The Impact of Cryptocurrencies on the Internet of Things: Insights from Prototypes, C 2017 ABSTRACT
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Beauty Is Not in the Eye of the Beholder
Insight Consumer and Wealth Management Digital Assets: Beauty Is Not in the Eye of the Beholder Parsing the Beauty from the Beast. Investment Strategy Group | June 2021 Sharmin Mossavar-Rahmani Chief Investment Officer Investment Strategy Group Goldman Sachs The co-authors give special thanks to: Farshid Asl Managing Director Matheus Dibo Shahz Khatri Vice President Vice President Brett Nelson Managing Director Michael Murdoch Vice President Jakub Duda Shep Moore-Berg Harm Zebregs Vice President Vice President Vice President Shivani Gupta Analyst Oussama Fatri Yousra Zerouali Vice President Analyst ISG material represents the views of ISG in Consumer and Wealth Management (“CWM”) of GS. It is not financial research or a product of GS Global Investment Research (“GIR”) and may vary significantly from those expressed by individual portfolio management teams within CWM, or other groups at Goldman Sachs. 2021 INSIGHT Dear Clients, There has been enormous change in the world of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology since we first wrote about it in 2017. The number of cryptocurrencies has increased from about 2,000, with a market capitalization of over $200 billion in late 2017, to over 8,000, with a market capitalization of about $1.6 trillion. For context, the market capitalization of global equities is about $110 trillion, that of the S&P 500 stocks is $35 trillion and that of US Treasuries is $22 trillion. Reported trading volume in cryptocurrencies, as represented by the two largest cryptocurrencies by market capitalization, has increased sixfold, from an estimated $6.8 billion per day in late 2017 to $48.6 billion per day in May 2021.1 This data is based on what is called “clean data” from Coin Metrics; the total reported trading volume is significantly higher, but much of it is artificially inflated.2,3 For context, trading volume on US equity exchanges doubled over the same period. -
Moneylab Reader: an Intervention in Digital Economy
READER A N INTERVENTION IN DIGITAL ECONOMY FOREWORD BY SASKIA SASSEN EDITED BY GEERT LOVINK NATHANIEL TKACZ PATRICIA DE VRIES INC READER #10 MoneyLab Reader: An Intervention in Digital Economy Editors: Geert Lovink, Nathaniel Tkacz and Patricia de Vries Copy editing: Annie Goodner, Jess van Zyl, Matt Beros, Miriam Rasch and Morgan Currie Cover design: Content Context Design: Katja van Stiphout EPUB development: André Castro Printer: Drukkerij Tuijtel, Hardinxveld-Giessendam Publisher: Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam, 2015 ISBN: 978-90-822345-5-8 Contact Institute of Network Cultures phone: +31205951865 email: [email protected] web: www.networkcultures.org Order a copy or download this publication freely at: www.networkcultures.org/publications Join the MoneyLab mailing list at: http://listcultures.org/mailman/listinfo/moneylab_listcultures.org Supported by: Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences (Hogeschool van Amster- dam), Amsterdam Creative Industries Publishing and the University of Warwick Thanks to everyone at INC, to all of the authors for their contributions, Annie Goodner and Morgan Currie for their copy editing, and to Amsterdam Creative Industries Publishing for their financial support. This publication is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike 4.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/. EDITED BY GEERT LOVINK, NATHANIEL TKACZ AND PATRICIA DE VRIES INC READER #10 Previously published INC Readers The INC Reader series is derived from conference contributions and produced by the Institute of Network Cultures. They are available in print, EPUB, and PDF form. The MoneyLab Reader is the tenth publication in the series. -
Short Selling Attack: a Self-Destructive but Profitable 51% Attack on Pos Blockchains
Short Selling Attack: A Self-Destructive But Profitable 51% Attack On PoS Blockchains Suhyeon Lee and Seungjoo Kim CIST (Center for Information Security Technologies), Korea University, Korea Abstract—There have been several 51% attacks on Proof-of- With a PoS, the attacker needs to obtain 51% of the Work (PoW) blockchains recently, including Verge and Game- cryptocurrency to carry out a 51% attack. But unlike PoW, Credits, but the most noteworthy has been the attack that saw attacker in a PoS system is highly discouraged from launching hackers make off with up to $18 million after a successful double spend was executed on the Bitcoin Gold network. For this reason, 51% attack because he would have to risk of depreciation the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) algorithm, which already has advantages of his entire stake amount to do so. In comparison, bad of energy efficiency and throughput, is attracting attention as an actor in a PoW system will not lose their expensive alternative to the PoW algorithm. With a PoS, the attacker needs mining equipment if he launch a 51% attack. Moreover, to obtain 51% of the cryptocurrency to carry out a 51% attack. even if a 51% attack succeeds, the value of PoS-based But unlike PoW, attacker in a PoS system is highly discouraged from launching 51% attack because he would have to risk losing cryptocurrency will fall, and the attacker with the most stake his entire stake amount to do so. Moreover, even if a 51% attack will eventually lose the most. For these reasons, those who succeeds, the value of PoS-based cryptocurrency will fall, and attempt to attack 51% of the PoS blockchain will not be the attacker with the most stake will eventually lose the most. -
Bitflyer Raises Approximately JPY 130 Million in Funds
bitFlyer, Inc Yuzo Kano, CEO bitFlyer Raises JPY 130 million in Funds We are delighted to announce that bitFlyer (Company Headquarters: Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Yuzo Kano, CEO), in order to expand its comprehensive Bitcoin platform and marketplace, has closed a fundraising round of approximately JPY 130 million. We are pleased to have received an investment from several third party investment organizations, including the below (titles omitted, in no particular order): RSP Fund No. 5 (Headquarters: Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Akihiko Okamoto, President) GMO Venture Partners (Headquarters: Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Masatoshi Kumagai, CEO) Bitcoin Opportunity Corp (Headquarters: New York, USA, Barry Silbert, CEO) The purpose of this funding will be to further strengthen our Bitcoin related businesses in the domestic as well as international markets, set up overseas offices, recruit new talent, accelerate service development, and carry out marketing and advertising campaigns to promote business growth. In addition, the synergies gained through close collaboration with our investment partners, customer base expansion, and the strengthening of our revenue base will help to facilitate our global business expansion. We will continue to pursue our primary goals of improving security while providing the best possible services to our customers. Thank you for using bitFlyer. Reference 1. Information Regarding our Investment Partners RSP Fund No. 5 RSP Fund No. 5 is a wholly owned subsidiary of Recruit Holdings, Co., Ltd. Headquartered in Tokyo and with offices in Silicon Valley, RSP invests in and provides management support to IT companies that provide innovative products and services around the world. GMO Venture Partners GMO Venture Partners is the venture capital arm of GMO Internet Group, investing more than JPY 5 billion to 51 companies in total, including 8 listed companies. -
“P2P Lending As an Alternative to Bank Lending in Ukraine”
“P2P lending as an alternative to bank lending in Ukraine” AUTHORS Alexander Lavryk Alexander Lavryk (2016). P2P lending as an alternative to bank lending in ARTICLE INFO Ukraine . Banks and Bank Systems, 11(4), 20-30. doi:10.21511/bbs.11(4).2016.02 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.11(4).2016.02 RELEASED ON Friday, 09 December 2016 JOURNAL "Banks and Bank Systems" FOUNDER LLC “Consulting Publishing Company “Business Perspectives” NUMBER OF REFERENCES NUMBER OF FIGURES NUMBER OF TABLES 0 0 0 © The author(s) 2021. This publication is an open access article. businessperspectives.org Banks and Bank Systems, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2016 Alexander Lavryk (Ukraine) P2P lending as an alternative to bank lending in Ukraine Abstract The goal of the article is to consider peer-to-peer lending and its interaction with bank lending that creates an aggregate hybrid lending. The article’s objective is the research of development of P2P lending on the financial market and beyond, which is particularly relevant today. This goal is achieved by using the methods of evaluation and comparative analysis of different principles, which makes it possible to structure the general scientific understanding of P2P lending with the help of statistical methods. The study of the dynamics and structure of peer-to-peer lending in various coun- tries for the period 2005-2016 led to the conclusion that in Ukraine, there is a decline in the share of bank lending in favor of peer-to-peer lending in the total amount of loans with an increasing role of non-bank and hybrid forms of len- ding in ensuring economic growth. -
Blockchain in Japan
Blockchain in Japan " 1" Blockchain in Japan " "The impact of Blockchain is huge. Its importance is similar to the emergence of Internet” Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan1 1 Japanese Trade Ministry Exploring Blockchain Tech in Study Group, Coindesk 2" Blockchain in Japan " About this report This report has been made by Marta González for the EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation, a joint venture between the European Commission and the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). The Centre aims to promote all forms of industrial, trade and investment cooperation between Europe and Japan. For that purpose, it publishes a series of thematic reports designed to support research and policy analysis of EU-Japan economic and industrial issues. To elaborate this report, the author has relied on a wide variety of sources. She reviewed the existing literature, including research papers and press articles, and interviewed a number of Blockchain thought leaders and practitioners to get their views. She also relied on the many insights from the Japanese Blockchain community, including startups, corporation, regulators, associations and developers. Additionally, she accepted an invitation to give a talk1 about the state of Blockchain in Europe, where she also received input and interest from Japanese companies to learn from and cooperate with the EU. She has also received numerous manifestations of interest during the research and writing of the report, from businesses to regulatory bodies, revealing a strong potential for cooperation between Europe and Japan in Blockchain-related matters. THE AUTHOR Marta González is an Economist and Software Developer specialized in FinTech and Blockchain technology. -
Trading and Arbitrage in Cryptocurrency Markets
Trading and Arbitrage in Cryptocurrency Markets Igor Makarov1 and Antoinette Schoar∗2 1London School of Economics 2MIT Sloan, NBER, CEPR December 15, 2018 ABSTRACT We study the efficiency, price formation and segmentation of cryptocurrency markets. We document large, recurrent arbitrage opportunities in cryptocurrency prices relative to fiat currencies across exchanges, which often persist for weeks. Price deviations are much larger across than within countries, and smaller between cryptocurrencies. Price deviations across countries co-move and open up in times of large appreciations of the Bitcoin. Countries that on average have a higher premium over the US Bitcoin price also see a bigger widening of arbitrage deviations in times of large appreciations of the Bitcoin. Finally, we decompose signed volume on each exchange into a common and an idiosyncratic component. We show that the common component explains up to 85% of Bitcoin returns and that the idiosyncratic components play an important role in explaining the size of the arbitrage spreads between exchanges. ∗Igor Makarov: Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK. Email: [email protected]. An- toinette Schoar: 62-638, 100 Main Street, Cambridge MA 02138, USA. Email: [email protected]. We thank Yupeng Wang and Yuting Wang for outstanding research assistance. We thank seminar participants at the Brevan Howard Center at Imperial College, EPFL Lausanne, European Sum- mer Symposium in Financial Markets 2018 Gerzensee, HSE Moscow, LSE, and Nova Lisbon, as well as Anastassia Fedyk, Adam Guren, Simon Gervais, Dong Lou, Peter Kondor, Gita Rao, Norman Sch¨urhoff,and Adrien Verdelhan for helpful comments. Andreas Caravella, Robert Edstr¨omand Am- bre Soubiran provided us with very useful information about the data. -
Vasco Alexandre Maia Dos Santos Infraestrutura Segura E
Departamento de Eletrónica, Universidade de Aveiro Telecomunicações e Informática 2016 Vasco Alexandre Infraestrutura Segura e Descentralizada para a Maia dos Santos Internet das Coisas Secure Decentralized Internet of Things Infrastructure Departamento de Eletrónica, Universidade de Aveiro Telecomunicações e Informática 2016 Vasco Alexandre Infraestrutura Segura e Descentralizada para a Maia dos Santos Internet das Coisas Secure Decentralized Internet of Things Infrastructure “The walls between art and engineering exist only in our minds” — Theo Jansen Departamento de Eletrónica, Universidade de Aveiro Telecomunicações e Informática 2016 Vasco Alexandre Infraestrutura Segura e Descentralizada para a Maia dos Santos Internet das Coisas Secure Decentralized Internet of Things Infrastructure Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos re- quisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Com- putadores e Telemática, realizada sob a orientação científica do Doutor Diogo Nuno Pereira Gomes, Professor auxiliar do Departamento de Eletrónica, Te- lecomunicações e Informática da Universidade de Aveiro, e do Doutor João Paulo Silva Barraca, Professor auxiliar do Departamento de Eletrónica, Tele- comunicações e Informática da Universidade de Aveiro. o júri / the jury presidente / president Prof. Doutor André Ventura da Cruz Marnoto Zúquete professor auxiliar da Universidade de Aveiro vogais / examiners committee Prof. Doutora Ana Cristina Costa Aguiar professora auxiliar convidada da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto Prof. Doutor Diogo Nuno Pereira Gomes professor auxiliar da Universidade de Aveiro (orientador) agradecimentos / Gostava de agradecer, em primeiro lugar ao Professor Doutor Diogo Gomes acknowledgements e ao Professor Doutor João Paulo Barraca pela oportunidade de integrar o ATNOG e trabalhar nesta dissertação, bem como por todo o apoio dado ao longo do mestrado. -
Financial Services | New York Attorney General Investigates
Financial Services New York Attorney General Launches Cryptocurrency Exchange Inquiry By: Jolene E. Negre On April 17, the New York Attorney General’s Office released a statement that it has launched a fact- finding inquiry into 13 cryptocurrency exchanges. Questionnaires were sent to the following exchanges: Coinbase, Inc. (GDAX) Gemini Trust Company bitFlyer USA, Inc. iFinex Inc. (Bitfinex) Bitstamp USA Inc. Payward, Inc. (Kraken) Bittrex, Inc. Circle Internet Financial Limited (Poloniex LLC) Binance Limited Elite Way Developments LLP (Tidex.com) Gate Technology Incorporated (Gate.io) itBit Trust Company Huobi Global Limited (Huobi.Pro) The text of the questionnaires can be found here. The Attorney General’s release suggests that the inquiry is part of a broader investor protection effort and emphasizes a greater need for transparency and accountability. The questionnaires relate to the following categories: Ownership and control Basic operation and fees Trading policies and procedures Outages and other suspensions of trading Internal controls Privacy and money laundering Protections against risks to customer funds Written materials New York State's action comes on the heels of reports in March that the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued subpoenas to as many as 80 entities and individuals involved in the virtual currency space over the preceding several months. As additional regulators enter the fray, cryptocurrency exchanges would be well served to consult with counsel regarding their business practices. Contact Us Jolene E. Negre Corporate [email protected] | Download V-Card David Bitkower Investigations, Compliance and Defense [email protected] | Download V-Card Meet our FinTech Team © 2018 Jenner & Block LLP. -
Економічний Форум 4/2017 248 Удк 347.336.004 Поліщук В.Г., К.Е.Н
Економічний форум 4/2017 УДК 347.336.004 Поліщук В.Г., к.е.н. Луцький національний технічний університет ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ФІНАНСОВОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ПРИ ВИКОРИСТАННІ ІННОВАЦІЙНОЇ КРИПТОВАЛЮТИ BITCOIN У публікації досліджуються передумови виникнення криптовалют, визначено їх основні види. Проаналізовано складності функціонування криптовалют на території України. Визначено ризики, що впливають на фінансову безпеку країни. Ключові слова: криптовалюта, біткойн, біткойн гаманець, фінансова безпека. Polishchuk V. ENSURE FINANCIAL SECURITY BY USING INNOVATIVE CRYPTOCURRENCY BITCOIN In the publication, the premise of the emergence of cryptocurrencies are being investigated, their main types are determined. The complexity of the operation of cryptocurrencies in the territory of Ukraine is analyzed. The risks affecting the financial security of the country are determined. Key words: cryptocurrency, bitcoin, bitcoin wallet, financial security. Полищук В.Г. ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ФИНАНСОВОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ПРИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ КРИПТОВАЛЮТЫ BITCOIN В публикации исследуются предпосылки возникновения криптовалют, определены их основные виды. Проанализированы сложности функционирования криптовалют на территории Украины. Определены риски, влияющие на финансовую безопасность страны. Ключевые слова: криптовалюта, биткойн, биткойн кошелек, финансовая безопасность. Постановка проблеми у загальному вигляді і її зв’язок з важливими науковими та практичними завданнями. Криптографія з метою конфіденційних платежів почала використовуватися з 1990 року в системі DigiCash Девіда -
Trading and Arbitrage in Cryptocurrency Markets
Trading and Arbitrage in Cryptocurrency Markets Igor Makarov1 and Antoinette Schoar∗2 1London School of Economics 2MIT Sloan, NBER, CEPR July 7, 2018 ABSTRACT We study the efficiency and price formation of cryptocurrency markets. First, we doc- ument large, recurrent arbitrage opportunities in cryptocurrency prices relative to fiat currencies across exchanges that often persist for weeks. The total size of arbitrage prof- its just from December 2017 to February 2018 is above $1 billion. Second, arbitrage opportunities are much larger across than within regions, but smaller when trading one cryptocurrency against another, highlighting the importance of cross-border cap- ital controls. Finally, we decompose signed volume on each exchange into a common component and an idiosyncratic, exchange-specific one. We show that the common component explains up to 85% of bitcoin returns and that the idiosyncratic compo- nents play an important role in explaining the size of the arbitrage spreads between exchanges. ∗Igor Makarov: Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK. Email: [email protected]. An- toinette Schoar: 62-638, 100 Main Street, Cambridge MA 02138, USA. Email: [email protected]. We thank Yupeng Wang for outstanding research assistance. We thank seminar participants at the Bre- van Howard Center at Imperial College, EPFL Lausanne, HSE Moscow, LSE, and Nova Lisbon, as well as Simon Gervais, Dong Lou, Peter Kondor, Norman Sch¨urhoff,and Adrien Verdelhan for helpful comments. Andreas Caravella, Robert Edstr¨omand Ambre Soubiran provided us with very useful information about the data. The data for this study was obtained from Kaiko Digital Assets. 1 Cryptocurrencies have had a meteoric rise over the past few years. -
The Anatomy of a Money-Like Informational Commodity: a Study of Bitcoin by Tim Swanson
The Anatomy of a Money-like Informational Commodity: A Study of Bitcoin By Tim Swanson 1 © Copyright 2014 by Tim Swanson Cover art credit: Matt Thomas and Invisible Order This manuscript is released under the Creative Commons - Attribution 4.0 International license: to copy, transmit, share, adapt, remix, make commercial use of and freely distribute this work. 2 Table of Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 1: Bitcoin in theory and practice .................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2: Public goods.............................................................................................................................. 24 Chapter 3: The Red Queen of Mining ........................................................................................................ 40 Chapter 4: A Bitcoin Gap ............................................................................................................................ 78 Chapter 5: Bitcoins made in China ............................................................................................................