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Conference on the History of Quantum Physics Max-Planck-Institut Für Wissenschaftsgeschichte Berlin, 2–6 July 2007 Abstract
Conference on the history of quantum physics Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte Berlin, 2–6 July 2007 Abstract Title: Walther Nernst, Albert Einstein, Otto Stern, Adriaan Fokker, and the rotational specific heat of hydrogen Author: Clayton A. Gearhart (St. John’s University, Minnesota, USA) In 1911, the German physical chemist Walther Nernst argued that the new quantum theory promised to clear up long-standing puzzles in kinetic theory, particularly in understanding the discrepancies between the predictions of the equipartition theorem and the measured specific heats of gases. Nernst noted that hydrogen gas would be a good test case. The first measurements were published by his assistant Arnold Euken in 1912, and showed a sharp drop in the specific heat at low temperatures, corresponding to rotational degrees of freedom “freezing out.” In his 1911 paper, Nernst also developed a theory for a quantum rotator (a tiny rotating dumbbell representing a diatomic gas). Remarkably, he did not quantize rotational energies. Instead, the specific heat fell off because the gas reached equilibrium by exchanging harmonic oscillator quanta with quantized Planck resonators. Nernst’s theory was flawed. But Einstein adopted a corrected version at the 1911 Solvay Conference, and in 1913, he and Otto Stern published a detailed treatment. Following Nernst, Einstein and Stern did not quantize the rotators. But they did explore the new zero- point energy that Max Planck had introduced in his “second quantum theory” in 1911. Einstein and Stern calculated the specific heat of hydrogen for two cases, one that assumed a zero-point energy for a rotator and one that did not. -
Philosophical Rhetoric in Early Quantum Mechanics, 1925-1927
b1043_Chapter-2.4.qxd 1/27/2011 7:30 PM Page 319 b1043 Quantum Mechanics and Weimar Culture FA 319 Philosophical Rhetoric in Early Quantum Mechanics 1925–27: High Principles, Cultural Values and Professional Anxieties Alexei Kojevnikov* ‘I look on most general reasoning in science as [an] opportunistic (success- or unsuccessful) relationship between conceptions more or less defined by other conception[s] and helping us to overlook [danicism for “survey”] things.’ Niels Bohr (1919)1 This paper considers the role played by philosophical conceptions in the process of the development of quantum mechanics, 1925–1927, and analyses stances taken by key participants on four main issues of the controversy (Anschaulichkeit, quantum discontinuity, the wave-particle dilemma and causality). Social and cultural values and anxieties at the time of general crisis, as identified by Paul Forman, strongly affected the language of the debate. At the same time, individual philosophical positions presented as strongly-held principles were in fact flexible and sometimes reversible to almost their opposites. One can understand the dynamics of rhetorical shifts and changing strategies, if one considers interpretational debates as a way * Department of History, University of British Columbia, 1873 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1; [email protected]. The following abbreviations are used: AHQP, Archive for History of Quantum Physics, NBA, Copenhagen; AP, Annalen der Physik; HSPS, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences; NBA, Niels Bohr Archive, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen; NW, Die Naturwissenschaften; PWB, Wolfgang Pauli, Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel mit Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg a.o., Band I: 1919–1929, ed. A. Hermann, K.V. -
100 Jahre Physik in Frankfurt Am Main in Der Reihenfolge Ihrer Tätigkeit an Der Universität
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 5 100 Jahre Physik in Frankfurt am Main in der Reihenfolge ihrer Tätigkeit an der Universität Einleitung von Klaus Bethge und Claudia Freudenberger 9 Zum Fachbereich Physik von Wolf Aßtnus 17 1907- 1927 Martin Brendel (1862 - 1939) von Wilhelm H. Kegel 21 1908-1932 Richard Wachsmuth (1868 - 1941) von Walter Saltzer 36 1914-1917 Max von Laue (1879 - 1960) von Friedrich Beck 52 1914-1922 Otto Stern (1888 - 1969) von Immanuel Estermann 76 1919-1921 Max Born (1882 - 1970) von Friedrich Hund 91 1914-1922 Alfred Lande (1888 - 1976) von Azim O. Barut 120 1920- 1925 Walther Gerlach (1889 - 1979) von Helmut Rechenberg 131 1921 - 1949 Erwin Madelung (1881 - 1972) von Ulrich E. Schröder 152 1921 - 1934 und 1953 - 1963 Friedrich Dessauer (1881 - 1963) von Wolfgang Pohlit 168 http://d-nb.info/105995575X 6 PHYSIKER AN DER GOETHE-UNIVERSITÄT 1924 - 1933 Cornelius Lanczos (1893 - 1974) von Helmut Rechenberg 194 1925 - 1937 Karl Wilhelm Meissner (1891 - 1959) von Jörg Kummer 208 1928 - 1933 Hans Albrecht Bethe (1906 - 2005) von Horst Schmidt-Böcking 221 1932- 1951 Max Seddig (1877 - 1963) von Günter Haase 242 1934- 1966 Boris Rajewsky (1893 - 1974) von Erwin Schopper 252 1938 - 1961 Marianus Czerny (1896 - 1985) von Helmut A. Müser 275 1940 - 1970 Willy Hartner (1905 - 1981) von Matthias Schramm 315 1937 - 1945 Wolfgang Gentner (1906 - 1980) von Ulrich Schmidt-Rohr 332 1951 - 1972 Hermann Dänzer (1904 - 1987) von Jörg Kummer 350 1946- 1973 Bernhard Mrowka (1907 - 1973) von Dieter Langbein 361 1958 - 1977 Wolfgang Gleißberg (1903 - 1986) von Wilhelm H. Kegel 371 1960-1981 Rainer Bass (1930 - 1981) von Klaus Bethge 382 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 7 1964- 1969 Heinz Bilz (1926 - 1986) von Ulrich Schröder 391 1951 - 1956 Friedrich Hund (1896 - 1997) von Ulrich E. -
Samuel Goudsmit
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES SAMUEL ABRAHAM GOUDSMIT 1 9 0 2 — 1 9 7 8 A Biographical Memoir by BENJAMIN BEDERSON Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 2008 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON, D.C. Photograph courtesy Brookhaven National Laboratory. SAMUEL ABRAHAM GOUDSMIT July 11, 1902–December 4, 1978 BY BENJAMIN BEDERSON AM GOUDSMIT LED A CAREER that touched many aspects of S20th-century physics and its impact on society. He started his professional life in Holland during the earliest days of quantum mechanics as a student of Paul Ehrenfest. In 1925 together with his fellow graduate student George Uhlenbeck he postulated that in addition to mass and charge the electron possessed a further intrinsic property, internal angular mo- mentum, that is, spin. This inspiration furnished the missing link that explained the existence of multiple spectroscopic lines in atomic spectra, resulting in the final triumph of the then struggling birth of quantum mechanics. In 1927 he and Uhlenbeck together moved to the United States where they continued their physics careers until death. In a rough way Goudsmit’s career can be divided into several separate parts: first in Holland, strictly as a theorist, where he achieved very early success, and then at the University of Michigan, where he worked in the thriving field of preci- sion spectroscopy, concerning himself with the influence of nuclear magnetism on atomic spectra. In 1944 he became the scientific leader of the Alsos Mission, whose aim was to determine the progress Germans had made in the development of nuclear weapons during World War II. -
The Physical Tourist Physics and New York City
Phys. perspect. 5 (2003) 87–121 © Birkha¨user Verlag, Basel, 2003 1422–6944/05/010087–35 The Physical Tourist Physics and New York City Benjamin Bederson* I discuss the contributions of physicists who have lived and worked in New York City within the context of the high schools, colleges, universities, and other institutions with which they were and are associated. I close with a walking tour of major sites of interest in Manhattan. Key words: Thomas A. Edison; Nikola Tesla; Michael I. Pupin; Hall of Fame for GreatAmericans;AlbertEinstein;OttoStern;HenryGoldman;J.RobertOppenheimer; Richard P. Feynman; Julian Schwinger; Isidor I. Rabi; Bronx High School of Science; StuyvesantHighSchool;TownsendHarrisHighSchool;NewYorkAcademyofSciences; Andrei Sakharov; Fordham University; Victor F. Hess; Cooper Union; Peter Cooper; City University of New York; City College; Brooklyn College; Melba Phillips; Hunter College; Rosalyn Yalow; Queens College; Lehman College; New York University; Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences; Samuel F.B. Morse; John W. Draper; Columbia University; Polytechnic University; Manhattan Project; American Museum of Natural History; Rockefeller University; New York Public Library. Introduction When I was approached by the editors of Physics in Perspecti6e to prepare an article on New York City for The Physical Tourist section, I was happy to do so. I have been a New Yorker all my life, except for short-term stays elsewhere on sabbatical leaves and other visits. My professional life developed in New York, and I married and raised my family in New York and its environs. Accordingly, writing such an article seemed a natural thing to do. About halfway through its preparation, however, the attack on the World Trade Center took place. -
Otto Stern (1888–1969): the Founding Father of Experimental Atomic Physics
Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 523, No. 12, 1045 – 1070 (2011) / DOI 10.1002/andp.201100228 Historical Article Otto Stern (1888–1969): The founding father of experimental atomic physics J. Peter Toennies1, Horst Schmidt-Bocking¨ 2, Bretislav Friedrich3,∗, and Julian C. A. Lower2 1 Max-Planck-Institut f¨ur Dynamik und Selbstorganisation, Bunsenstrasse 10, 37073 G¨ottingen, Germany 2 Institut f¨ur Kernphysik, Goethe Universit¨at Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany 3 Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4–6, 14195 Berlin, Germany Received 22 September 2011, revised 1 November 2011, accepted 2 November 2011 by G. Fuchs Published online 15 November 2011 Key words History of science, atomic physics, Stern-Gerlach experiment, molecular beams, magnetic dipole moments of nucleons, diffraction of matter waves. We review the work and life of Otto Stern who developed the molecular beam technique and with its aid laid the foundations of experimental atomic physics. Among the key results of his research are: the experimental test of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities (1920), experimental demonstration of space quantization of angular momentum (1922), diffraction of matter waves comprised of atoms and molecules by crystals (1931) and the determination of the magnetic dipole moments of the proton and deuteron (1933). c 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Introduction Short lists of the pioneers of quantum mechanics featured in textbooks and historical accounts alike typi- cally include the names of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Arnold Sommerfeld, Niels Bohr, Max von Laue, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schr¨odinger, Paul Dirac, Max Born, and Wolfgang Pauli on the theory side, and of Wilhelm Conrad R¨ontgen, Ernest Rutherford, Arthur Compton, and James Franck on the experimental side. -
Wolfgang Pauli Niels Bohr Paul Dirac Max Planck Richard Feynman
Wolfgang Pauli Niels Bohr Paul Dirac Max Planck Richard Feynman Louis de Broglie Norman Ramsey Willis Lamb Otto Stern Werner Heisenberg Walther Gerlach Ernest Rutherford Satyendranath Bose Max Born Erwin Schrödinger Eugene Wigner Arnold Sommerfeld Julian Schwinger David Bohm Enrico Fermi Albert Einstein Where discovery meets practice Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQ ST in Baden-Württemberg . Introduction “But I do not wish to be forced into abandoning strict These two quotes by Albert Einstein not only express his well more securely, develop new types of computer or construct highly causality without having defended it quite differently known aversion to quantum theory, they also come from two quite accurate measuring equipment. than I have so far. The idea that an electron exposed to a different periods of his life. The first is from a letter dated 19 April Thus quantum theory extends beyond the field of physics into other 1924 to Max Born regarding the latter’s statistical interpretation of areas, e.g. mathematics, engineering, chemistry, and even biology. beam freely chooses the moment and direction in which quantum mechanics. The second is from Einstein’s last lecture as Let us look at a few examples which illustrate this. The field of crypt it wants to move is unbearable to me. If that is the case, part of a series of classes by the American physicist John Archibald ography uses number theory, which constitutes a subdiscipline of then I would rather be a cobbler or a casino employee Wheeler in 1954 at Princeton. pure mathematics. Producing a quantum computer with new types than a physicist.” The realization that, in the quantum world, objects only exist when of gates on the basis of the superposition principle from quantum they are measured – and this is what is behind the moon/mouse mechanics requires the involvement of engineering. -
Growth and Magnetism of Mnxge1-X Heteroepitaxial Quantum Dots
crystals Article Growth and Magnetism of MnxGe1−x Heteroepitaxial Quantum Dots Grown on Si Wafer by Molecular Beam Epitaxy , Maolong Yang y, Liming Wang * y , Jie You, Lingyao Meng, Yichi Zhang , Bo Wang, Bin Wang and Huiyong Hu State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; [email protected] (M.Y.); [email protected] (J.Y.); [email protected] (L.M.); [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (B.W.); [email protected] (B.W.); [email protected] (H.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-13671623619 Maolong Yang and Liming Wang are co-first authors of the article. y Received: 3 June 2020; Accepted: 21 June 2020; Published: 23 June 2020 Abstract: Self-assembled MnGe quantum dots (QDs) were grown on Si (001) substrates using molecular beam epitaxy with different growth temperatures and Ge deposition thicknesses to explore the interaction among Mn doping, Ge deposition, the formation of intermetallics, and the ferromagnetism of QDs. With the introduction of Mn atoms, the QDs become large and the density significantly decreases due to the improvement in the surface migration ability of Ge atoms. The growth temperature is one of the most important factors deciding whether intermetallic phases form between Mn and Ge. We found that Mn atoms can segregate from the Ge matrix when the growth temperature exceeds 550 ◦C, and the strongest ferromagnetism of QDs occurs at a growth temperature of 450 ◦C. As the Ge deposition thickness increases, the morphology of QDs changes and the ferromagnetic properties decrease gradually. -
![I. I. Rabi Papers [Finding Aid]. Library of Congress. [PDF Rendered Tue Apr](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/8589/i-i-rabi-papers-finding-aid-library-of-congress-pdf-rendered-tue-apr-428589.webp)
I. I. Rabi Papers [Finding Aid]. Library of Congress. [PDF Rendered Tue Apr
I. I. Rabi Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 1992 Revised 2010 March Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Additional search options available at: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms998009 LC Online Catalog record: http://lccn.loc.gov/mm89076467 Prepared by Joseph Sullivan with the assistance of Kathleen A. Kelly and John R. Monagle Collection Summary Title: I. I. Rabi Papers Span Dates: 1899-1989 Bulk Dates: (bulk 1945-1968) ID No.: MSS76467 Creator: Rabi, I. I. (Isador Isaac), 1898- Extent: 41,500 items ; 105 cartons plus 1 oversize plus 4 classified ; 42 linear feet Language: Collection material in English Location: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Summary: Physicist and educator. The collection documents Rabi's research in physics, particularly in the fields of radar and nuclear energy, leading to the development of lasers, atomic clocks, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to his 1944 Nobel Prize in physics; his work as a consultant to the atomic bomb project at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and as an advisor on science policy to the United States government, the United Nations, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization during and after World War II; and his studies, research, and professorships in physics chiefly at Columbia University and also at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein. -
Sterns Lebensdaten Und Chronologie Seines Wirkens
Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens Diese Chronologie von Otto Sterns Wirken basiert auf folgenden Quellen: 1. Otto Sterns selbst verfassten Lebensläufen, 2. Sterns Briefen und Sterns Publikationen, 3. Sterns Reisepässen 4. Sterns Züricher Interview 1961 5. Dokumenten der Hochschularchive (17.2.1888 bis 17.8.1969) 1888 Geb. 17.2.1888 als Otto Stern in Sohrau/Oberschlesien In allen Lebensläufen und Dokumenten findet man immer nur den VornamenOt- to. Im polizeilichen Führungszeugnis ausgestellt am 12.7.1912 vom königlichen Polizeipräsidium Abt. IV in Breslau wird bei Stern ebenfalls nur der Vorname Otto erwähnt. Nur im Emeritierungsdokument des Carnegie Institutes of Tech- nology wird ein zweiter Vorname Otto M. Stern erwähnt. Vater: Mühlenbesitzer Oskar Stern (*1850–1919) und Mutter Eugenie Stern geb. Rosenthal (*1863–1907) Nach Angabe von Diana Templeton-Killan, der Enkeltochter von Berta Kamm und somit Großnichte von Otto Stern (E-Mail vom 3.12.2015 an Horst Schmidt- Böcking) war Ottos Großvater Abraham Stern. Abraham hatte 5 Kinder mit seiner ersten Frau Nanni Freund. Nanni starb kurz nach der Geburt des fünften Kindes. Bald danach heiratete Abraham Berta Ben- der, mit der er 6 weitere Kinder hatte. Ottos Vater Oskar war das dritte Kind von Berta. Abraham und Nannis erstes Kind war Heinrich Stern (1833–1908). Heinrich hatte 4 Kinder. Das erste Kind war Richard Stern (1865–1911), der Toni Asch © Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland 2018 325 H. Schmidt-Böcking, A. Templeton, W. Trageser (Hrsg.), Otto Sterns gesammelte Briefe – Band 1, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55735-8 326 Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens heiratete. -
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The new prophet : Harold C. Urey, scientist, atheist, and defender of religion Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3j80v92j Author Shindell, Matthew Benjamin Publication Date 2011 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The New Prophet: Harold C. Urey, Scientist, Atheist, and Defender of Religion A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History (Science Studies) by Matthew Benjamin Shindell Committee in charge: Professor Naomi Oreskes, Chair Professor Robert Edelman Professor Martha Lampland Professor Charles Thorpe Professor Robert Westman 2011 Copyright Matthew Benjamin Shindell, 2011 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Matthew Benjamin Shindell is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2011 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………………...... iii Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………. iv Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………. -
Obituary : Walter Greiner
Obituary : Walter Greiner Walter Greiner, one of the leading theoretical physicists of after-war Germany, who taught and conducted research at Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main for five decades, died October 5, 2016, at his home in Kelkheim, near Frankfurt. He was born on 29 October 1935 in Neuenbau, Land of Thüringen. He studied Physics in Frankfurt and Darmstadt, and earned the doctoral degree in 1961 from the University of Freiburg, with a thesis entitled “The nuclear polarization in μ-mesoatoms”, under the supervision of Hans Marschall, a theoretical physicist, former assistant of Siegfried Flügge in Göttingen and co-author of the famous book on Quantum Mechanics “Rechenmethoden der Quantentheorie”. In 1983 Walter Greiner recalled that the well-known Rotation-Vibration model of nuclei, proposed by him and A. Faessler, appeared under the influence of H. Marschall. Between 1962-1964 W.G. was Assistant Professor at the University of Maryland. In 1965 he obtained the position of Ordinarius at the Institute of Theoretical Physics (J.W. Goethe University) where he held the directorship for three decades. Before him this institute was directed by brilliant physicists such as Max von Laue, Max Born, Friedrich Hund and Erwin Madelung. In the '60, Walter Greiner played an instrumental role in the development of Heavy Ion research in the Federal Republic of Germany, an effort that lead to one of the largest facilities of this type in the world: Gesselschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI-Darmstadt). In 2003 he retired from the faculty and founded the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), where he was director for several years.