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Future Generation Computer Systems on Blockchain and Its Integration with Iot. Challenges and Opportunities

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Future Generation Computer Systems on Blockchain and Its Integration with Iot. Challenges and Opportunities Future Generation Computer Systems 88 (2018) 173–190 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Future Generation Computer Systems journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fgcs On blockchain and its integration with IoT. Challenges and opportunities Ana Reyna *, Cristian Martín, Jaime Chen, Enrique Soler, Manuel Díaz Department of Languages and Computer Science, University of Málaga, Boulevar Louis Pasteur 35, 29071 Málaga, Spain h i g h l i g h t s • Challenges to address the integration of the IoT with blockchain. • Analysis of blockchain potential benefits for the IoT. • Blockchain IoT applications and platforms for the development of IoT solutions. • Possible topologies to that integration. • Evaluation of blockchain nodes in IoT devices. article info a b s t r a c t Article history: In the Internet of Things (IoT) vision, conventional devices become smart and autonomous. This vision Received 21 December 2017 is turning into a reality thanks to advances in technology, but there are still challenges to address, Received in revised form 3 April 2018 particularly in the security domain e.g., data reliability. Taking into account the predicted evolution of the Accepted 21 May 2018 IoT in the coming years, it is necessary to provide confidence in this huge incoming information source. Available online 24 May 2018 Blockchain has emerged as a key technology that will transform the way in which we share information. Building trust in distributed environments without the need for authorities is a technological advance Keywords: Internet of Things that has the potential to change many industries, the IoT among them. Disruptive technologies such as Blockchain big data and cloud computing have been leveraged by IoT to overcome its limitations since its conception, Smart contract and we think blockchain will be one of the next ones. This paper focuses on this relationship, investigates Trust challenges in blockchain IoT applications, and surveys the most relevant work in order to analyze how blockchain could potentially improve the IoT. ' 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 1. Introduction development platform and the range of applications where it can be used encompass many areas of the society. The IoT plays a The rapid evolution in miniaturization, electronics and wireless central role in turning current cities into smart cities, electrical communication technologies have contributed to unprecedented grids into smart grids and houses into smart homes, and this is only advances in our society. This has resulted in an increase in the the beginning. According to various research reports, the number number of suitable electronic devices for many areas, a reduction of connected devices is predicted to reach anywhere from 20 to 50 in their production costs and a paradigm shift from the real world billion by 2020 [2] mainly due to the vast number of devices that into the digital world. Therefore, the way in which we interact the IoT can place on the scene. with each other and with the environment has changed, using The IoT visualizes a totally connected world, where things are current technology to gain a better understanding of the world. able to communicate measured data and interact with each other. The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a set of technolo- This makes possible a digital representation of the real world, gies from Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) to Radio Frequency through which many smart applications in a variety of industries Identification (RFID), that provide the capabilities to sense, actuate can be developed. These include: Smart homes, Weareables, Smart with and communicate over the Internet [1]. Nowadays, an IoT device can be an electronic device from a wearable to a hardware cities, Healthcare, Automotive, Environment, Smart water, Smart grid, etc. IoT solutions are being deployed in many areas, opti- mizing production and digitizing industries. IoT applications have * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A. Reyna), [email protected] (C. Martín), very specific characteristics, they generate large volumes of data [email protected] (J. Chen), [email protected] (E. Soler), [email protected] (M. Díaz). and require connectivity and power for long periods. This, together https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.05.046 0167-739X/' 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 174 A. Reyna et al. / Future Generation Computer Systems 88 (2018) 173–190 with the limitations in memory, computer capacity, networks and as the blockchain. It has been applied to many other areas, and limited power supply pose a high number of challenges. the information immutability is guaranteed in applications that go The huge expansion of the IoT has to be supported by stan- beyond the cryptocurrencies. Blockchain has revolutionized trust- dard mechanisms and protocols in order to reduce the existing worthiness of information as well. For instance, this technology has heterogeneity in the field. This heterogeneity leads to vertical silos been used in voting systems by government entities, renting and and reduces the adoption of the IoT. However, aside from the data storage among others [4]. heterogeneity and integration challenges present in the IoT, the In this paper the current challenges of IoT and blockchain and trustworthiness of its data is also an important issue to bear in the potential advantages of their combined use will be analyzed. mind. Nowadays, we trust in the information of financial enti- Disruptive applications in this area will be highlighted in addi- ties and the government among others, but can we be sure that tion to a review of the available blockchain platforms to address the information provided by them and by other external entities, these challenges. such as IoT companies, has not been tampered/altered/falsified The main contributions of the paper are: in any way? This is a difficult question to answer in centralized architectures. Untrusted entities can alter information according 1. Survey on blockchain technology, analyzing its unique fea- to their own interests, so the information they provide might not tures and open challenges. be completely reliable. This brings about the need to verify that the 2. Identification and analysis of the different ways of integrat- information has never been modified. ing IoT and blockchain. One way to provide trustworthiness in IoT data is through a dis- 3. Study of challenges, potential benefits and open issues of the tributed service trusted by all its participants that guarantees that integration of blockchain and IoT. the data remains immutable. If all participants have the data and 4. Study of existing blockchain–IoT platforms and applications. they have the means to verify that the data have not been tampered 5. Evaluation and comparison of the performance of different blockchains in an IoT device. with since the first definition, trustworthiness can be achieved. Moreover, having a system that guarantees data reliability would The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section2 intro- allow governments to share and securely transfer information with duces the blockchain technology and analyzes its main challenges. citizens. In Section3 IoT and blockchain integration is addressed, analyzing In many areas where an exhaustive traceability of assets during the challenges that this integration involves. A state of the art in their life cycle is required by regulations, data immutability be- blockchain platforms for IoT and IoT–blockchain applications is comes a key challenge. Concretely, European Union (EU) regula- presented in Section4. Lastly, our conclusions and future work are tions require food producers to trace and identify all raw materials presented in Section5. used in the elaboration of their food products in addition to the final destination of each of them. For example, in the case of a 2. Blockchain large food company with thousands of manufacturing suppliers and millions of clients, the information needs to be digitized and The problem of trust in information systems is extremely com- its processing automated to comply with regulation. One example plex when no verification nor audit mechanisms are provided, of strong regulation in terms of traceability is the pork supply, especially when they have to deal with sensitive information, such regulated in many countries. In this scenario, in addition to tracing as economic transactions with virtual currencies. In this context, the raw material used in pig feed and treatments and the final Satoshi Nakamoto, in 2008 [5] presented two radical concepts that destination of the pork, the transportation of the animals between have had a great repercussion. The first of these is Bitcoin, a virtual factories must also be registered by law. These scenarios involve cryptocurrency that maintains its value without support from any many participants, some of them still relying on non-automated centralized authority or financial entity. Rather, the coin is held information handling methods. In the case of food contamination, collectively and securely by a decentralized P2P network of actors which has been an important issue for the world population's that make up an auditable and verifiable network. The second of health throughout history, information that is lost or difficult to the concepts, whose popularity has gone even further than the find implies delays in the location of the problem's focus. This can cryptocurrency itself, is blockchain. also result in the public's mistrust of the contaminated products Blockchain is the mechanism that allows transactions to be ver- and a large decrease in their demand. According to the World ified by a group of unreliable actors. It provides a distributed, im- Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that every year around mutable, transparent, secure and auditable ledger.
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