Mechanical-Thermal Analysis of Vulcanizates Chapter “Laboratory Tyre Testing” discusses measuring and testing tyres in laboratory conditions. Laboratory tests are divided according to two criteria – into specific categories of vehicles (passenger, utility, agricultural and special vehicles) depending on their intended use and into dynamic and static tests depending on the condition of the tyre to be tested.
    [Show full text]