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Wind Loads on Linear Fresnel Reflectors’ Technology: a Numerical Study

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Wind Loads on Linear Fresnel Reflectors’ Technology: a Numerical Study Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 69 ( 2015 ) 116 – 125 International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems, SolarPACES 2014 Wind loads on Linear Fresnel Reflectors’ technology: a numerical study Q. Lancereaua,* , Q. Rabuta, D. Itskhokinea, M. Benmarrazea a Solar Euromed, 3 avenue de la Découverte Parc Technologique, Dijon, F-21000, France Abstract The wind effect on the Fresnel technology is one of the main design stresses for the metallic structure, primary reflectors, receivers and solar tracking system. Therefore, in order to quantify its impact and compare it to a more mature technology (the Parabolic Trough), a first study of the wind load on a Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) collector with an air-stable absorber tube receiver (with protective cover glass) has been undertaken. The drag, lift and momentum coefficients of the receiver and primary reflectors have been calculated using a bi-dimensional CFD model based on the COMSOL Multiphysics® software. The impact of the transversal wind speed has been studied. Moreover, the interaction between the receiver and the primary reflectors has been quantified. Finally, a comparison to Parabolic Trough collectors has been made, which confirms the much lower wind load of LFR technology for an equal mirror aperture area, and thus the much lighter structures required for resisting these wind loads and/or the larger operation range with respect to wind speed. ©© 20152015 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by byElsevier Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer review by the scientific conference committee of SolarPACES 2014 under responsibility of PSE AG. Peer review by the scientific conference committee of SolarPACES 2014 under responsibility of PSE AG Keywords: Wind load; Linear Fresnel Reflector; Parabolic Trough 1. Introduction Among all CSP technologies, Linear Fresnel Reflectors (LFR) technology is deemed a very promising solution, thanks to its design and installation simplicity [1,2], lower raw material use [1–3], cost attractiveness [1–4] and * Corresponding author. Tel.: +33-380-380-000; fax: 33-380-380-001. E-mail address: [email protected] 1876-6102 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer review by the scientific conference committee of SolarPACES 2014 under responsibility of PSE AG doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.03.014 Q. Lancereau et al. / Energy Procedia 69 ( 2015 ) 116 – 125 117 relatively low land requirement [1–4]. This is partly due to the commonly established weak wind load on the primary reflectors and the receiver [5,6]. Unlike for heliostats and Parabolic Trough collectors, for which many studies have been published [7–12], there is little information to be found in the literature regarding the impact of wind loads on Linear Fresnel Reflectors. Nevertheless, the wind effect on the Fresnel technology is one of the main design stresses for the metallic structure, primary reflectors, receivers and solar tracking system. Therefore, it is one of the key input elements to find the technical and economic optimum of most of the solar field parameters. The wind influences the optimum size of the primary reflectors, the spacing between the mirror lines and between the modules, the height of the receiver and the receiver aperture, and thus needs to be quantified as a function of these parameters. A LFR module with an air-stable absorber tube receiver (with protective cover glass) has been studied to determine its wind load characteristics. The drag, lift and momentum coefficients of the receiver and primary reflectors have been calculated using a bi-dimensional CFD model based on the COMSOL Multiphysics® software. The impact of the wind speed has been studied. Moreover, the interaction between the receiver and the primary reflectors has been quantified. Finally, a comparison with Parabolic Trough collectors has been made, considering an equal aperture area. Nomenclature Symbols [݋(ݖ) =1 orography factor [13ܿ ܥெ௬,௥ and ܥெ௬,௠௜ momentum coefficient of the receiver and of the mirror number i [ݖ) roughness factor [13)ݎܿ ܥ௫,௥ ܥ௫,௠௜ drag coefficient of the receiver and of the mirror number i ܥ௭,௥ ܥ௭,௠௜ lift coefficient of the receiver and of the mirror number i Dr receiver diameter (m) (see Fig. 1) dlm gap between two mirrors (m) ݁ሬሬሬሬ௫Ԧ and ሬ݁ሬሬ௭Ԧ unit vector of the x and z coordinates ݂ሬሬሬ௥Ԧ and ሬ݂ሬ௠పሬሬሬԦ stress vector per unit surface applied to the receiver and the mirror number i (N/m²) ܨ௥,௫ and ܨ௠௜,௫ total stress per unit length applied to the receiver and the mirror number i (N/m) hr altitude of the receiver above the mirror plane (m) (see Fig. 1) hm altitude of the mirror plane above the soil (m) (see Fig. 1) ܫ Ӗ identity matrix ௩(ݖ) turbulence intensityܫ 2 k and ݇௘(ݖ) turbulence kinetic energy (m²/s ) and turbulence kinetic energy at the inlet boundary lm mirrors’ width ܯ௥,௬, ܯ௠௜,௬ momentum of the receiver at the center of the half-cylinder and of the mirror number i at its rotation point (N.m/m) ݊ሬԦ unit vector normal to the boundary and oriented towards the flow inlet nm = 12 number of mirrors per section of the studied Fresnel module 3 ܲ௞ turbulence kinetic energy production rate (kg/(m s )) Re and Ree10 the Reynolds number and a Reynolds number based on the velocity at the inlet and 10 meter of altitude from the soil (ݑሬԦ velocity vector of the flow (m/s ሬuሬሬሬதԦ tangential velocity vector (m/s) ܸ௕ = 28 m/s basic wind velocity for the north east of Corsica [13,14] (௠(ݖ) horizontal velocity at the inlet boundary (m/sܸ x horizontal coordinate in the study plan ݔԦ௥௜ position vector of rotation point of the mirror number i y horizontal coordinate normal to the study plan z vertical coordinate [ݖ଴ =0.005 m roughness length [13 118 Q. Lancereau et al. / Energy Procedia 69 ( 2015 ) 116 – 125 [ݖ௠௜௡ =1 m minimum height [13 Greek letters Įmi angle of the mirror number i from the horizontal plane, counted counterclockwise 3 3 ߝ and ɂୣ(z) turbulence dissipation rate (m²/s ) and turbulence dissipation rate at the inlet boundary (m²/s ) ߢ௩ =0.41 dimensionless turbulence model parameter ିହ ߤ =1.81 10 (Pa.s) , ߤ் dynamic viscosity of the air (Pa.s), turbulent dynamic viscosity (Pa.s) ߩ = 1.225 kg/m3 density of the air (kg/m3) Subscripts a quantity averaged on the mirrors r receiver quantity d for the bottom or right side quantity e inlet boundary quantity i number of the mirror increasing in the direction of the flow m mirror quantity u for the upper or left side quantity x quantity according to x-coordinate y quantity according to y-coordinate z quantity according to z-coordinate 2. Presentation of the model For this study, a two-dimensional steady-state model using a “k-H” turbulent flow has been implemented in the Comsol Multiphysics® software. The geometry study has been limited to a section of a simplified linear Fresnel module. 2.1. Geometry study As presented in Fig. 1, twelve flat mirrors of width lm without thickness nor holder were considered. The gap between mirrors is noted dlm and their rotation axes are all aligned in a plane at altitude hm from the ground. Their angles from the horizontal plane, noted Įmi (counterclockwise), are coupled, so that the primary reflectors focus the sunlight onto the receiver. This latter is considered as a half-cylinder of diameter Dr with its flat face horizontal and facing the mirrors. The air volume under consideration is inside a rectangle with the soil at the bottom, the wind inlet boundary on the left side, the outlet boundary on the right side and an open boundary at the top. The distances between the Fresnel module and these last three boundaries are chosen so as not to influence the wind load on the receiver and mirrors, while minimizing the calculation time. 2.2. Physical model 2.2.1. Field equations In the studied field the air velocity vector ݑሬԦ and the pressure p, the turbulence kinetic energy k (m²/s²) and the turbulence dissipation rate ߝ (m²/s3) are determined solving the classical k- ߝ turbulent model, with ߤ = ିହ 3 1.81 10 Pa.s the air dynamic viscosity, ߩ. =1225 kg/m the air density, ߤ் the turbulent dynamic viscosity (Pa.s) and ் ଶ ଶ ଶ (ߤ ቂߘധݑሬԦ: ቀߘധݑሬԦ + ൫ߘധݑሬԦ൯ ቁെ ൫ߘሬԦ ήݑሬԦ൯ ቃെ ߩ݇ߘሬԦ ήݑሬԦ (1 = ܲ ௞ ் ଷ ଷ Q. Lancereau et al. / Energy Procedia 69 ( 2015 ) 116 – 125 119 the production of turbulence kinetic energy. Fig. 1. Geometry studied and its geometrical parameters 2.2.2. Boundary conditions The inlet velocity is determined with the Eurocode for structural sizing [13,14] in Corsica where the R&D project LFR500 and the CSP plant Alba Nova 1 are under erection [15]: (ݑ௫(ݖ) = ܸ௠(ݖ) = ܿ௥(ݖ) ܿ௢(ݖ) ܸ௕ and ݑ௭ =0, (2 with ܿ௢(ݖ) =1 the orography factor for a horizontal soil, ܸ௕ = 28 m/s the Corsica basic wind velocity and ܿ௥(ݖ) the roughness factor 0.07 ݖ0 ௭ ൬ ൰ ln ቀ ቁ for ݖ > ݖ݉݅݊ 0.19ۓ ݖ0 ܫܫ,ݖ0 (ݖ) = 0.07 , (3)ݎܿ ݖ0 ݖ݉݅݊ ۔ ൬ ൰ ln ቀ ቁ for ݖ ൑ ݖ݉݅݊ 0.19 ݖ0 ܫܫ,ݖ0 ە with ݖ଴ = 0.005 m the roughness length, ݖ଴,ூூ = 0.05 m a reference length [13] and ݖ௠௜௡ =1 m the minimum height due to the proximity of the sea for the two projects under consideration.
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