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Offshore Renewable Energy Development of Ocean Technology Projects at Inegi

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Offshore Renewable Energy Development of Ocean Technology Projects at Inegi OFFSHORE RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT OF OCEAN TECHNOLOGY PROJECTS AT INEGI A. Barata da Rocha, F. Jorge Lino, Nuno Correia, José Carlos Matos, Miguel Marques, Tiago Morais INEGI, Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal [email protected] ; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Offshore Renewable Energy is a great challenge for the future. Thermal Gradient Energy, Salinity Gradient Energy, Tidal Marine Current Energy, Tidal Energy, Ocean Wave Energy and Offshore Wind Energy can be used to produce clean en- ergy and reduce carbon emissions. This paper presents an overview of selective conversion Technologies & Demonstration Projects worldwide, as well as new concepts to be developed to assure the success of these new technologies. The first task to be performed in a project for energy conversion is to quantify the availability of the resource. Since 1990, INEGI has evaluated wind resources in Portugal as well as many countries of Europe and South America. This experience, with more than 600 wind measurement masts installed until 2010 is now being used for the evaluation of fu- ture offshore wind and wave plants, with the use of offshore monitoring buoys. Several research projects related to sea technology are presented in this paper, from energy production to exploration of deep sea, through the use of hyperbaric chambers developed at our Institute. The different competences needed for these projects are presented and the importance of the future of ocean energy technologies in countries with ocean resources is discussed. Topic: Science, Ocean Technology, Engineering Education Theme: Technology Transfer; University-Industry Partnerships 1. INTRODUCTION Most countries worldwide have, in 2010, ambitious poli- cy targets for renewable energy production, for 2010 and 1.1 RENEWABLE ENERGY 2030. The 27 EU countries confirmed, in 2008, national Renewable sourced energy is obtained from natural re- targets for 2020, following a 2007 EU-wide target of 20 sources such as sun, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat. percent of final energy by 2020 (See Figure 3). Today, more than 20% of global final energy consumption comes from renewable. Figure 1 shows the Renewable En- ergy share of global final energy consumption in 2008 [1]. Nuclear 2.8% Wind/solar/biomass/geothermal power generation 0.7% Biofuels 0.6% Biomass/solar/geothermal hot water/heating 1.4% Renewables 19% Hydropower 3.2% Traditional biomass 13% Figure 1 - Renewable Energy Share of Global Final Energy Consumption, 2008 [1]. In electricity generation, renewables have a share of around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from hydro- electricity and 3% from new renewables [1] [2]. Worldwide renewable energy capacity grew, during a 5 years period, between 2004 and 2009, at rates between 10 and 60% annually. Wind Power, for example, grew 32% in 2009 (see figure 2), with a worldwide installed capacity of 158 gigawatts (GW) by the end of 2009 [1]. Figure 3 - Examples of national targets among EU developed countries [1]. 1.2 OFFSHORE RENEWABLE ENERGY The Ocean is one of the less explored resources of the Plan- et. It has a vast offer of natural resources to be explored, in particular energy resources of different types. The surface of the planet is composed by 29,2% of Land and about 70,8% of Water. 97,4% of this area is salt water of the Oceans (96,5%) and Seas (0,9%). Only 2,6% of this area is freshwater [3,4]. This enormous surface receives the largest amount of energy emitted by the Sun. Solar Energy Figure 2 - Average Annual Growth Rates of Renewable Energy Capacity, from 2004 to 2009 [1]. is the source of all energies leading to thermal gradients currents, winds and waves. Renewable power capacity worldwide reached 1,230 gi- gawatts (GW) in 2009 and represents about a quarter of Oceans are important energy sources that can be converted global power-generating capacity (estimated at 4,800 GW through the use of adequate technologies: in 2009) and supplies 18 % of global electricity production. • Thermal Gradient Energy • Salinity Gradient Energy Renewable energy is fundamental to solve the problems • Tidal Energy (Tidal Marine Current Energy, related to the intense use of fossil fuels (and its growing Tidal Barrage Energy) price), greenhouse gases, climate changes, pollution and • Wave Energy global warming. • Offshore Wind Energy 1.2.1 THERMAL GRADIENT ENERGY Figure 6 shows the schematic principal of an OTEC float- This form of energy conversion is obtained from the tem- ing power plant [7, 8]. perature difference between water at the surface, heated by the effect of solar radiation, and the colder water at the depths of the ocean. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) can be used to generate electricity, desalinate sea water, support deep-water aquaculture, as well as aid the growth of fruit and vegetables and mineral extraction [3,5]. Due to the cost of installation, this technology is still in an early stage of development. The temperature difference between the warm surface -wa ter and the cold deep water can reach more than 24ºC (fig- ure 4), which can produce a significant amount of power. It is estimated that the available resource is about 1013 Watts. For countries that have a great dependence of imported fuel, and specially tropical countries, Thermal Gradient Energy has a promising future [5]. Figure 6 – Schema of a offshore floating OTEC power plant[7,8] . Figure 7 shows the thermal cycle and principles of an OTEC conversion system [5]. Figure 4 - World Map with temperature difference between surface and depth of 1000 meters [5]. Figure 5 shows 1 MW and 30 kW OTEC devices developed by Saga University in Japan [6]. Figure 7 - Thermal cycle and principles of an OTEC conversion system [5]. 1.2.2 SALINITY GRADIENT ENERGY From the different concentration in salinity between ocean water and rivers in places like the delta of rivers, electrical energy can be obtained from the pressure difference based on the natural phenomenon of osmosis. The salt molecules move the fresh water through semi-permeable mem- branes, causing increased pressure in a tank of salt water Figure 5 – 1 MW and 30 kW OTEC demonstration devices from Saga and therefore the flow of salt water. The flow of salt water University, Japan. is used to drive a turbine that produces electric power [3]. Several projects are being developed in Norway and The energy, has a greater amount of energy due to the density of Netherlands based on salinity gradients. Figure 8 shows a the water [3,11]. The technical tidal stream energy in Europe virtual image of an osmotic power plant in Norway [9]. is estimated at about 36TWh/y, 20‐30% of known global resource [10]. The commercial exploitation of tidal marine current en- ergy needs to solve difficult problems [12] related to instal- lation, survivability and maintenance of the systems. Al- though the large amount of prototypes developed, only a few achieved a full commercial successful operation and there is still a need for further technological developments. Figure 10 [11] shows several concepts of the way to extract [9] Figure 8 - Virtual image of an osmotic power plant in Norway . electrical energy from tidal current. Basically there are 3 main solutions: From the flow of fresh water rivers into the ocean, it is - horizontal axis turbines (figure 10a) estimated that in Europe, the potential osmotic energy is - vertical axis turbines (figure 10b) [10] around 200 TWh/y . - oscilating hydrofoil (figure 10c) Flow rotors are used to drive a generator and produce elec- Salinity gradient power tends to be a large attractive power tric energy. Concentrators can be used around the turbines resource, which is almost unexplored. Figure 9 shows an to concentrate the flow. experimental research for osmotic salinity gradient energy conversion in Norway [6]. a b Figure 9 - Experimental research for osmotic salinity gradient energy conversion in Norway [6]. 1.2.3 TIDAL ENERGY Tidal dynamics can be used to produce energy in 2 dif- ferent manners. The first is to use local tidal currents. The second is to use the rise and fall of the sea level. c 1.2.3.1 TIDAL MARINE CURRENT ENERGY Current is the name that designates the horizontal move- ment of water, existing in the oceans, rivers, bays and ports under the influence of tide, wind and density differences. The kinetic energy present in tidal currents can be trans- formed into electrical energy by concepts similar to those used in wind turbine, using horizontal or vertical axis turbines located at the surface, submerged or fixed to the seafloor. This type of energy, when compared with wind Figure 10 – Tidal marine current energy converters (a, b, c, sea text above) [11]. 1.2.3.2 TIDAL BARRAGE ENERGY Tidal energy results from the rotation of the earth within the gravitational fields of the Moon and the Sun. The -po tential energy obtained by the difference in height of the tide, can be converted in energy through floating or fixed devices in estuaries or oceans. The production of electric- ity is obtained exploring the differences in water level up- stream and downstream of the dam, causing a flow of water by opening the floodgates, forced by gravity to actuate the turbine [12,13]. Figure 12. Mean annual wind speed estimated at 50 m above sea level (between 1983-1993) [16]. The world’ largest tidal barrage, the French La Rance Bar- rage (1996‐present) has 0.54 TWh/y. The planned UK Sev- ern barrage will take 10 years to build, with an estimated cost of 23 billion Euros.
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