The Restoration and the Enlightenment

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The Enlightenment The Restoration • Monarchy & Anglican Church restored in 1660 with Charles II • Increasingly, monarchs had to share authority with Parliament • 1689: English Bill of Rights limited monarchy further • Period of extravagance and refinement for the nobility Coronation Procession of Charles II to Westminster from the Tower of London (1661) by Dirck Stoop. Age of Reason • Late 17th-late 18th century • Increasing reliance on empiricism and scientific reasoning, not religion, to understand the world • Period of scientific advancement, intellectual growth, and improved living conditions • Shared ideas in salons and coffeehouses “The Alchemist in Search of the Philosopher’s Stone” (1771) by Joseph Wright Scientific Revolution • Developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed views of society and nature • Asking “how,” not “why,” to explain natural phenomena • Famous scientists: – Isaac Newton – Francis Bacon Table of astronomy from the 1728 Cyclopaedia Philosophers • John Locke: government compromise, tabula rasa • Thomas Hobbes: humans inherently evil, government helps control them • Jean-Jacques Rousseau: humans born good, corrupted by society • Rene Descartes: “I think, therefore I am.” • David Hume: skepticism • Immanuel Kant: reasoning invalid because of subjective experience Other Innovators • Music: Vivaldi, Bach, Handel, Mozart, Beethoven • Women’s rights: Olympe de Gouges, Mary Wollstonecraft • Peace: John Comenius, Hugo Grotius • Economics: Adam Smith Enlightenment Literature • Middle class had more money and free time to spend on reading • Shift towards prose and realistic experiences – Rise of journalism • Neoclassic literature aimed at elite; often used sarcasm and satire “Franklin in London” by David Martin, 1767 Literature • Famous writers of the Enlightenment: – Jonathan Swift – Alexander Pope – Voltaire – Daniel Defoe – Charlotte Smith – Robert Burns – Samuel Johnson (1st dictionary) Top: “Weimar’s Courtyard of the Muses” by Theobald von Oer Bottom: “Death of Socrates” by Jacques Louis David, 1787 Age of Satire • SATIRE IS NOT COMEDY, which just seeks to entertain or amuse. Satire, while implicitly humorous, has a moral purpose. 1. Moral lesson 2. Funny 3. Shared community standard of correct behavior (which begets the humor!) **The goal of satire is not just to abuse, but rather, to provoke change or reform. Satire: Definition “Satire is like a mirror in which [a man] sees everyone’s face but [his] own.” ~Jonathan Swift Satire is a literary genre that uses irony, wit and sometimes sarcasm, to expose humanity’s foibles giving impetus to changes through ridicule. The author of a satire reduces the vaulted worth of something to its real- decidedly lower- worth. Two Types of Satire Juvenalian Horatian .

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Hugo Grotius's Modern Translation of Aristotle
Digital Commons @ Assumption University Political Science Department Faculty Works Political Science Department 2016 Natural Rights and History: Hugo Grotius's Modern Translation of Aristotle Jeremy Seth Geddert Assumption College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.assumption.edu/political-science-faculty Part of the Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons, and the Political Theory Commons Recommended Citation Geddert, Jeremy Seth. "Natural Rights and History: Hugo Grotius's Modern Translation of Aristotle." Concepts of Nature: Ancient and Modern. Edited by R. J. Snell and Steven F. McGuire. Lexington Books, 2016. Pages 71-90. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Political Science Department at Digital Commons @ Assumption University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science Department Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Assumption University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Natural Rights and History: Hugo Grotius's Modern Translation of Aristotle Jeremy Seth Geddert Cicero writes in de Finibus that "nature never forgets its own primary prop erties." This leads him to inquire, "then how comes it that human nature alone abandons man?"1 If Hugo Grotius were alive today, he might wonder the same thing. Grotius's language of nature remains surprisingly enduring in contemporary discourse. Yet most students of political thought seem to have forgotten the man. This inattention is a notable change from the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries, during which one contemporary described Gro tius as "the greatest universal scholar since Aristotle."2 Grotius's fame began in 1598, when King Henry IV of France pronounced the fifteen-year-old prodigy as "the miracle of Holland." By his early twenties he became the Pensionary of Rotterdam, and by his early thirties he penned major works of history, literature, political philosophy, and theology.
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents Note for the Revised Edition 11 Introduction 13 emmeline besamusca and jaap verheul Neither Wooden Legs nor Wooden Shoes: Elusive Encounters with Dutchness 16 wiljan van den akker Society 1 Citizens, Coalitions, and the Crown 21 emmeline besamusca Queen Máxima: Enchanting the Monarchy 23 Binnenhof: Traditional Heart of a Modern Democracy 26 2 Politics between Accommodation and Commotion 33 ido de haan Pillarization: Pacification and Segregation 34 Pim Fortuyn: Libertarian Populist 39 3 Economy of the Polder 45 jan luiten van zanden Bulbs, Flowers, and Cheese: The Agricultural Face of an Urban Economy 45 Royal Dutch Shell: Corporate Legacy of Colonialism 49 4 Dilemmas of the Welfare State 57 lex heerma van voss Labor Productivity: Balancing Work and Leisure 58 Pensions: Well-Deserved and Well-Funded 63 5 Randstad Holland 69 ben de pater and rob van der vaart The Amsterdam Canal Ring: Urban Heritage of the Golden Age 70 The Port of Rotterdam: Logistical Hub of Europe 75 6 Distinctive within the Global Fold? 83 paul schnabel The Elfstedentocht: Beating the Forces of Nature 86 Sinterklaas: A Controversial Morality Tale 91 5 History 7 From the Periphery to the Center 97 marco mostert The Roman Limes: A Cultural Meeting Place 99 Hebban Olla Vogala: The Beginnings of Literature 105 8 The Golden Age 109 maarten prak The Tulip Bubble: Horticultural Speculation 111 William of Orange: Founding Father 113 9 A Tradition of Tolerance 121 wijnand mijnhardt Hugo Grotius: Founder of Enlightenment Thought 124 Baruch de Spinoza: Philosopher
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The Rights of War and Peace Book I
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Grotius and Kant on Original Community of Goods and Property
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Globalizing Bentham
Globalizing Jeremy Bentham The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Armitage, David R. 2011. Globalizing Jeremy Bentham. History of Political Thought 32(1): 63-82. Published Version http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/imp/ hpt/2011/00000032/00000001/art00004 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11211544 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP - 1 - GLOBALIZING JEREMY BENTHAM1 David Armitage2 Abstract: Jeremy Bentham’s career as a writer spanned almost seventy years, from the Seven Years’ War to the early 1830s, a period contemporaries called an age of revolutions and more recent historians have seen as a world crisis. This article traces Bentham’s developing universalism in the context of international conflict across his lifetime and in relation to his attempts to create a ‘Universal Jurisprudence’. That ambition went unachieved and his successors turned his conception of international law in more particularist direction. Going back behind Bentham’s legacies to his own writings, both published and unpublished, reveals a thinker responsive to specific events but also committed to a universalist vision that helped to make him a precociously global figure in the history of political thought. Historians of political thought have lately made two great leaps forward in expanding the scope of their inquiries. The first, the ‘international turn’, was long- 1 History of Political Thought, 32 (2011), 63-82.
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Hugo Grotius and the Liberal Tradition
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1987 Hugo Grotius and the liberal tradition Karen Diane Csajko Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the International Relations Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Csajko, Karen Diane, "Hugo Grotius and the liberal tradition" (1987). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3711. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5595 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Karen Diane Csajko for the Master of Arts in Political Science presented July 28, 1987. Title: Hugo Grotius and the Liberal Tradition APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: L { Carr •( Chairman Byrod L. Haines One approach in contemporary international relations theory is the moralist position. Most moralists argue that obligations which an individual has toward the state and toward persons qua fellow citizens should not override the obligations which every individual has toward other persons qua members of humanity. Essential to a moralist approach is the idea that every individual shares some feature, such as rights, which is universal to all men and incontrovert- ible by any body. Many moralists base their theory upon the thought of Hugo Grotius, equating Grotius ' s thought with their own moralist approach. 2 This thesis argues that Grotius does not present a universal ethic and that his thought does not serve as a foundation for contemporary moralist theory.
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The Effects of the European Enlightenment on Early American Revolutionary Ideas and Literature
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Leibniz As Legal Scholar
LEIBNIZ AS LEGAL SCHOLAR Matthias Armgardt* 1. Introduction1 These days, Leibniz is very famous for his contributions to philosophy, especially in the fi eld of metaphysics, and to mathematics, especially for the invention of calculus and the binary numeral system. However, attention has seldom been drawn to the fact that Leibniz was also, particularly at the beginning of his career, a legal scholar. Even legal historians have been reluctant to translate and analyse his complex works on the law. Luig was one of the fi rst legal historians to consider these texts, but did so from a dogmatic point of view only.2 When I wrote my book3 about Leibniz’ Doctrina conditionum4 in the 1990s, no translation was available. Nowadays, French translations of some of his legal texts by the philosopher Boucher are available,5 as well as English translations by the philosopher Dascal6 and by Sartor and Artosi.7 In addition, some of his texts on natural 1 I wish to thank my friend Laurens for his encouragement to return to Leibniz after a break of more than ten years. I had the opportunity to present part of this paper at the Erasmus University Rotterdam in January 2013. 2 Recently, Luig made a methodological contribution as well: Klaus Luig, Leibniz’s concept of jus naturale and lex naturalis – defi ned “with geometric certainty”, in: Daston/Stolleis (eds.), Natural Law and Laws of Nature in Early Modern Europe, Ashgate 2009, pp. 183ff. 3 Matthias Armgardt, Das rechtslogische System der “Doctrina conditionum” von G. W. Leibniz, Diss. Köln, Marburg 2001 (referred to as Armgardt, DC).
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An Ideology of War, Not Peace: Jus in Bello and the Grotian Tradition Of
Journal of Political Ideologies (1999), 4(1), 13-37 An ideology of war, not peace: jus in bello and the Grotian tradition of war KARMA NABULSI Nuffield College, Oxford, 0X1 1NF ABSTRACT The Grotian tradition of war developed in a particular manner in the last quarter of the nineteenth century in the context of the framing of the modern laws of war. This article will seek to trace the core elements of this tradition, which drew heavily on the writings of Hugo Grotius (1583-1645). Its important values were law, order, power, and an attachment to the sovereignty Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 16:44 8 January 2008 of the state. As the Grotian tradition of war was 'index-linked' to legitimate power, its central ambition was to limit the rights of belligerency to a particular class of participant (the soldier), and to exclude all others from the right to become actively involved in political or military action in times of war and military occupation in nineteenth century Europe. Grotianism is without doubt the strongest paradigm in current international political theory, incorporating the modern traditions of international law, inter- national society, and just war, to name but a few. Yet, although Grotius himself is undergoing a remarkable revival in Western political thought, his most important contribution to the current debate appears to have been largely overlooked. This article will seek to show that Grotius' main contribution lay in the methodological and ideological system which he introduced, and which all of the above-mentioned traditions employ. This system is drawn from his main work, De Jure Belli et Pads ('The Laws of War and Peace'), which is almost exclusively concerned with the rights, wrongs, and practices of war.
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Herder's Debate with Kant
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Grotius on Citizenship and Political Community
Grotius on Citizenship and Political Community I -'--------- What are the salient features of Grotius' theory of citizenship? The question acquires renewed relevance as the Westphalian system of sovereign states, established and undergirded by 'Grotian' international law, is replaced by new forms of political organization in what some identify as a new 'Grotian moment'.2 This paper explores Grotius' writing on citizenship and political community to reach three main conclusions. First, Grotius combines classical moral concerns with a focus on human rationality: he sees reason as the means to a better and more noble morality. Second, a key theme of Grotius' thought is his focus on political order: good citizens strive to preserve their political institutions and further the common good. Third, Grotius balances a strong defence of individual rights with an emphasis on the shared duties of citizenship. Though his works have seemingly always been lauded, the interpretation of Grotius' writings has changed in subtle yet crucial ways. The introduction to a collection of essays about Grotius and international relations tellingly observes that even De Jure Belli ac Pacis 'has in some measure evolved away from its author,' and hints that there may be 'a need for revisions of some standard views about Grotius'.3 In attempting such a revision, I focus on Grotius' thinking on citizenship and political community. Though today neglected in favour of his ideas on the freedom of the seas and the notion of I I would like to thank Andreas Kinneging and participants in his classicism seminar, David Lumsdaine, Michael Mosher, Mark Emery and other participants in the Yale graduate politi- cal theory workshop for comments on previous versions and related work.
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Hugo Grotius in the Contemporary Memory of International Law: Secularism, Liberalism, and the Politics of Restatement and Denial
Emory International Law Review Volume 25 Issue 1 2011 Hugo Grotius in the Contemporary Memory of International Law: Secularism, Liberalism, and the Politics of Restatement and Denial John D. Haskell Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr Recommended Citation John D. Haskell, Hugo Grotius in the Contemporary Memory of International Law: Secularism, Liberalism, and the Politics of Restatement and Denial, 25 Emory Int'l L. Rev. 269 (2011). Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr/vol25/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Emory Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Emory International Law Review by an authorized editor of Emory Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HASKELL GALLEYSFINAL 6/28/2011 9:57 AM HUGO GROTIUS IN THE CONTEMPORARY MEMORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW: SECULARISM, LIBERALISM, AND THE POLITICS OF RESTATEMENT AND DENIAL ∗ John D. Haskell INTRODUCTION: GROTIUS AS NARRATIVE Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) frequently occupies the title, “‘father’ of international law.”1 While the origins of professional lineage were a source of professional and personal conflict for jurists in the nineteenth century, scholars today tend to treat Grotius as either a symbolic marker of changing historical thought, or the symbolic figure of a style or school of global governance.2 In the first instance, Grotius is important because he made a methodological leap in one form or another
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