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Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power

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Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power VTT CREATES BUSINESS FROM TECHNOLOGY Technologyandmarketforesight•Strategicresearch•Productandservicedevelopment•IPRandlicensing VTT RESEARCH NOTES 2493 •Assessments,testing,inspection,certification•Technologyandinnovationmanagement•Technologypartnership • • • VTT RESEARCH VTT TIEDOTTEITA - RESEARCH NOTES 2475 Mona Arnold, Ulla-Maija Mroueh, Ville Valovirta & Elina Merta. Suomen puhtaan ilman NOTES tuottajat. Kotimaisen ilman- ja ilmastonsuojelualan osaamiskartoitus. 2009. 72 s. + liitt. 6 s. 2476 Kari Sipilä, Miika Rämä, Antero Aittomäki, Ali Mäkinen & Jarmo Söderman. Urheilupaikkojen 2493 Final report, integroidut lämmitys- ja jäähdytystekniset ratkaisut. 2009. 78 s. Phase one 2006-08 2477 Matti Roine & Juha Luoma. Liikenneturvallisuustoiminnan lähestymistavat. 2009. 59 s. 2479 Kati Tillander, Tuuli Oksanen & Esa Kokki. Paloriskin arvioinnin tilastopohjaiset tiedot. 2009. 106 s. + liitt. 5 s. D 2480 Sami Nousiainen, Jorma Kilpi, Paula Silvonen & Mikko Hiirsalmi. Anomaly detection from ESI server log data. A case study. 2009. 39 p. + app. 1 p. g n and operation o n and operation 2482 Sampo Soimakallio, Riina Antikainen & Rabbe Thun (Eds.). Assessing the sustainability of IEA Wind Task 25 liquid biofuels from evolving technologies. A Finnish approach. 2009. 220 p. + app. 41 p. 2483 Satu Paiho, Ismo Heimonen, Ilpo Kouhia, Esa Nykänen, Veijo Nykänen, Markku Riihimäki & Terttu Vainio. Putkiremonttien uudet palvelu- ja hankintamallit. 2009. 155 s. + liitt. 2 s. 2484 Torsti Loikkanen, Jari Konttinen, Jukka Hyvönen, Laura Ruotsalainen, Kirsi Tuominen, Mika Waris, Veli-Pekka Hyttinen & Olli Ilmarinen. Acquisition, Utilisation and the Impact of Patent and Market Information on Innovation Activities. 2009. 68 s. f 2485 Marita Hietikko, Timo Malm & Jarmo Alanen. Koneiden ohjausjärjestelmien toiminnallinen PO turvallisuus. Ohjeita ja työkaluja standardien mukaisen turvallisuusprosessin luomiseen. 2009. w 75 s. + liitt. 14 s. ERS 2486 Helena Järnström, Sirje Vares & Miimu Airaksinen. Semi volatile organic compounds and flame y retardants. Occurence in indoor environments and risk assessment for indoor exposure. 2009. STE 58 p. + app. 8 p. m S 2487 Tiina Koljonen, Juha Forsström, Veikko Kekkonen, Göran Koreneff, Maija Ruska, Lassi Similä, w Katri Pahkala, Laura Solanko & Iikka Korhonen. Suomalaisen energiateollisuuden kilpailukyky ITH ilmastopolitiikan muuttuessa. 2008. 88 s. l AR 2490 Tiina Apilo, Henri Hytönen & Katri Valkokari. Arvoluonnin uudet muodot ja verkostot 2009. g Hannele Holttinen, Peter Meibom, Antje Orths, Frans van Hulle, Bernhard Lange, 94 s. EA Mark O’Malley, Jan Pierik, Bart Ummels, John Olav Tande, Ana Estanqueiro, Manuel 2491 Kirsi Aaltonen, Mervi Murtonen & Sampo Tukiainen. Three perspectives to global projects. m Matos, Emilio Gomez, Lennart Söder, Goran Strbac, Anser Shakoor, João Ricardo, J. O Managing risks in multicultural project networks. 2009. 47 p. + app. 4 p. u Charles Smith, Michael Milligan & Erik Ela NTSO 2493 Hannele Holttinen, Peter Meibom, Antje Orths et al. Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power. Final report, IEA WIND Task 25, Phase one 2006–2008. f 2009. 200 p. + app. 29 p. w INDPO Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of w ER wind power ISBN 978-951-38-7308-0 (soft back ed.) ISBN 978-951-38-7309-7 (URL: http://www.vtt.fi/publications/index.jsp) ISSN 1235-0605 (soft back ed.) ISSN 1455-0865 (URL: http://www.vtt.fi/publications/index.jsp) VTT TIEDOTTEITA – RESEARCH NOTES 2493 Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power Final report, IEA WIND Task 25, Phase one 2006–2008 Hannele Holttinen, VTT, Finland Peter Meibom, Risø-DTU; Antje Orths, Energinet.dk, Denmark Frans van Hulle, EWEA Bernhard Lange, ISET, Germany Mark O’Malley, UCD, Ireland Jan Pierik, ECN; Bart Ummels, TU Delft, Netherlands John Olav Tande, SINTEF, Norway Ana Estanqueiro, INETI; Manuel Matos, INESC; João Ricardo, REN, Portugal Emilio Gomez, University Castilla La Mancha, Spain Lennart Söder, KTH, Sweden Goran Strbac, Anser Shakoor, DG&SEE, UK J. Charles Smith, UWIG, USA Michael Milligan & Erik Ela, NREL, USA ISBN 978-951-38-7308-0 (soft back ed.) ISSN 1235-0605 (soft back ed.) ISBN 978-951-38-7309-7 (URL: http://www.vtt.fi/publications/index.jsp) ISSN 1455-0865 (URL: http://www.vtt.fi/publications/index.jsp) Copyright © VTT 2009 JULKAISIJA – UTGIVARE – PUBLISHER VTT, Vuorimiehentie 5, PL 1000, 02044 VTT puh. vaihde 020 722 111, faksi 020 722 7001 VTT, Bergsmansvägen 5, PB 1000, 02044 VTT tel. växel 020 722 111, fax 020 722 7001 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 5, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland phone internat. +358 20 722 111, fax +358 20 722 7001 The IEA WIND Task 25, also known as the Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power, Task 25 of IEA Implementing Agreement on Wind Energy, functions within a framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of IEA WIND Task 25 do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of all its individual member countries. Technical editing Mirjami Pullinen Edita Prima Oy, Helsinki 2009 Hannele Holttinen, Peter Meibom, Antje Orths, Frans van Hulle, Bernhard Lange, Mark O’Malley, Jan Pierik, Bart Ummels, John Olav Tande, Ana Estanqueiro, Manuel Matos, Emilio Gomez, Lennart Söder, Goran Strbac, Anser Shakoor, João Ricardo, J. Charles Smith, Michael Milligan & Erik Ela. Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power. Final report, IEA WIND Task 25, Phase one 2006–2008. Espoo 2009. VTT Tiedotteita – Research Notes 2493. 200 p. + app. 31 p. Keywords wind energy, grid integration, wind power, balancing, capacity credit Abstract There are already several power systems coping with large amounts of wind power. High penetration of wind power has impacts that have to be managed through proper plant interconnection, integration, transmission planning, and system and market operations. This report is a summary of case studies addressing concerns about the impact of wind power’s variability and uncertainty on power system reliability and costs. The case studies summarized in this report are not easy to compare due to different methodology and data used, as well as different assumptions on the interconnection capacity available. Integration costs of wind power need to be compared to something, like the production costs or market value of wind power, or integration cost of other production forms. There is also benefit when adding wind power to power systems: it reduces the total operating costs and emissions as wind replaces fossil fuels. Several issues that impact on the amount of wind power that can be integrated have been identified. Large balancing areas and aggregation benefits of large areas help in reducing the variability and forecast errors of wind power as well as help in pooling more cost effective balancing resources. System operation and working electricity markets at less than day-ahead time scales help reduce forecast errors of wind power. Transmission is the key to aggregation benefits, electricity markets and larger balancing areas. From the investigated studies it follows that at wind penetrations of up to 20 % of gross demand (energy), system operating cost increases arising from wind variability and uncertainty amounted to about 1–4 €/MWh. This is 10 % or less of the wholesale value of the wind energy. 3 With current technology, wind power plants can be designed to meet industry expectations such as riding through voltage dips, supplying reactive power to the system, controlling terminal voltage, and participating in system operation with output and ramp rate control. The cost of grid reinforcements due to wind power is very dependent on where the wind power plants are located relative to load and grid infrastructure. The grid reinforcement costs from studies in this report vary from 0 €/kW to 270 €/kW. The costs are not continuous; there can be single very high cost reinforcements. There can also be differences in how the costs are allocated to wind power. Wind generation will also provide some additional load carrying capability to meet forecasted increases in system demand. This contribution can be up to 40 % of installed capacity if wind power production at times of high load is high, and down to 5 % in higher penetrations and if local wind characteristics correlate negatively with the system load profile. Aggregating larger areas benefits the capacity credit of wind power. State-of-the-art best practices in wind integration studies include (i) capturing the smoothed out variability of wind power production time series for the geographic diversity assumed and utilising wind forecasting best practice for the uncertainty of wind power production (ii) examining wind variation in combination with load variations, coupled with actual historic utility load and load forecasts (iii) capturing system characteristics and response through operational simulations and modelling (iv) examining actual costs independent of tariff design structure and (v) comparing the costs and benefits of wind power. Preface A R&D Task titled “Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power” was formed in 2006 within the “IEA Implementing Agreement on the Co-operation in the Research, Development and Deployment of Wind Turbine Systems” (http://www.ieawind.org) as Task 25. This R&D task will collect and share information on the experience gained and the studies
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