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Grid Issues for Electricity Production Based on Renewable Energy Sources in Spain, Portugal, Germany and United Kingdom, SOU Grid Issues for Electricity Production Based on Renewable Energy Sources in Spain, Portugal, Germany, and United Kingdom Annex to Report of the Grid Connection Inquiry Stockholm 2008 SOU 2008:13 SOU och Ds kan köpas från Fritzes kundtjänst. För remissutsändningar av SOU och Ds svarar Fritzes Offentliga Publikationer på uppdrag av Regeringskansliets förvaltningsavdelning. Beställningsadress: Fritzes kundtjänst 106 47 Stockholm Orderfax: 08-690 91 91 Ordertel: 08-690 91 90 E-post: [email protected] Internet: www.fritzes.se Svara på remiss. Hur och varför. Statsrådsberedningen, 2003. – En liten broschyr som underlättar arbetet för den som skall svara på remiss. Broschyren är gratis och kan laddas ner eller beställas på http://www.regeringen.se/remiss Textbearbetning och layout har utförts av Regeringskansliet, FA/kommittéservice Tryckt av Edita Sverige AB Stockholm 2008 ISBN 978-91-38-22915-6 ISSN 0375-250X Preface This report is an underlying report to the Inquiry established by the Swedish Government on connection to the grid of electricity production based on renewable energy sources. The aim of this report is to give an insight on how different issues regarding connec- tion to the grid have been regulated in Spain, Portugal, Germany, and the United Kingdom. This report is based on interviews and legislation. The focus of this report relies on network issues but in order to give an overall insight on the circumstances in which renewable energies are deve- loped in the studied countries even a description of the economical promotion schemes is done. We would like to thank all those who have contributed to this report: • In Spain: Asociación Empresarial Eólica – AEE, Comisión Nacional de la energía – CNE, Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio – MITYC, Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía – IDAE, Endesa, Iberdrola, and REE – Red Electrica de España. • In Portugal: REN – Rede Eléctrica Nacional, EDP – Energías de Portugal, APREN – Associação de energias renováveis, DGEG – Direcção Geral de Energia e Geologia, and Centro de Estudos em Economia da Energia, dos Transportes e do Ambiente – CEEETA. • In Germany: German Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU), Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi), Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur), German Wind Energy Association (BWE), RWE Transportnetz Strom GmbH, German Network Association (VDN), Enercon. • In the United Kingdom: Ofgem, Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), National Grid, Xero Energy, Garrad Hassan, British Wind Energy Association (BWEA), University of Strathclyde. Stockholm, November 2007 Eva Centeno López Thomas Ackermann Table of Contents List of Abbreviations .......................................................... 11 List of Figures ................................................................... 13 List of Tables .................................................................... 17 1 Spain........................................................................ 21 1.1 Introduction............................................................................. 21 1.1.1 Overview of the Transmission System........................ 23 1.1.2 Overview of the Distribution System ......................... 24 1.1.3 Relevant Legislation for Renewable Electricity Production .................................................................... 24 1.1.4 Regulatory Framework for Network Companies ...... 26 1.1.5 Development of the Wind Power Sector in Spain...... 27 1.1.6 Possible Barriers for the Future Development of the Wind Power Sector in Spain .................................. 32 1.2 Payment Scheme for Renewable Electricity Production....... 32 1.2.1 Development of payment schemes.............................. 42 1.2.2 Agents Opinions on different Payment Schemes for Renewable Electricity Production......................... 42 1.3 Application Procedure for Access and Connection to the Grid .................................................................................... 43 1.3.1 Definition of the Capacity of a Production Installation .................................................................... 46 1.3.2 Permitting Entities ....................................................... 47 1.4 Obligations of Grid Companies regarding Grid Access ....... 49 1.4.1 Available capacity ......................................................... 49 5 Table of Contents SOU 2008:13 1.4.2 Priority Access for Renewable Electricity Producers.......................................................................51 1.4.3 Reservation of Transmission Capacity ........................52 1.5 Costs Associated to the Connection to the Grid ..................52 1.5.1 Costs for the Connection Installations.......................53 1.5.2 Costs for Reinforcement of the Transmission Grid................................................................................55 1.5.3 Costs for Reinforcement of the Distribution Grid................................................................................56 1.6 Costs and Obligations related to measurement.....................57 1.6.1 Net-metering.................................................................57 1.6.2 Hourly measurement....................................................58 1.6.3 Measurement costs........................................................59 1.7 Grid tariffs ................................................................................60 1.8 Rights and Obligations regarding Real-Time Operation ......60 1.9 Conclusions Spain....................................................................62 2 Portugal.....................................................................67 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................67 2.1.1 Overview of the Transmission System........................68 2.1.2 Overview of the Distribution System .........................69 2.1.3 Relevant Legislation for Renewable Electricity Production.....................................................................70 2.1.4 Regulatory Framework for Network Companies ......70 2.1.5 Development of the Wind Power Sector in Portugal .........................................................................71 2.1.6 Possible Barriers for the Future Development of the Wind Power Sector in Portugal .............................74 2.2 Payment Scheme for Renewable Electricity Production.......74 2.2.1 Wind Power...................................................................76 2.2.2 Solar Power....................................................................78 2.2.3 Biomass..........................................................................79 2.2.4 Hydropower..................................................................80 2.3 Application Procedure for Access and Connection to the Grid and Evaluation on Environmental Impact...............81 2.3.1 Permitting Entities........................................................84 6 SOU 2008:13 Table of Contents 2.4 Obligations of Grid companies regarding Grid Access ........ 85 2.4.1 Available Capacity ........................................................ 85 2.4.2 Priority Access for Renewable Electricity Producers ...................................................................... 87 2.4.3 Reservation of Transmission Capacity........................ 88 2.5 Costs associated to the Connection to the Grid ................... 89 2.5.1 Costs for the Connection Installations ...................... 89 2.5.2 Costs for Reinforcement of the Transmission Grid................................................................................ 90 2.5.3 Costs for Reinforcement of the Distribution Grid................................................................................ 92 2.6 Costs and Obligations Related to Measurement................... 92 2.7 Grid tariffs................................................................................ 92 2.8 Rights and Obligations regarding Real-Time Operation ...... 92 2.9 Conclusions Portugal .............................................................. 93 3 Germany ................................................................... 97 3.1 Introduction............................................................................. 97 3.1.1 Overview of the Transmission System...................... 100 3.1.2 Overview of the Distribution Systems...................... 101 3.1.3 Relevant Legislations for Renewable Energy............ 102 3.1.4 Regulatory Framework for Network Companies .... 106 3.1.5 Development of the Wind Power Sector in Germany...................................................................... 107 3.1.6 Future Plans and Possible Barriers for the Further Development of Wind Power ...................... 110 3.2 Payment Scheme for Renewable Energy Sources ................ 113 3.3 Application Procedure for Access and Connection to the Grid .................................................................................. 119 3.3.1 Definition of the Capacity of a Production Installation .................................................................. 124 3.3.2 Permitting Entities ..................................................... 125 3.4 Obligations of a Grid Company Regarding Grid Access.... 125 3.4.1 Available Capacity ...................................................... 126 3.4.2 Reservation of Transmission Capacity...................... 127 7 Table of Contents SOU 2008:13 3.5 Costs Associated with the Connection to the Grid ............127 3.6 Costs
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