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Holocene Climate in the Subarctic Fjord Malangen, Northern Norway: a Multi-Proxy Study

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Holocene Climate in the Subarctic Fjord Malangen, Northern Norway: a Multi-Proxy Study Holocene climate in the subarctic fjord Malangen, northern Norway: a multi-proxy study MORTEN HALD, KATRINE HUSUM, TORE O. VORREN, KARI GRØSFJELD, HENNING B. JENSEN AND ALLA SHARAPOVA Hald, M., Husum, K., Vorren, T. O., Grøsfjeld, K., Jensen, H. B. & Sharapova, A. 2003 (December): Holo- cene climate in the subarctic fjord Malangen, northern Norway: a multi-proxy study. Boreas, Vol. 32, pp. 543–559. Oslo. ISSN 0300-9483. A Holocene sedimentary record from the deep-silled Malangen fjord in northern Norway reveals regional changes in sedimentary environment and climate. Down-core analysis of two sediment cores includes multi-core sensor logging, grain size, x-radiography, foraminifera, oxygen isotopes, dinoflagellates, pollen, trace elements and radiocarbon datings. The cores are located just proximal to the submarine Younger Dryas moraine complex, and reveal the deglaciation after Younger Dryas and the postglacial evolution. Five sedimentary units have been identified. The oldest units, V and IV, bracket the Younger Dryas glacial readvance in the fjord between 12700 cal. years BP and 11800 cal. years BP. This is followed by deposition of glaciomarine sediments (units IV and III) starting around 12100 cal. years BP. Glaciomarine sedimentation ceased in the fjord c. 10300 cal. years BP and was replaced by open marine sedimentation (units II and I). A rapid stepwise warming occurred during the Preboreal. Onset of surface water warming lagged bottom water warming by several hundred years. The 18O record indicates a significant, gradual bottom water cooling (c.4°C) between 8000 and 2000 cal. years BP, a trend also supported by the other proxy data. Other records in the region, as well as GCM simulations, also support this long-term climatic evolution. Superimposed on this cooling were brief warmings around 6000 cal. years BP and 2000 cal. years BP. The long-term change may be driven by orbitally forced reduction in insolation, whereas the short-term changes may be linked to for example solar forcing, meltwater and NAO changes all causing regional changes in the North Atlantic heat transport. Morten Hald (e-mail: [email protected]), Katrine Husum and Tore O. Vorren, Department of Geology, University of Tromsø, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Kari Grøsfield, Geological Survey of Norway, NO-7491 Trondheim Norway; Henning B. Jensen, Geological Survey of Norway, Polar Environmental Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; Alla Sharapova, St. Petersburg University, Division of Historical Geology, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; received 25th October 2002, accepted 20th March 2003. The Norwegian fjords are potentially suitable locations masses. The northward transport of Atlantic Water is for high-resolution Holocene studies. Most were degla- a main conveyor of heat to the northern latitudes. ciated after the Younger Dryas and have acted as Changes in routing or magnitude of this water mass in effective natural sediment traps (Holtedahl 1975; the past are shown to have regional as well as global Syvitski et al. 1987; Aarseth 1997). Many of the fjords climatic implications. The purpose of the present article thus contain thick sediment packages largely deposited is to elucidate natural variability in climate and during the last deglaciation and the Holocene. The environment of the northeastern North Atlantic and its deep-silled fjords along the coast of Norway commu- correlation to climate changes on land. In this article we nicate with the Norwegian Sea and may be considered present millennial to century scale reconstructions of as extensions of the open ocean towards land (Wass- Holocene sedimentary environment and palaeoclimate mann et al. 1996). A proxy record from such a fjord from two sediment cores recovered from the thick therefore has the potential of reflecting regional climatic deglacial-Holocene sediment package in Malangen. trends of the northern North Atlantic region (Mikalsen The reconstructions are based on detailed studies of et al. 2001). In the present study, we investigated the acoustic data as well as on the physical properties of the subarctic fjord Malangen in northern Norway. The inner sediments, fossil assemblages of benthic foraminifera, parts of this fjord contain a deglacial-Holocene basin dinoflagellates, pollen, oxygen isotopes and geochemi- infill package that is approximately 150 m thick. Today, cal trace elements. These proxies are suitable for the water masses in this fjord are influenced by a mix of reconstructing bottom water conditions (benthic for- Atlantic Water brought to the area by the Norwegian aminifera and benthic 18O), surface water conditions Current and fresher coastal water transported by the (dinoflagellates), and local vegetation, atmospheric Norwegian Coastal Current (Gade & Edwards 1980). climate and land ocean correlation (pollen). The bottom water is heavily influenced by Atlantic Water and thus linked to the North Atlantic heat transport (Gade & Edwards 1980; Normann 2001). Physical setting The surface water is influenced by the Coastal Current as well as local runoff from land. The sediments in the The Malangen fjord is situated in Troms county, fjord may trace changes in these two main water northern Norway (Fig. 1). The fjord is 6 km broad and DOI 10.1080/03009480310004134 # 2003 Taylor & Francis 544 Morten Hald et al. BOREAS 32 (2003) Fig. 1. Location map. A. Surface water masses in the Nordic Seas; frame indicates the study area. B. Bathymetry (in metres) of the Malangen fjord and adjoining shelf showing location of the sediment cores in the Ansnes Basin. C. Index map; frame indicates area shown in B. NC = Norwegian Current, NCC = Norwegian Coastal Current. 44 km long and consists of an inner and outer basin of c. coast before they enter the Barents Sea (Hopkins 1991). 250 and c. 450 m depth, respectively, separated by a The NCC is wedge-shaped in cross section and during threshold area at c. 160 m. In addition, a small basin, the the summer it becomes broader and shallower (50– Ansnes Basin with a depth of c. 200 m, is located just 100 m water depth) than during winter (<200 m water inside this threshold area. The investigated sediment depth) (Sætre et al. 1988). This allows the Norwegian cores are located in the Ansnes Basin. Another thresh- Current to expand onto the shelf and gives way to an old at 200 m separates the outer fjord basin from inflow of dense Atlantic Water to the fjord during late Malangsdjupet further off shore, which is a glacial spring and summer (Sælen 1950). trough located on the continental shelf. At the south- The sources for the water masses in the Malangen eastern fjord head, the large river Ma˚lselva discharges fjord include (a) Atlantic Water, transported to the area (Fig. 1B). The outer part of the fjord is located within by the Norwegian Current (Fig. 1) and influencing the Precambrian basement. Kambro-Silurian metasedi- bottom water of the fjord, (b) Coastal Water, trans- ments overlying the Precambrian basement surround ported to the area by the Norwegian Coastal Current the middle and inner fjord. Acoustic data show that the (Fig. 1) and influencing the intermediate and surface fjord basins are partly filled with glaciomarine-marine water of the fjord, and (c) Local runoff, in particular sediments interpreted to be mainly of Late Weichselian from the Ma˚lselva river (Fig. 1). Both temperature and and Holocene age (Larsen 1986; Wold 1998). The fresh water supply to the fjord vary seasonally. Highest volume of these sediments is estimated to be c. 3.72 km3 surface temperatures are reached during summer (Wold 1998). (August) and highest bottom water temperatures are The Norwegian Current (NC) transports relatively reached in November (Normann 2001). The lowest warm (>8°C) and saline (>35%) Atlantic Water into bottom temperatures (5°C) are reached during late the region (Hopkins 1991) (Fig. 1A). It flows north winter and early spring (Svendsen 1995). Stratification along the Norwegian coast together with the Norwegian of the upper water layer develops at the beginning of Coastal Current (NCC) (Fig. 1A). The water masses of snowmelt in May–June to September. Stratification the NCC are characterized by a temperature between decreases in late fall and winter (Wassmann et al. 1996) 2°C and 13°C and a salinity between 32% and 35% and is most pronounced in the inner fjord towards the (Hopkins 1991). These currents follow the Norwegian river mouth (Fig. 2). Instrumental measurements of late BOREAS 32 (2003) Holocene climate in fjord Malangen, N Norway 545 summer (September) bottom water at the core location using a piston corer. MD99-2298 is 36 m long and was show salinity and temperature fluctuations between sampled during the IMAGES-1999 cruise with RV 5.6°C and 6.9°C and 34.4% and 34.8%, respectively, ‘Marion Dufresne’ using a modified piston coring for the past 20 years (Normann 2001). By comparing system, a ‘Calypso-corer’, especially designed to instrumental temperature and salinity data from the sample long cores. The inner diameter of both cores is fjord and the open Norwegian Sea outside the fjord, a 10 cm. The sealed cores were opened by being split close relationship becomes evident. Thus, from an longitudinally in two equal parts. One half was studied oceanographic point of view a deep-silled fjord such with regard to various geotechnical and sedimentologi- as Malangen may be considered as an extension towards cal analyses, including multi-core logging, x-radi- land of the Norwegian Sea. ography and colour determination using the Munsell Colour Charts. Furthermore, water content and shear strength by the fall-cone test (Hansbo 1957) were Material and methods determined for core JM98-1. Total organic carbon (TOC) and total carbon (TC) We investigated two sediment cores, JM98-1 and were measured using a Leco induction furnace. TC MD99-2298, located in the Ansnes Basin at 69°29.9'N content was obtained without any other pretreatment of and 18°23.6'E, with a water depth of 213 m (Fig.
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