Deed of Novation and Variation of The
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Contracts Course
Contracts A Contract A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties with mutual obligations. The remedy at law for breach of contract is "damages" or monetary compensation. In equity, the remedy can be specific performance of the contract or an injunction. Both remedies award the damaged party the "benefit of the bargain" or expectation damages, which are greater than mere reliance damages, as in promissory estoppels. Origin and Scope Contract law is based on the principle expressed in the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda, which is usually translated "agreements to be kept" but more literally means, "pacts must be kept". Contract law can be classified, as is habitual in civil law systems, as part of a general law of obligations, along with tort, unjust enrichment, and restitution. As a means of economic ordering, contract relies on the notion of consensual exchange and has been extensively discussed in broader economic, sociological, and anthropological terms. In American English, the term extends beyond the legal meaning to encompass a broader category of agreements. Such jurisdictions usually retain a high degree of freedom of contract, with parties largely at liberty to set their own terms. This is in contrast to the civil law, which typically applies certain overarching principles to disputes arising out of contract, as in the French Civil Code. However, contract is a form of economic ordering common throughout the world, and different rules apply in jurisdictions applying civil law (derived from Roman law principles), Islamic law, socialist legal systems, and customary or local law. 2014 All Star Training, Inc. -
United States District Court Southern District of Florida
Case 9:16-cv-80076-RLR Document 177 Entered on FLSD Docket 04/25/2018 Page 1 of 14 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA Case No. 16-80076-Civ-Rosenberg/Brannon INSPIRED DEVELOPMENT GROUP, LLC, Plaintiff, v. INSPIRED PRODUCTS GROUP, LLC, Defendant. ______________________________/ REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION THIS CAUSE is before the Court on Defendant’s Motion for Its Attorneys’ Fees and Costs (“Motion”) [DE 160], Plaintiff’s response in opposition [DE 162], and Defendant’s reply [DE 165], which has been referred to the undersigned for appropriate disposition [DE 175]. Being fully advised, the Court RECOMMENDS that Defendant’s Motion [DE 160] be GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART, and that Defendant be awarded $205,946.80 in attorneys’ fees and Defendant’s request for costs be denied. I. BACKGROUND This case arises from Defendant’s, Inspired Products Group, LLC (“IPG”/“Defendant”), alleged breach of its promise to pay $3 million to Plaintiff, Inspired Development Group (“IDG”/“Plaintiff”), in exchange for using IDG’s character car seat concept and licensing its patents. On December 5, 2016, IPG served on IDG a Proposal for Settlement for $300,000 pursuant to Fla. Stat. § 768.79 (the “Offer”) [DE 160-1], which IDG never accepted. Thereafter, the parties engaged in mediation and filed briefs on motions for summary judgment and motions in limine. On January 25, 2017, the Court granted summary judgment to IPG on Counts II 1 Case 9:16-cv-80076-RLR Document 177 Entered on FLSD Docket 04/25/2018 Page 2 of 14 (breach of contract), III (unjust enrichment), and IV (promissory estoppel) of the four-count complaint.1 On February 2, 2017, the remaining count, Count I for breach of contract, was dismissed with prejudice after the parties entered into a stipulated settlement agreement of $50,000, with IPG to make payment upon conclusion of the appeal or other proceedings in this case. -
Jacob Hale Russell, Rutgers Law School DATE
TO: UPF Civil Law Seminar Participants FROM: Jacob Hale Russell, Rutgers Law School DATE: 6 December 2017 Thanks for the opportunity to present my work-in-progress on unconscionability later this month. I’m attaching a draft of the project, which is at an early stage and still has many flaws to address. My approach and normative conclusions remain very tentative, so I am eager to hear your views, critiques, and suggestions. In addition, although the piece is not comparative in nature, I would be interested in your thoughts on whether I would benefit from any scrutiny of the distinct approaches to unfair terms in consumer contracts in EU private law and in civil law systems. (It may be that those approaches are too different to be relevant for this particular project and my pri- mary focus — how unconscionability, and more broadly consumer protection law, should deal with the heterogeneity of consumers.) I look forward to talking with you all on 18 December. 1 Unconscionability’s Resurrection Jacob Hale Russell Rutgers Law School DRAFT | December 6, 2017 Abstract Reports of unconscionability’s death are greatly exaggerated. The widespread view among courts and scholars is that the common-law con- tracts doctrine is rarely used, except in limiting clauses that purport to waive consumers’ procedural rights. As this Article documents, the doctrine ap- pears to be quietly flourishing in state courts over recent years, used to strike down substantive terms, including interest rates, in consumer finance con- tracts. To name just a few recent examples, courts have rewritten or voided payday loans, signature loans, overdraft fees, and mortgage contracts on the basis of unconscionability. -
An Introduction to Building Contracts: an Irish Context
Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin School of Surveying and Construction Other Resources Management 2016-12-04 An Introduction to Building Contracts: an Irish Context Tony Cunningham Technological University Dublin, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/beschreoth Part of the Construction Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Cunningham, T. (2016) An Introduction to Building Contracts: An Irish Context. Dublin Institute of Technology 2016. doi:10.21427/jeah-bt98 This Review is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Surveying and Construction Management at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Other Resources by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License AN INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING CONTRACTS: AN IRISH CONTEXT Tony Cunningham School of Surveying and Construction Management Dublin Institute of Technology, Bolton Street, Dublin 1 December 2016 Introduction A contract is an agreement which is capable of being enforced at law and whose essential characteristic is that of a bargain. Contract law focuses predominantly on commercial transactions and in the construction context these range from simple every-day transactions such as purchasing a box of nails to procuring multi-million euro building facilities. In Ireland construction clients typically engage designers and quantity surveyors to formulate designs and they subsequently contract with building contractors to construct the designs. The contractors, in turn, typically outsource much of the work to subcontractors and order materials from numerous suppliers. -
Important Concepts in Contract
Munich Personal RePEc Archive Practical concepts in Contract Law Ehsan, zarrokh 14 August 2008 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10077/ MPRA Paper No. 10077, posted 01 Jan 2009 09:21 UTC Practical concepts in Contract Law Author: EHSAN ZARROKH LL.M at university of Tehran E-mail: [email protected] TEL: 00989183395983 URL: http://www.zarrokh2007.20m.com Abstract A contract is a legally binding exchange of promises or agreement between parties that the law will enforce. Contract law is based on the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda (literally, promises must be kept) [1]. Breach of a contract is recognised by the law and remedies can be provided. Almost everyone makes contracts everyday. Sometimes written contracts are required, e.g., when buying a house [2]. However the vast majority of contracts can be and are made orally, like buying a law text book, or a coffee at a shop. Contract law can be classified, as is habitual in civil law systems, as part of a general law of obligations (along with tort, unjust enrichment or restitution). Contractual formation Keywords: contract, important concepts, legal analyse, comparative. The Carbolic Smoke Ball offer, which bankrupted the Co. because it could not fulfill the terms it advertised In common law jurisdictions there are three key elements to the creation of a contract. These are offer and acceptance, consideration and an intention to create legal relations. In civil law systems the concept of consideration is not central. In addition, for some contracts formalities must be complied with under what is sometimes called a statute of frauds. -
Closure of Werrington Primary School, Academy Transfer Agreement and Lease of Premises
Report Author: Sharon Bishop AB Tel: 01733 863997 CLOSURE OF WERRINGTON PRIMARY SCHOOL, ACADEMY TRANSFER AGREEMENT AND LEASE OF PREMISES Councillor Lynne Ayres, Cabinet Member for Education, Skills, University and Communications November 2017 Cabinet portfolio holder: Councillor Lynne Ayres, Cabinet Member for Education, Skills, University, and Communications Responsible Director: Wendi Ogle-Welbourn, Corporate Director People and Communities Is this a Key Decision? YES If yes has it been included on the Forward Plan : Yes Unique Key decision Reference from Forward Plan: KEY/07AUG17/07 Is this decision eligible for call-in? YES Does this Public report have any NO annex that contains exempt information? R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S The Cabinet Member is recommended: 1. To approve the closure of Werrington Primary School, and authorise the execution and completion of a Commercial Transfer Agreement (CTA) between Peterborough City Council, the Governing Body of Werrington Primary School and Soke Education Trust; 2. To authorise the grant of a 125 year lease of the land and buildings occupied by the school known as Werrington Primary School (including the out of school club), at a peppercorn rent to Soke Education Trust; 3. To authorise entering into Deeds of Novation with Soke Education Trust and the Governing Body of Werrington Primary School, for the following contracts to be novated from the Governing Body of Werrington Primary School to the Soke Education Trust: a) Solar Power Purchase Agreement dated 29 May 2012 between (1) Werrington Primary School (2) Peterborough City Council; and b) PV System Roof Access Agreement dated 29 May 2012 between (1) Werrington Primary School (2) Peterborough City Council 4. -
Peppercorn Services Inc. Annual Report 2017
Peppercorn Services Inc. Annual Report 2017 Peppercorn Services Inc. Annual Report 2016-2017 Page 1 Acknowledgement of Country Peppercorn Services Inc. acknowledges the Darug nation as the traditional owners and custodians of the land on which our organisation operates. We pay our respect to Elders past, present and emerging. We acknowledge the spiritual, physical, emotional, mental and economic connections of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to the Land and Seas. We acknowledge that the dispossession of Country and the disruption to family relationships have resulted in a breakdown of social networks. Peppercorn Services Inc. is committed to working in ways that support and empower Aboriginal people and their families and communities. Peppercorn Services Inc. ABN: 34 611 224 255 Peppercorn Place 320 George Street WINDSOR NSW 2756 Tel: 02 4587 0222 Fax: 02 4587 0200 Email: [email protected] www.peppercornservices.com.au Front Cover: Sunset over Yarramundi. Copyright © 2017 ifotozone.com Peppercorn Services Inc. Annual Report 2016-2017 Page 2 Contents Contents ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4 Our Mission & Values ................................................................................................................. 5 Our Strategic Intent .................................................................................................................. -
In the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia Roanoke Division
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF VIRGINIA ROANOKE DIVISION DRUMMOND COAL SALES, INC., ) ) Plaintiff, ) Civil Action No. 7:16-cv-00489 ) v. ) ) By: Michael F. Urbanski NORFOLK SOUTHERN RAILWAY ) Chief United States Judge COMPANY, ) ) Defendant. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION This matter is before the court on plaintiff Drummond Coal Sales, Inc.’s motion to alter or amend judgment. ECF No. 381. Defendant Norfolk Southern Railway Company has responded, ECF No. 385, and this matter is ripe for disposition.1 In its motion, Drummond once again asks the court to rescind the contract, arguing that the jury verdict in this case requires it. The court disagrees that the equitable remedy of rescission is required, and, in any event, concludes that imposition of this equitable remedy is inappropriate given the entirety of the jury verdict and under the unique facts and circumstances of this case. As such, Drummond’s motion to alter or amend the judgment, ECF No. 381, is DENIED. I. On February 26, 2020, the court entered a memorandum opinion and order granting in part and denying in part Drummond’s motion for entry of judgment and denying Norfolk 1 In addition to the motion and response, Drummond filed a reply, ECF No. 386, and Norfolk Southern, with leave of the court, filed a sur-reply, ECF No. 389. In addition, the parties responded to the court’s request for additional briefing, ECF No. 390, with supplemental briefs. ECF Nos. 391 and 392. Southern’s motion for judgment as a matter of law. ECF Nos. 373, 374. -
Principles of Consideration Melvin Aron Eisenberg
Cornell Law Review Volume 67 Article 2 Issue 4 April 1982 Principles of Consideration Melvin Aron Eisenberg Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Melvin Aron Eisenberg, Principles of Consideration, 67 Cornell L. Rev. 640 (1982) Available at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol67/iss4/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cornell Law Review by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE PRINCIPLES OF CONSIDERATION* Melvin Aron Eisenbergt A promise, as such, is not legally enforceable. The first great ques- tion of contract law, therefore, is what kinds of promises should be en- forced. The answer to that question traditionally has been subsumed under the heading "consideration." Properly understood, that term merely stands for the set of general principles defining the conditions that make promises enforceable, and it might profitably be replaced by the more descriptive term "enforceability." Over the last hundred years or so, however, a more confined approach developed, under which con- sideration doctrine was made to turn on a bargain pivot, and was articu- lated through a set of highly particularized rules. This approach was part of a school that was characterized by an attempt to derive contract law through logical deduction from received axioms. The purpose of this Article is to reconstruct applicable doctrine along modern lines. To this end, I shall develop an analysis in which bargain is only one of several alternative conditions of enforceability, and the law concerning the enforceability of promises is expressed in principles that are suffi- ciently open-textured to account for human reality, and to permit growth of doctrine as principles unfold and social facts change over time.' Two propositions underlie the analysis and should be stated at the outset. -
Unconscionability: the Approach of the Louisiana Civil Code Ronald L
Louisiana Law Review Volume 43 | Number 6 July 1983 Unconscionability: The Approach of the Louisiana Civil Code Ronald L. Hersbergen Repository Citation Ronald L. Hersbergen, Unconscionability: The Approach of the Louisiana Civil Code, 43 La. L. Rev. (1983) Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol43/iss6/1 This Front Matter is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at LSU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Louisiana Law Review by an authorized editor of LSU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNCONSCIONABILITY: THE APPROACH OF THE LOUISIANA CIVIL CODE Ronald L. Hersbergen* INTRODUCTION In 1975 Louisiana became the fiftieth state to enact the Uniform Commercial Code, but unlike its sister states, Louisiana omitted several UCC articles. As of 1983, UCC articles 2, 6, and 9 remain unadopted in Louisiana, and only article 6 remains under serious con- sideration for adoption by the Louisiana State Law Institute. For the present, articles 2 and 9 appear to be dead-letters in Louisiana, the apparent reason for inaction being a perception that the two articles are incompatible with Louisiana's underlying Civil Code principles.' By not enacting article 2 of the UCC, Louisiana remains, with Califor- nia, a jurisdiction without section 2-3022- not the most important sec- tion in the UCC, perhaps, but by far the most interesting one. The UCC section 2-302 comment advises that the section is, in essence, a grant of power to the courts to "police" contracts within the UCC's ambit and, in the court's discretion, to refuse to enforce Copyright 1983, by LOUISIANA LAW REVIEW. -
Monday September 22, 2014 Iowa Contracts
2014 Basic Skills Course Presented by the Iowa Bar Review School and The Iowa State Bar Association. Monday September 22, 2014 Iowa Contracts Law 4:15 p.m. - 5:15 p.m. Materials by Justice Edward Mansfield Iowa Supreme Court Judicial Branch Building 1111 East Court Avenue Des Moines, IA 50319 IOWA BASIC SKILLS June 2014 CONTRACTS BACK TO BASICS RECENT CASE SUMMARY Justice Michael Streit (with additional updates by Justice Edward Mansfield) 1 Disclaimer: This material does not reflect the views of the Iowa Supreme Court and should not be cited in a court proceeding. 2 BACK TO BASICS Recent Iowa Supreme Court cases demonstrate the importance of returning to basic contract principles when confronted with a contract case. Contract law in Iowa is pretty similar to what you learned in law school. I. IS THERE A CONTRACT? You have to have offer and acceptance (what we now call mutual manifestation of assent) and consideration (a bargained- for exchange). You also have to have sufficiently definite terms. a. There must be an offer. i. Blackford v. Prairie Meadows Racetrack and Casino Inc., 778 N.W.2d 184 (Iowa 2010). Facts: Individual was banned after he struck a slot machine and broke the machine’s glass belly. He continued to frequent the casino and later won $9,387. The casino refused to pay. The gambler argued the ban had been lifted, but a jury found he was still banned from the casino when he won the money. The parties focused on whether the casino had the authority to withhold winnings. -
The Peppercorn Theory and the Restatement of Contracts
William & Mary Law Review Volume 10 (1968-1969) Issue 1 Article 12 October 1968 The Peppercorn Theory and the Restatement of Contracts Edmund Polubinski Jr. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr Part of the Contracts Commons Repository Citation Edmund Polubinski Jr., The Peppercorn Theory and the Restatement of Contracts, 10 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 201 (1968), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol10/iss1/12 Copyright c 1968 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr THE PEPPERCORN THEORY AND THE RESTATEMENT OF CONTRACTS INTRODUCTION Not all promises should be enforced. Social promises or gratuities, for example, are not and should not be given legal redress. To have re- dress there must be a legal obligation. This obligation is often said to arise from the consideration.1 There is a variety of opinon as to what will constitute an adequate consideration. While "it is an elementary principle that the law will not enter into an inquiry as to the adequacy of consideration," 2 there is authority for the position that a consideration so small that it negates any notion of a bargain will be treated as an "absurdity" 3 or as a "joke" 4 unable to support the obligation. One writer has ventured: [W]hile the simulated commercial transaction has worked suc- cessfully in France nothing is more notorious in Anglo-American Law .. .subject in various jurisdictions to conflicting rules di- versely applied by individual judges in a fashion so uncertain as to approach the whimsical.- With authority in such conflict, it was expected that the Restatement of Contracts" would clarify the issue by adopting and adhering to one of the two divergent views.