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Test Methods of Rubber Materials and Products

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Test Methods of Rubber Materials and Products TEST METHODS OF RUBBER MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS MATADOR RUBBER S.R.O. Summary Chapter “Rubber Raw Material Testing” describes chemical analyses of raw materials used in the rubber and tyre-making industry. This part is dedicated to a principal explanation of basic determinants in raw material analysis. Such analyses are used primarily to determine basic chemical and physical-chemical constants that are directly related to purity of the used raw materials. The second part describes chemical analyses of vulcanizates. More complex procedures are used and instrumental analytical methods are applied in chemical analyses of vulcanizates. This part explains principles of instrumental analyses used in rubber-making practice. Chapter “Rubber Compound and Vulcanizate Testing” is related to the chapter on “Rubber Raw Material Testing” and provides a comprehensive description of the system of testing rubber compounds, materials and vulcanizates, starting from sampling and testing vessels up to evaluation of test results according to specific standards. The chapter is divided into four parts as follows: • Rubber Compound Testing (determining viscosity, scorching, vulcanization characteristics) • Testing Rheologic Properties of Compounds (rheologic properties of elastomer systems, liquid classification, factors affecting polymer viscosity, rheometry) • Vulcanizate Testing (determining stress-strain properties, hardness, rebound resilience, tear strength, resistance to abrasion, aging test, dynamic tests, adhesion tests) • Dynamical-Mechanical-Thermal Analysis of Vulcanizates Chapter “Laboratory Tyre Testing” discusses measuring and testing tyres in laboratory conditions. Laboratory tests are divided according to two criteria – into specific categories of vehicles (passenger, utility, agricultural and special vehicles) depending on their intended use and into dynamic and static tests depending on the condition of the tyre to be tested. The chapter describes preparation of tyre casings for the tests, simple and more complex measurements, speed tests, endurance tests and special dynamic measurements of tyre casings for passenger, utility and agricultural vehicles based on international, regional and national testing methodology. Chapter “Tyre Testing in Real Conditions” deals with a classification of tests in terms of vehicle’s behaviour on the road, in terms of the tested roadway surface, specialties and the character of the assessment process and with measurement of properties. Tyre preparation before tests is an important part. The subsequent section describes life testing methods and special tests and their classification into subjective and objective tests. ©Matador Rubber s.r.o 2007 2 Table of contents Summary ................................................................................................................... 2 Table of contents....................................................................................................... 3 TESTING OF RUBBER RAW MATERIALS, MIXTURES AND VULCANIZATES ..................................................................................................... 5 1. Testing of rubber raw materials ........................................................................... 5 2. Chemical analysis of vulcanizates........................................................................ 8 2.1 Determination of extractive parts ............................................................................ 9 2.2 Determination of sulphur........................................................................................ 10 2.3 Determination of polymers ..................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Instrumental methods of determination............................................................................12 2.4 Determination of carbon black............................................................................... 17 2.4.1 Carbon black identification ..............................................................................................17 2.5 Determination of inorganic components, fillers (analysis of ashes) ................... 18 2.6. Identification of accelerators and antidegradants .............................................. 19 2.7 Identification of reinforcing materials.................................................................. 20 LABORATORY TESTING OF TYRES................................................................. 22 1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 22 1.1 Preparation of tyres for laboratory tests ............................................................... 22 2 Passenger car tyres ......................................................................................... 23 2.1 Static measurements......................................................................................... 23 Cross-ply tyres ......................................................................................................... 25 Radial tyres.............................................................................................................. 25 2.2 High speed tests................................................................................................. 38 2.3 Fatigue tests for passenger car tyres............................................................... 43 2.4 Dynamic measurements of passenger car tyres ............................................. 44 2.4.1 Measurement of tyre rolling resistance ............................................................................44 2.4.2 Force method....................................................................................................................45 2.4.3 Torque method .................................................................................................................46 2.4.4 Measurement of dynamic directional characteristics .......................................................47 2.4.5 Measurements on high speed uniformity test...................................................................48 2.4.6 Measurement of temperature distribution ........................................................................48 2.4.7 Measurement of tyre deformations...................................................................................49 3 Tyres for utility vehicles.................................................................................. 50 3.1 Static measurements......................................................................................... 50 3.2 Speed tests ......................................................................................................... 53 3.3 Fatigue tests....................................................................................................... 54 3.4 Special dynamic measurements....................................................................... 56 4 Agricultural and special tyres......................................................................... 58 ©Matador Rubber s.r.o 2007 3 TESTING OF THE TYRES UNDER REAL CONDITIONS............................... 61 1. Wearing tests (working lifetime / tyre mileage) ................................................. 62 2. Special tests ......................................................................................................... 62 2.1 Subjective tests......................................................................................................... 62 2.2 Objective tests .......................................................................................................... 65 TESTING OF RUBBER COMPOUNDS AND VULCANIZATES...................... 68 1. Introduction......................................................................................................... 68 2. Testing of Rubber Compounds....................................................................... 68 2.1 Determination of Viscosity and Scorch (DIN 53 523, ASTM D 1646, ISO 289) 68 2.2 Determination of vulcanization properties (DIN 53 529, ASTM D 2084) ... 71 3. Testing of compounds rheological properties................................................ 76 3.1 Rheological properties of electrometric systems............................................ 76 3.2 Classification of liquids .................................................................................... 77 3.3 Factor influencing viscosity of polymers ........................................................ 79 3.4 Measurement of rheometric properties of substances – rheometry............. 81 4. Testing of vulcanizates.................................................................................... 87 4.1 Assessment of physical-mechanical properties .............................................. 87 4.1.1 Assessment of tensile properties (ISO 37, ASTM D 412) ..........................................87 4.1.2 Hardness assessment (ISO 7619, DIN 53 505, ASTM D 2240) ......................................93 4.1.3 Assessment of reflection elasticity (ISO 4662, DIN 53 512)......................................95 4.1.4 Assessment of structural strength (ISO 34-1, ASTM D 624) .....................................96 4.1.5 Abrasive resistance assessment (ISO 4649, DIN 53 516)...........................................97 4.2 Ageing tests........................................................................................................ 98 4.2.1 Assessment of accelerated thermal ageing in air (ISO 188, ASTM
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