What Does the Future Hold for Our Resources? 8 Manor 2018/19 This Is the Image of ‘Earthrise’ Taken by the NASA Apollo 8 Contents Mission to the Moon in December 1968

What does the future hold for our resources? 8 Manor 2018/19 This is the image of ‘Earthrise’ taken by the NASA Apollo 8 Contents mission to the Moon in December 1968. It was the first colour image of our planet and, along with the ‘Blue Marble’ on the back cover, paved the way for the Environmental movement Page 3 The supply and demand of water in the near future of the UK Aryaman Ghosh by showing the Earth as an apparently small and finite object.

Page 5 Wind power- will we be swept away or can we control it? Caleb Hartley Image Source: NASA / Wikipedia.com

Page 7 Plasc Polluon Khooshal Awatar Front Cover Image Source: arquiplay77 / Fotolia.com Page 9 The Energy Crossroads Jack Huon Page 11 Paper crisis: Will we run out? Joshua Familusi Page 13 Plasc: The UK’s newest foe? Parin Shukla

Page 15 Hinkley Point; Eﬃcient power or eﬃcient destrucon? Ozan Kale Page 17 The Eye of Oil Sarthak Shah Page 19 The Last Straw For Nuclear Power In the U.K? Callum Howson Page 21 The future of wind power in Britain Oscar Symes Page 23 Plascs: The material that we all underesmate Jaimin Jethwa

Page 25 Honey- a major resource in the UK which is dying out Jonny Spencer Page 39 Paper Planet Daakir Said Page 27 Provocave Plasc Aaron Pirabaharan Page 41 Wind energy– The key to slow down climate change in Britain Nashawn Myles Page 29 Crude oil: Is it really worth it? Gerald Clement Page 43 The Great Gyres of Plastic Joshua Kim Page 31 Problemac Plasc Juan Gomez Page 45 A Dark Side To Artificial Light Sean Devarajan Page 33 What will Humanity do with Oil? Jawin Sutharsan Page 47 The Great British Wind Adwaith Menon Page 35 Fatal Fossils Fuels Rohit Lall Page 49 UK Plastics: Dangerous or Not? Eddric Ofori-Asare Page 37 Wahid Riyas Page 51 A Refreshing Truth Sohil Dangol Page 53 Is this the End of the Road for Diesel Cars in London? Oscar Axten Page 55 Tides of Change Jacob Bickerstaffe Editorial

This publicaon is the result of lots of hard work by Year 8 on the topic of resources and whether they can be sustainable. For their Key Assessment, the stu- dents were required to choose a resource and, using the available evidence about current use and future trends, they were asked to invesgate its potenal for use in Britain over the coming years. The contents above show the range of The process of desalination (fig.2) 3 The Supply and Demand of Water in the near future of the UK

Aryaman Ghosh 8 Manor How we use water in the home Timeframe=10yrs About ⅓ of England and Wales water comes from aquifers (huge areas of underground water). The rest comes from Toilet flushing-30% Have you ever wondered where your water comes from? reservoirs, lakes, and rivers. Tap water is the freshest drink you can quench your thirst with. It takes anywhere from a Personal washing (bath and taps)-21% Have you thought about how much water the world has? few hours to a few days to get it from the treatment plant to Personal washing and showers-12% your home. Water is currently used for everything, showers, cleaning up, Clothes washing-13% drinking, gardening and most things nowadays. This water is supplied by companies such as Sutton and east surrey water (SES). Washing up-8% Water is a vital resource for not only for the world but humanity itself. However due to pollution and global warming Surprisingly the Thames river is the cleanest river flowing Outdoor-7% the water is getting dirtier and less trustworthy. Contaminat- through a major city ed water can transmit diseases such diarrhoea, cholera, dys- Drinking-8% entery, typhoid, and polio. Contaminated drinking water is In most economically developed countries there are almost other-5% estimated to cause 502 000 diarrhoeal deaths each year. endless supplies of water and most people in the UK take for This fact ,by world health organization on the,7th Feb. granted the clean water they get. 2018, proves that we have to get our water from a trust- Desalination Overall I feel that all these processes are viable and espe- worthy source.it is impossible for the earth to run out of wa- As well as this, in further developed countries the water Desalination is a way of removing the salt from saltwater to ter but it is possible for some places in the country to get wasted from factories, homes and more are cleaned before make it suitable for humans to consume. However there is a water shortages. it goes back into rivers or goes underground. downside to this... Due to its energy consumption, desalinating sea water is generally more costly than fresh water from rivers Also one of the problems is that most people in the UK live in or groundwater, water recycling and water conservation and it the south east and not many water supplies are located can affect agriculture. Despite this this is definitely a possible there 70% of the world is water and yet only 2.5% is freshwater (fact by national geographic). Agriculture alone can con- method of obtaining water in the future. But currently obtaining Fig.1: statistics that show the average water consumption in sume 75 to 90% of a region's available freshwater (fact by rain water from the ground and filtering it is the most common UK per family. the world counts). So theoretically 1.875% of freshwater is method. used as agriculture in the world and 0.625% is yet to be But also it could take up lots of land to set up desalination Fig.1 proves that millions of gallons of water is used every- used. That does not sound like a large number but remember day and we still keep using it. However facts have shown how big the world is and how much water is there in the plants into the countryside. that it is not possible for the world to run out of water. world.

Also in the future the population of the UK is to have been However if and when the world or maybe some cities do increased to 70.4 million by 2050 which will increase the become short of water there are methods to gain water like water supply by about 35%.This means that all ideas to sup- turning saltwater into freshwater (desalination). Install more pipelines ply more water to the country must be considered.

Installing more pipelines can increase the supply of water to a Where does our water come from? specific place that does have shortages. However this is costly and does take a lot of effort to dig up roads and land and put the pipes in and put the road back Fig.1 The amount of water each family uses Map of Aquifers (ﬁg.3) cially installing more pipelines and recycling waste water as it is eco friendly if we use renewable energy. Desalination can also work if we use the renewable energy the country has. But Currently one of the possible options to use in the future is desalination but people have problems with this as it will use up energy an add to the pollution crisis that already increases. Also there is chance that might be an increase in rainfall which will help supply more water but similarly there could also be less rainfall and then the other options must be put into action. “Remember we are all responsible for the

Another strategy is to recycle waste water but some countries around the world aren’t accepting this as an option even future of UK’S water” though it is a cheap option. The is possible by treating the waste waters from our baths, sinks and toilets. However the process can get expensive with the energy costs rising.

Also we could use less water and be more water efficient as the environment agency says that managing water efficiency in houses can reduce the demand by up to ⅓

5 Wind Power: Will we be swept away or can we control it? Caleb Hartley 8 Manor

Most people nowadays tell you that fossil fuels How are we using wind? are bad and we should switch to renewables. One of these sources of renewable energy is Already, we have many wind turbines across the wind. The idea of using wind for daily life was country. In December 2018, there were, in the first, technically, used in 5000 BC. By 200 BC, UK, 9391 turbines, with a total onshore capacity wind was used to power water pumps in China of 12,628 megawatts. By 2030, the UK wind and windmills were grinding grain in Persia industry is set to almost double. Meaning, that and the Middle East. New ideas of ways to about ¼ of the UK’s power will come from wind. use wind power soon spread around the world. At the moment, the largest wind farm is just off the North-West coast of England. However, we Wind turbines– how can we use them? are still not using the most wind power in our capital. (shown on left) In fact, Denmark is lead- Conclusion The first fully operational wind turbine was in- ing in the top wind power use per capita. This is, The facts, theories and common sense all point vented in 1888 by Charles F. Bush. At the time mainly, because most of our wind power comes it was revolutionary, in the future it could be so to one thing; we can control and use the mas- from other countries and areas and is not as sive amounts of wind coming towards us. We common that you would buy one online. As an strong further inland. island, England is in a good position to have can do this by using turbines, Using energy stor- wind turbines. Wind from other countries and What are other countries doing? ing wind dams, using an idea called the “Wind surrounding areas blows towards us. This Sail” and the “Helix wind turbine” (a vertical means we are very windy. This can be bad, Currently the country that uses the most wind axis turbine). As has already been stated, by however we can use it to generate power with power is China, followed by the United States good. Both in our lives and our positioning and 2030, the wind industry is set to double as a turbines. Wind turbines have many pros such of America. England is only an island and is influence on the world. We, as was mentioned result to new government initiate. By that time, as they use renewable energy, don’t produce very small compared to China or the USA. In before, are an island and are in a really good surely our leaders will have come to their senses greenhouse gases and they don’t do any harm 2017, China cancelled plans to build over 100 positioned to make the best of other countries about this brilliant opportunity for our nation to birds, as some may suggest.. They also have coal plants. These would have generated (not in a cruel way). and our planet. However, there can be setbacks some cons- they are as wide as a plane’s around 120 gigawatts of energy. They re- Of course, our (like with the environmental wingspan and loud. Also, wind can’t be used placed these with wind power and other renew- weather is a bit issues). Wind is a wonderful all the time. This may cause setbacks in con- ables. shaky, but I’m talking “There is an urgent need to stop resource that we can harness. vincing people this is the best choice. The wind about resources. It Wind should and might be the They are generating 205 GW from onshore future for our energy. We live spreads across the UK, as shown below. The wind and 5 GW from offshore wind. This means may not seem like subsidizing the coal industry….” windiest places are, in general, towards the this but we can im- in a windswept country, both they are generating a total wind installed ca- literally and figuratively, but North of the country. In the South average pacity of 210 GW. This is more than the UK and prove in everything, wind speeds are between 5 and 6 m/s. starting with our energy. there is hope. We can use our minds to rescue Asia is known for being polluted. Will England this nation. Wind power won’t only help with live up to this goal? Will we have a whole dif- Why are we so windy? our energy, it will provide more jobs and op- ferent solution? portunities. Some believe wind is not the future As a nation, we are windy (to say the least). and is just a waste of time and space. President The graph on the next page shows China’s pow- Hurricanes and storms from across the world Trump doesn’t want to accept renewables like er sources from 1965 to 2015. The highest come our way. This is because the UK’s weather wind. Some find the fact that wind turbines are source in 2015 was wind, producing the equiva- is dominated by the jet stream. This narrow only active for 35% of the time quite bad. lent of 3 billion barrels of oil. If the UK can band of fast-flowing air, high in the atmosphere, However, this is long enough for a valuable equal our equivalent of this, the future will be is driven by temperature differences between amount of energy to be produced. The electrici- bright (quite literally) the cool air from the North and the warm air ty produced by wind turbines is expensive but Can we, as a nation, improve? from the South. Variations in this stream of air, will decrease in price with time. Facts suggest like changes in speed or curvature, cause the de- we should produce more power from wind... With Brexit and other complications nowadays, velopment of storms. Therefore you can blame it’s hard to see how we are, or can be, any bet- and thank the Jetstream. ter than we think we are. However, we are

7 Plastic Pollution

Khooshal Awatar 8 Manor Don’t you hate it when you see plastic left out on the streets, or just using substitute. parks and landfills where it may take up to 500 years to decompose? Thousands of tons of plastic scrap collected for recycling from British households have been transported and dumped on sites If you are interested in the problems plastic wastage has cause across the world. Every year British households throw 22 million overtime read on. Plastic is a highly useful and convenient ma- tons of waste into the bin. EU targets demand that we recycle terial it can be coloured, melted, shaped, squashed, rolled into half of that by 2020. UK households and businesses used 11m sheets or made into fibres plastics. Plastic also are hygienic tonnes of packaging last year, according to government fig- and it is not poison to our bodies. Plastic is used made ropes ures. that are very strong and fishing lines, glues and paints. Theresa May has defended her 25-year plan to protect the However it is also one of the world’s greatest environmental environment as campaigners called for "emergency" action problems, yet both industry and society are still heavily reliant now. The prime minister said her long-term strategy, including on its usage. Plastic pollution is the accumulation of plastic ob- eradicating all avoidable plastic waste in the UK by 2042, jects in the Earth's environment that adversely affects wildlife would allow future generations to "enjoy a beautiful environ- as well as wildlife habitats and humans. The plastics recycling ment". Green groups said the proposals should have legal industry is facing an investigation into suspected widespread force. Labour's Jeremy Corbyn said 25 years was "far too abuse and fraud within the export system amid warnings the long" to take action. world is about to close the door on UK packaging waste. So in other words there are regulations with packaging to make sure that companies are either using less plastic in their packaging

British exporters claim to have shipped over 35,000 tonnes Firms responsible for a significant proportion of supermarket more plastic than HM customs recorded leaving this year At plastic packaging have signed a deal to reduce plastic pollu- least 100 containers of plastic waste a day are shipped out tion by 2025. More than 40 companies, including Procter & from ports including Felix- Gamble, Coca-Cola and Asda, have signed up with the gov- stowe and Southampton to ernment, trade associations and Europe and the Far East. campaigners to form the UK Plas- tics Pact. The Pact says it's a once- Two-thirds of our plastic in-a lifetime opportunity to rethink packaging waste is exported the way we use plastic and its im- by an export industry which “”2/3 of plastic recycling form the UK is pact on the environment. was worth more than £50m last year. Six UK exporters of Recently, the government said it plastic waste have had their exported”. was considering banning plastic licenses suspended or can- straws and cotton buds and this celled in the last three month. came hot on the heels of a pro- One firm has had 57 contain- posal to make consumers pay a ers of plastic waste stopped at UK ports in the last three years deposit on drinks bottles and cans. The increased motivation to due to concerns over contamination of waste. curb plastic waste and boost recycling comes after the Blue Planet II series highlighted the threat of ocean pollution and British exporters claim to have shipped over 35,000 tonnes showed footage of wildlife eating plastic. more plastic than HM customs recorded leaving this year At least 100 containers of plastic waste a day are shipped out from ports including Felixstowe and Southampton to Europe and the Far East. As you can see we have become addicted with high uses of plastic. Around the world, one million plastic drinking bottles are purchased every minute, while up to 5 trillion single-use plastic bags are used worldwide every year. In total, half of all plastic produced is designed to be used only once and then thrown away.

From the 1950s to the 70s only a small amount of plastic was produced, therefore making it relatively easy to manage. Today we produce approximately 300 million tonnes of plastic waste each year. That’s nearly equivalent to the waste of the entire human population. So in conclusion we are responsible for the amount of plastic waste that has been put out and only we can prevent our world from getting even more damaged. 9 The Energy Crossroads

Jack Hutton 8 Manor The ones who think the way is clear won't be the a maintenance fee but otherwise, no oil is needed ones to risk it to power a boat to ship it, therefore, saving you time and money, while saving the planet at the The world's energy usage is a common topic of same time. debate at conferences and talks between countries. North America, the UK, and many European Coal has slowly been faded out of the UK's ener- countries are slowly declining the use of coal in gy supply but in less developed countries, coal is their energy bills while less developed countries the way for it provides jobs in refineries and mines plan to build new oil rigs and coal refineries to for poverty-stricken populations while also creat- supply their countries ever-growing population. ing energy for that economy. India's coal usage Opinions of “Renewable by 2040” or “0% Coal has risen from 65 million tons of Coal consumed in by 2030” are just speculation. In this article, I will 1981 to 120 million in 1996 to 240 million in discuss both sides, how much they cost and pro- 2014. This is creating a big problem for our Earth. duce, before analysing how friendly they are to People understand this but either don't have the our atmosphere. I will then make a judgement on money to make a move or they are too afraid of Many people see the benefits that come with it and it will be harder and harder to stay on Non- what I think we will do in the next 20 years. industrial collapse. However, for many countries, understand why it is important but all too few actu- Renewable Energy for the more that Solar and the problem is the latter and this is why I am writ- ally go ahead with it. People tend to think of the Wind are developed, the less plentiful Non- Starting with the old story of coal, oil and gas; the ing this article. However, although moving away here and now: it will be expensive to build but will Renewable sources will become. This means that non-renewable sources of energy. Over 75% of from Coal and Oil may seem good, millions will save money in the future; it will cause the loss of prices will travel upwards until there is no need for the UK's energy is from non-renewable sources lose jobs through fuel used to power cars and jobs, especially in less developed countries but will Non-Renewables as they are too expensive to buy and this means that 9 months a year, we pump workers that mine Coal, Drill for Oil and Harness allow people to live for longer as CO2 is no longer for what they produce as a resource. Before this greenhouse gases into our already polluted atmos- Gas. being created. Solar Panels only cost £500 for 4 happens though, we will keep polluting our atmosphere. The most frowned upon resource is oil for square metres generating 450 KW each year and phere until the energy sources that cannot be re- both Animal and Plant activists are against Oil Moving onto Renewable Energy will be a big with the Government funding programme for anoth- made in a lifetime (Non-Renewable Sources) begin drilling for it not only destroys our planet's atmos- change for any economy and will take a country er 55 days, it is cheaper than ever. A Roof-Mounted to run out and we have no choice but to switch and phere when it is burned, but it also has to be one of two ways: either the Economy will crumble Wind Turbine costing £3000 will generate over this time everyone will want to be the first one to drilled for in remote locations: places in Canada, as cost to build Solar and Wind go up due to com- 2500 KW per year which is cross the road. My only Greenland, The Antarctic and parts of the Arctic panies being able to charge as much as they want nearly enough to power an hope is that it doesn't too. The Drilling, Shipping and Burning of oil is ex- while there is a loss of jobs in power stations or the average UK home. If you reach that stage. tremely expensive to do and so as the oil runs out, economy will thrive: people will develop fewer don't need the energy that you pay more money for smaller amounts: with diseases due to cleaner air and save money you create, you can sell to “Wind will generate 10% of By Jack Hutton through Solar, Wind and Hydroelectric Energy. the grid for a reasonable solar you pay a set installation fee and sometimes With Thanks to Renewa- price so that the Country ble UK and Renewable saves Energy as a whole Energy Hub for their Sta- and you get paid for sell- the UK’s Energy by 2020” tistics and Information ing your energy. The UK UK Fuel Prices from 2000 - 2018 has installed 12 GW of Onshore Wind in total powering 7.25 Million homes a year. The UK is also the leading country in Off- shore Wind, after spending £19 Billion to power 4.5 Million homes a year, meaning that it will generate 10% of the UK's Energy by 2020. In addition, the cost of offshore wind in the UK has halved in 4 years and many businesses are talking about creating over 10,000 jobs in the Offshore Wind sector collective- ly. All of the energy is cleanly made (no pollution) by Solar and Wind: they are merely just harnessing Earth's Energy. This Technology has been invented so we could use it: what’s stopping us? Overall, I believe that although it may cost a lot to build Solar and Wind at first, as it is slowly incorpo- rated into our Economy, the prices will go down and UK’s Renewable Energy Usage in 2014 Figure 2 11 Paper crisis: Will we run out?

Joshua Familusi 8 Manor How much paper do you use a day? Do you know oxygen. The UK emits 6.50 tonnes of carbon dioxide how many trees are cut down just to make your per person. More carbon dioxide emissions affect printer paper? These chopped trees can be used for atmospheric temperatures and other crucial elements multiple different purposes: your tea paper cups; or such as sea levels. When there are fewer trees, less your Starbucks cup to-go; the local newspaper or water vapour is released into the air and more Car- even your favourite book. Even though the rates of bon dioxide which means an imbalance occurs and deforestation have degraded over time, around 3.5 we start to see the effects of global warming and billion to 7 billion trees are still cut down each year. temperature rises. Global warming can be caused by the effects of greenhouse gases. Currently, each year Americans plant at least 1.6 billion trees; the Australian Government will work Greenhouse gases trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere. with the community to plant 20 million trees by This causes the Earth to heat up because the sun’s 2020; and the UK plant Around 887,000 trees each rays get trapped and more and more heat is trans- year. So, that is a yearly loss of around 3 billion ferred. The “side effects” of this can include sea lev- trees. About 13% of the total land area in the UK is els rising and ice caps melting. When the ice caps covered in trees. The UK uses around 12.5 million melt, wildlife such as polar bears are threatened gen is produced in the Amazon rainforest alone. could just sign documents online and create official tonnes of paper and cardboard annually. with the loss of their habitats documents by typing it up and sending them by Places like the Amazon and other large rainforests act email. That way you use up and waste less paper. Paper is used many times on a daily basis whether as “Carbon sinks” which means they collect the CO2 Evidently, saving endangered species and their habi- its for writing, decoration, cleaning or posters. The The disadvantages of using more paper include in- we produce in large amounts. Oceans are also mas- tats. same concept is used: deforestation. Although some creases in carbon dioxide because trees use the CO2 sive “Carbon sinks”. Together Earth's land and Ocean countries have improved on planting trees, most of in the air for photosynthesis. One waste product of carbon sinks absorb 50% of the carbon dioxide emis- Recently, figures showed that the average area of the work they do still ends in more Carbon dioxide this process includes oxygen: the oxygen we sions we produce. This also trees elsewhere in the emissions. breathe. So, when we cut down trees for paper, we results in the production of EU is about 35%. The lose the amount of oxygen produced and the carbon more Oxygen that we UK’s poor average of Deforestation has an effect on global air quality be- dioxide we make stays in the air. Resulting in a fast- breathe. As well as the for- 13% is significantly cause trees release water vapour into the air with er rate of global warming. Around 20% of our oxy- ests and rainforests acting lower than the rest of as “Carbon sinks”, they are “It's when the forest dies that the habitat of the EU that Theresa also precious to the vast May’s Brexit will even- variety of wildlife that live tually separate us there. Rainforests alone are animals comes closer to man.” from. home to approximately 10 million species of animals, In the next 10 years, if plants and insects. Even this amount of defor- though the rates of deforestation have decreased over estation continues, we could potentially lose 30 bil- time, there is still roughly 6,000 square kilometres of lion trees across the world. However, if the every per- rainforest being cut down. (See figure 2) son and company would cut down on their paper usage each year, the rate of global warming would rap- In addition, with technology in full bloom there should idly decrease and rare and endangered species would not be a need to use a lot of paper that often. People not lose their habitats. 13 Plastic: The UK’s newest foe? Figure 2: Showing the amount of plastic made. Parin Shukla 8 Manor Plastic. The word says it all. A cheap, dis- of plastic. But, plastic is in almost every- posable substance. But, it has its downsides. thing and so stopping usage could never It takes 500 years for plastic to biode- really work. So, in the next 50 years, we Common uses of PET: Soft drink, water, cooking oil bot- grade. According to Plastic Free UK, over will continue to use plastic because of its tles, packaging trays and frozen ready-meal trays. 50% of beach litter was plastic from un- integral part in all things, such as medical 2. HDPE. This is a very strong material and can with- safely managed waste solutions. Per year, equipment and building. Plastic is used in stand high temperatures. It is easily recycled. 40kg of plastic waste from a family goes many other things, due to the cheapness into the landfill which could be recycled in- and versatility of the product, as shown in Common uses of HDPE: Cleaning solution and soap to a bottle. According to Plastic Free, 1 mil- figure 2. There are 4 main types of plastic. containers, Food and drink storage, shopping bags, 4. PP. Polypropylene is a strong yet flexi- lion plastic bottles are bought every minute. freezer bags, pipes, insulation, bottle caps, vehicle fuel ble plastic that can withstand high temper- That’s 20,000 per second! If you lined all PET. One of the plastics you are most likely tanks, protective helmets, faux-wood planks and recy- atures up to 200°C. PP is manufactured the polystyrene cups made in a day flat, it to come into physical contact with on a dai- cled wood-plastic from propylene gas with ly basis. PET can be completely rigid or a catalyst such as titanium would encircle the Earth. The problem is, composites. plastic takes centuries to biodegrade. Be- flexible, and because of its molecular con- chloride. Being a light- cause of unsafely managed waste disposal, struction it is impact, chemical and weather 3. PVC. PVC is re- I million plastic bottles are bought every weight material, PP has 10 million tons of plastic ends up in the seas resistant and a very good water barrier. sistant to fires be- high strength and is highly each year. Figure 1 shows biodegradation cause of its high resistant to corrosion, chlorine content and minute. That’s 20,000 per second! chemicals and moisture. is also resistant to oils and chemicals.. Polypropylene is used to PVC is durable and can withstand aggressive environ- make dip bottles and ice ments. PVC-U is used for plumbing pipes and fittings, cream tubs, margarine tubs, potato chip wall cladding, roof sheeting, cosmetic containers, bot- bags, straws, microwave meal trays, ket- tles, window and door frames. PVC-P is commonly tles, garden furniture and lunch boxes. used for cable sheathing, blood bags and tubing and The problem that plastic has is the fact watch straps. that some of the plastics are easy to recycle and be renewed. Figure 3 shows recycling stats. The single-use plastics are hard to recycle and are then dumped into the sea or in landfill. The impact on the sea is devastating as the wildlife eat the plastic, get trapped in it, or be drowned in it. The eaten plastics that fish eat turn into microplastics, which we eat. There have been several studies done in test tubes which have bad results for us, but we cannot know for sure as they were not done in an actual human body. All in all, plastics are a fundamental part of society, and replacing them would be a nightmare. So, with this information, I say Figure 3: Waste Distribuon that we will continue to use plastic for the next 50 years, although at a decline.

15 Hinkley Point; Efficient Power or

Ozan Kale 8 Manor Efficient Destruction?

When did you last watch TV? What about the last time you looked inside your fridge? Have you ever thought of how these worked? The answer is electricity. Ever since the first use of electricity in 1879, life has progressively gotten easier and easier because of this marvellous invention. Nowadays in the UK, 21% of all electricity is made through nuclear fis- sion and that figure is expected to go up in the coming decades due to the construction of the Hinkley Point C Nuclear Power Plant.

History of Nuclear Power The black ‘puck’ on the first map shows you the location that On the 2nd of December in 1942, Enrico Fermi and his col- the power plant will be built at and the second map shows leagues started the first man-made nuclear chain reaction in you areas prone to flooding/ coastal erosion in the future. If Chicago Pile-1 (The first nuclear reactor in the world). They you were to overlap these 2 maps on top of each other, you performed this as part of the Manhattan Project to help cre- would be able to see that the power plant’s location is right ate the first nuclear bomb in order to gain power in WW2. on the dark blue area of the map. radiation. To show the effects of lingering radiation through the it is scary to think that even the first nuke ever made was still Since this monumental point in time, nuclear power started to generations, here is a graph (see figure 1) measuring the inci- strong enough to destroy a 100 metre radius around it in enter the stage when the first commercial nuclear reactor dents of thyroid cancer in Belarus (A country next to Ukraine) 0.006 seconds (see figure 2)! Could building Hinkley Point C was completed on June 26th 1954 in Russia outputting 5MW before and after the Chernobyl accident. You can see that be a good idea? Could we trigger a second Fukushima acci- into the power grid for commercial use. Only 2 years later, right after the Chernobyl accident (Around where the graph dent in England, triggering the evacuation of millions, or will the Calder Hill power plant in England was completed, out- starts) cases of thyroid cancer spiked for a small amount of we have a new power source that generates power for the putting 50MW into the power grid! It was only shut down in time until those people with country? According to some 2003 after 47 years in service. Since then, the power plants cancer died. However, you sources, that answer is no. have only gotten more efficient, with the largest power plant can see that the lingering Since the accident in 2011, being in Japan, producing over 8,000MW of power. That is effects of the accident has the use of nuclear power has enough to power over 16 million homes! As of December increased the amount of inci- decreased greatly, leading to 2016 there are 450 nuclear power plants in the world, pro- dents in Belarus greatly the abandoning of multiple ducing almost 400GW of power! through the generations. As “Since the accident of 1986 in Ukraine, plants in multiple countries. well as this, the nuclear indus- What will Hinkley do? try has also been stained Either way, the power plant is recently (in 2011) due to the still being built, and we cannot Since Hinkley Point is still under construction, the only thing it nuclear power has had a permanent stain on Why nuclear may not be the best option accident in Fukushima where stop it; it is estimated to start will provide at this moment would be more jobs for construc- an earthquake triggered a running around 2025. When it tion workers who will build the power plant itself. However, Since the accident of 1986 in Ukraine, nuclear power has Tsunami that destroyed the is done, it will be able to sup- not all is well and good when it comes to Hinkley point. Here it’s reputation..” had a permanent stain on it’s reputation because this catas- cooling system, causing a ply 26,000 apprenticeships is Hinkley point on a map compared to areas in the UK trophe showed us the true effects of radiation. Before this, meltdown, resulting in the and jobs as well as 7% of the prone to flooding/ erosion in the future: the majority of the public did not know about the dangers of evacuation of 160,000 people where everything has been UK’s power. kept abandoned. As well as this, nuclear power is also strong. Very strong. When the first nuclear bomb was tested (As part of the Manhattan project) and detonated, it was so strong that it fused the dust, dirt and sand around it to make a one of a kind material called Trinitite. This mixture of minerals can only be found in the desert where the first nuke was detonated, and

Figure 2 Figure 1 17 The Eye Of Oil

Sarthak Shah 8 Manor Do you have a car or a bike? But have you ever thought how much fuel it requires and how damaging is it to the atmosphere? The consumption of oil had increased for almost 3 decades in the UK, however the time has come where we must control this situation and find solutions as soon as possible. In 2017, approximately 1.6 million barrels of oil were consumed daily in the United King- dom. So next time you want to go somewhere make a better choice! The figure above shows how oil has been constantly of crude oil being dumped into the Persian the number of electric/hybrid cars regis- increasing throughout the last 4 decades. Gulf. Oil spills can have an immense effect tered was 16,500, tripling the amount 4 Vehicles which take part on the ocean and aquatic life. Animals, such years ago. The city of London and the capi- The transportation of oil as fish, whales and dolphins have lives under tal of the UK helps reduce CO2 emissions by A term called atmospheric fallout comes the danger of chemicals entering their bod- 40 %, with the use of 3,240 hybrid buses, from oil that pollutes the air from both cars Importing oil from places such as the Arctic ies. Not only is the ocean effected, but when 96 electric buses, and 10 hydrogen buses and planes. This plays or deep under the ocean is quite difficult; it the oil reaches land it may also damage eco- for public transport. Michael Grove, the en- increases the risk of environmental damage, systems on which people rely for their liveli- vironment secretary, in parliament told the a significant role to global warming BBC “There is no alternative to embracing through emissions of Carbon Dioxide. After as such as the Gulf of Mexico. In the gulf hoods and pay. war, Iraqi forces had opened oil valves of new technology." The conservatives also had being dumped into the atmosphere, this The target to achieve less oil consumption made a promise that to ensure by 2050 pollutant eventually falls out of the sky into the Sea Island pipeline, releasing oil from many tankers. The goal of this spill in the UK there would be no die- oceans and land. Depending on the place sel or petrol vehicles of the this, it can be quite heavy or very was to impede US troops from attempting Many people have beach landings, but in the end the spill “In 2017, approximately 1.6 million barrels of light amounts and is expedited by both rain attempted to be on our roads. simply resulted in over 240 million gallons and snow. less dependent on FUTURE PLANS oil in our nation. In oil were consumed daily in the United transport, the gov- I think, more or ernment have en- Kingdom. “ less, hybrid, hydrogen couraged the con- and electric forms of sumption of electric transport should rule cars. But, between 2010 and June 2013 only the roads of not just the UK but the whole 5,034 electric cars have been registered. planet by 2040.This will be done to avoid Cars have become more energy efficient more global warming issues and just make with a high miles per gallon becoming quite life easier and comfortable for us. popular. This has limited the growth in demand for petrol. Most describe alternative forms of transport to take pressure of fuel - based vehicles. But despite the shout out of cycling and other forms of healthy transport, still is used less than lorries and cars on the roads of the UK. The good news is that as of September 2018

19 The Last Straw For Nuclear Power The image below shows a map of the U.K and all its nuclear energy related sites.

Callum Howson 8 Manor In The U.K?

The UK currently has 15 nuclear reactors gener- In 10 years nuclear power will have been cut most ating about 21% of the UK’s electricity but close to likely to 10% and it will not have much plans in the half of the percentage is set to be retired by U.K to expand. In 25 years nuclear power will be 2025. Nuclear energy is radioactive and High- made close to redundant as they will cut more nu- Level Waste (HLW). clear power plants. Nuclear power by 2045 (25 years from now) we will see that there will be a lot Between 2002 and 2008 cost estimates for new of hatred towards nuclear power as the radiation nuclear plant construction rose from between $3 accidents would have gone way above the number billion per unit to $9 billion per unit and these costs of 99 which is currently the amount of accidents. are set to rise further making nuclear power even We can see that the U.K are cutting down by half worse of an option. The cost of nuclear energy to in 2025 and will most likely do the same thing as buy however is $96(£73.21) per megawatt hour the power plants the U.K aren’t cutting down on (MWh) which is a middle of the range price for will have reached their 35-40 year life span and energy. the U.K will most likely not replace these reactors. In the South of England there are six nuclear reac- In 2005 Sellafield had a nuclear power plant leak tors and as just over half of England's population that 20 tonnes of uranium and 160 kg plutonium are from the South of England there will be lots of leak from a cracked pipe at the Thorp nuclear fuel new houses being built which could cut down the reprocessing plant. nuclear power station building quantities in the In the future, electricity or heat from nuclear power South. plants could be used to make hydrogen. Hydrogen can be used in fuel cells to power cars, or can be “...nuclear energy is on the decline and burned to provide heat in place of gas without In conclusion nuclear energy is on the decline and producing emissions that would cause climate there is nothing we can or should do about it. Nu- change. clear energy is radioactive and high-level waste there is nothing we can or should do about (HLW). It is expensive to build but relatively cheap Many countries including Italy and Spain have ei- to run. Most of the renewable energy resources it.” ther scrapped completely or have halted their nu- are on the rise and we can see that the energy clear program. It is quite possible that the UK usage for nuclear isn’t going up so it will slowly could come to this fate as well seen as they are fizzle out causing the risk to outweigh the reward. cutting reactors soon.

In the below image you can see that the U.K is already under 20% nuclear and is quite low down on the list.

21 Wind Power’s future in Britain This graph shows the rapid increase of wind power installation. Oscar Symes 8 Manor Wind power has been a great alternative to their lifetime. You can see in the image the size fossil fuels ever since we started using harness- of these wind turbines and you realise how much ing it as it is clean. The first wind turbine was electricity they can generate. Although a wind created by Professor James Blyth who worked turbine can never reach 100% efficiency in Glasgow, but his neighbours refused the en- (because if it took all the energy there would be ergy as they said it was the Devil’s work. How- no wind behind it) we are getting more efficient ever, we have been harnessing wind power turbines. such as in windmills and sailing boats for much longer. Electricity is essential in our modern Wind turns the blades of a wind turbine and world, and we have generates electricity from many ways of gen- the kinetic energy. This erating it. However, does not pollute the envi- some of these meth- “One specific offshore wind farm, the ronment, while it still gen- ods are not sustain- Walney offshore wind farm, powers erates the electricity that able or pollute the we need for our home. environment. Wind 590,000 homes and is the largest offshore Many wind turbines are power accounted wind farm, with a £1bn price tag. “ collected in wind farms to for about 4-5% of maximize the electricity the world’s total that can be generated in electricity generation in 2018 and is one of the one area. The wind turbines can be in windy main sources of electricity in some countries. It spots on land or out at sea, where wind can be has rapidly grown in the past few years and is all day and night instead of just daytime for on- expected to continue to do so and become very shore farms. However, offshore wind farms are with wind energy and that we are pioneering ply everyone in the UK with electricity. Although dominant in the electricity sources. This report hard to access and the turbines are difficult to this area. These turbines are as tall as 195m. there is talk of winds slowing due to global will now discuss why. install out there. This may be why we haven’t The entire Walney farm has 189 turbines giving warming (because of less of a difference in tem- built as many offshore wind farms until now. it a capacity of 659 MW. To the right is an im- perature between the poles and the equator), wind power is still less polluting and more sus- Wind power does not pollute the environment age showing the entire Walney Facility. and the wind will not run out. This means that Wind farms are also becoming cheaper to build tainable than fossil fuels. we can keep generating electricity in this way and , as their price per kWh is 3-4 pence, while The total wind energy now equates to 17.72% for a long time, whereas coal oil and gas (fossil coal is 2.5-4.5 pence and nuclear is 4-7 pence, of the total energy consumption, with offshore fuels), will run out. Wind turbines, like below, so wind power can be more cost efficient than wind makes up 7.91%. The UK generates the usually last about 20 years but new technology coal, which we look at as a cheap energy source. sixth-most wind energy in the world, and wind could increase This means that our only reasoning for fossil fuels, energy is growing as an area, showing no sign its price, would not be valid anymore, meaning of falling away to something else. The UK plans renewables, like wind power, would grow a lot. to get rid of coal power by 2030, and it is only Above is a graph showing the rapid increase in generating about 1.3% of our power, so it electricity generated by wind power. The 2016 wouldn’t make much of a difference. Renewable figure stood at almost 500GW and will increase energy is expected to grow to about 75% by in the years to come. then, so we should have a much cleaner planet in the future, with less need for fossil fuels. One specific offshore wind farm, the Walney offshore wind farm, powers 590,000 homes and In conclusion, wind energy, and especially off- is the largest offshore wind farm, with a £1bn shore wind energy are growing and are showing price tag. The most recent addition to this farm no sign of stopping. Fossil fuels will run out and A modern offshore was the Walney extension, consisting off with nuclear power produces harmful waste, so wind 87 turbines. This shows that we have a future wind turbine power will definitely expand if we want to sup-

23 The future of plastics (the under- ing the bottle to manufacture. The positives of these t-shirts are that they are extremely easy to make and Per sleeping bag it they are made out estimated resource) costs 50p exclud- Jaimin Jethwa 8Manor of what most peo- ing the bottles. ple would put in And it takes one “...Plastics are one of the most recycled rubbish. person to make a t Plastics to be one of the best re- been fully established. There are resources in the whole world.” The negatives how- however some concerns about the fact -shirt. sources in the UK in 2040 onwards? ever are that they that there is no evidence that the Plastics are one of the most recycled are not as warm plastics are chemically inert. resources in the whole world. Plastics as t-shirts you would buy in a shop. Al- are the workhorse material of the POSITIVES: so, they are prone to break easily or modern economy. Their popularity has CONCLUSION in other words, wear and tear. kept the industry growing for 50 The positives of plastic roads are that there is a lot less road maintenance to Overall, plastic is very likely to become years, with global production growing one of the best resources in the UK as from 15 million metric tons in 1964 to fix issues like coloured lines, potholes and speed ramps. Also the surface of (when recycled) it can help all types of 311 million metric tons in 2014. the roads will be a lot more softer. It people all over the world. It also helps If business proceeds as usual, this is durable, low cost, water resistant, tackle issues that citizens across the na- number is projected to double to more lesser energy and heavy chemicals tion face like road incidents. than 600 million metric tons in the next requirements in manufacture and are 20 years. Yet functional benefits come lightweight. This graph shows the amount of plastic at a price. Plastic packaging, espe- NEGATIVES: that is put in recycling, landfill and cially represents a quarter of the to- which of that becomes compacted into tal volume of plastics, and around 95 Cleaning process- Toxins present in the sea. percent of the value of plastic- the commingled plastic waste would packaging material is lost to the start leaching. During the road laying economy. process- in the presence of chlorine So why not put them to good use. will release noxious HCL gas. After Places in the UK such as Cumbria are the road laying- It definitely doing this by introducing is opined that the first rain will trigger plastic roads made by empty plastic leaching. As the plastics will merely bottles. This article will venture into form a sticky layer, (mechanical abra- the details of how we can use this re- sion) .The components of the road, source to its max. once it has been laid, are not inert. Plastics can also be recycled into What are the positives and negatives clothing for homeless people who ur- gently need help. There are little to using plastic in road surfaces? charities supporting this idea and the Because it’s still a new concept, the facts are that this is not enough. long term effects or consequences of using plastic in our roads have not The t-shirts cost 50p to make exclud- 25 Honey- a major source in the UK which is dying out Jonny Spencer 8 Manor

The Production ① London Honey Producers

Nectar is extracted from flowers using ② Payne’s Southdown Bee Farms a bee's long, tube-shaped tongue and Ltd. stored in its extra stomach. While sloshing around in the bee’s extra branched hairs are more efficient at ③ Heather Hills stomach, the nectar mixes with en- clinging to pollen which the bees can So what is the future for the produc- zymes making it more suitable for then transport to another flower to tion of honey in the UK; is there even long-term storage. ④ New Quay Honey Farm pollinate. one? Due to our “Bees are crucial to too our economy– pollution bees When a honeybee returns to the hive, ⑤ Little over Apiaries The first Bees ap- are dying out, it passes the nectar to another bee by peared around their homes are regurgitating the liquid into the other without them it would cost UK farmers 1.8 falling apart and 100 million years bee's mouth. This regurgitation pro- ago with Bumble billion a year to pollinate our crops”. this is all our cess is repeated until the partially di- bees and Honey fault. This must gested nectar is finally deposited into When was the last time your saw a bees evolving in change if honey a honeycomb. bee? It took me a while to figure this the last 30 million years. is to carry on being produced and out. I soon realised I hadn’t seen on we must do all we can to stop these since last August-September time. Now what did you have for break- Once in the comb, nectar is still a vis- things from happening. Obviously Winter has been a big fast today? Maybe Jam or Toast or cous liquid — nothing like the thick cause of this but Bees are dying out! some fresh fruit? Surprisingly enough honey you use at the breakfast table. Take a look at the graph (fig. 1.) It’s this was all brought to you by bees! To get all that extra water out of their the price of Honey in the last 30 Bees may bring us honey but they do honey, bees set to work fanning the years. As you can see it has risen so much more for us, for example; honeycomb with their wings in an ef- hugely over the past 20 years due to they are behind most of all the food fort to speed up the process of evap- lack of it. Honey is becoming increas- that we eat, mostly including fruit or oration. ingly rare and the demanded price vegetables. for the sweet food has become very

expensive. Bees are crucial to our economy- without them it would cost UK farm- Where in England does it come from? Bees are ,in a matter of fact, a very ers £1.8 billion a year to pollinate important part of Britain's Nature. our crops in a world without bees, England has many farms that produce Did you know that bees are by far our food would cost a lot more to this rich succulent food, here is a list of the best pollinator of the UK’s insects produce and our economy would suf- the top three: because of their unique ‘plumose’ fer. hairs which cover their bodies. These 27 Provocative Plastic

Aaron Pirabaharan 8 Manor How many bottles in your house are plastic bags, kitchenware, packing plastic? Do you recycle them? materials and also some traffic cones etc.. Plastic Pollution is becoming an in increasing problem across the globe. As Most plastics have resistance to : cor- well as polluting our planet it is hurt- rosion and chemicals, low electrical ing the animals such as birds which and thermal conductivity, transparent, eat plastic dumped in the sea when resistance to shock, good durability, catching their food. low cost, are easy to manufacture, resistant to water and have low toxicity. Plastic can be very harmful to birds as it can cause a decrease in their What can plastic pollution do to the life expectancy. However birds are environment? only one of the many plants Burning plastic leads to contamina- and animals af- “Water and air , the two essential fluids in plastic and fected by Plas- tion of the atmosphere around us. Recycle it are at risk of developing skin tic Pollution. which all life depends, have become global This is because of and respiratory problems. This is due to What are the garbage cans” the release of poi- inhalation of toxic chemicals. main uses of sonous chemicals. Due to these massive dumps of plastic This can result into plastic? not being recycled the amount of plas- plastic pollution causing air pollution. Plastic is mainly used to create objects tic will slowly reduce until we will have such as Labourers that have to pick up the to move onto a new resource. However if everyone started to recycle Graph showing how long it is estimated that items materials such as plastic more often we made of plastic will be available. would not have to worry about this problem. In conclusion if we do not limit and value resources such as “Provoking Plastic” we will lose them forever and will have to use another less efficient material.

29 Crude Oil: Is it really worth it? Picture 2

Gerald Clement 8 Manor Why is oil important? Well, we use seas and lakes and it is formed under oil for 97 percent of out transport her extreme pressure and heat; crude oil in the UK; moreover, oil is really ben- is a type of hydrocarbon. Oil has eficial for our daily lifestyles as most three main properties : Viscosity, Solu- of our medicines, plastics, fertilisers, bility and density. Crude oil is meas- detergents and paints all need oil re- ured whether its heavy or light using quired to make. Many more products its API gravity. For those who don’t that you might think aren’t even relat- know what API gravity is, API gravity ed to oil probably have oil somewhat is a measure of how heavy or light in their process of making. Did you the oil is compared to water. If the Picture 3 know that oil plays a huge part of API is less than 10, it will float on top making shampoos. If you are interest- of the water, if it's greater than 10, ed please read on and find out what the oil will sink beneath the wa- the future holds for oil in the UK. If ter. Crude oil is mostly used for fuel- you look at picture 1, you can see that ling our vehicles and forming energy. the usage of oil will suddenly drop . Now, lets compare the prices between This makes us think that we might nev- crude oil and other sources of ener- er use oil again in the future. Well, gies (look at picture 2 and 3); As you that’s my job to explain to you. can see, the graphs clearly show that the prices of oil have been steadily Crude oil is a major resource that we increasing; use a lot in our everyday lives. It is made of organic material mostly from The cheapest source of renewable energy is wind “Oil they would buy from anyone. From and plastics, etc. and solar energy To conclude, I be- and that com- Satan.” pared to oil, they lieve that the usage are at the same ― Christopher Buckley, Florence of Arabia of oil will be quite price, however low in the future as since there is only a limited amount of the prices of renew- oil, I believe that the price of oil will be able sources of energy would be lower than the price of oil since the cost of significantly higher; here is a graph to oil will be higher than the price of oth- prove this theory (look at picture 1) er resources which are now more ex- Therefore, the usage of oil will be sig- pensive than oil; this is clearly shown nificantly lower than what we use now. by picture 1. Most vehicles will probably be electric Picture 1 since that would be cheaper. The main uses of oil ,I believe, would probably be for pharmaceutical uses, cosmetics

31 Problematic Plastic

Juan Gomez 8 Manor

Plastic. The third most used substance after water and concrete. We all know that it is very well known for recycling and also for its use of bottles and bags. At some point in our lives, we have come across plastic more times than we think and as you imagined. This usually means that this is found in very big scales but what if I was to tell you that that big amount of plastic was not always recycled.

There are many ways we can help slow down or even prevent the oceans from having too much plastic such as recycling it in our own countries instead of moving the The future of plastic in the seas by 2050 are as shown. each muscle (The seafood), 0.42g are micro plastics for plastic into a foreign country. The rate of plastic to fish is 1:5. In 2050 it will become every gram of weight. By 2050, 52.5% of a muscle This is a good idea because if we recycle our plastic 1:1. The production of plastic today is 311 megatons. By would be made of micro plastics. As we all know by 2050, it will have become 1,24 megatons. The plastic here, we won’t have to send it to other countries and now, fish live less than plastic in the sea so if this carries share of carbon dioxide today is only 1%. By 2050, it risk it being dumped into the sea by accident or pur- on, there will be more plas- pose. will become 16%. tic than fish in the sea so The problem with this is that it would not really be cost efficient and ‘could cost us on top of everything, The picture above shows you may start to be eating 500,000 pounds a year’ says the Guardian. one of many small gar- “It Is likely that 10m tones of plastic seafood plastic! The opportunities for this is that it won’t really affect us bage patches in the sea. that much as China has already put its ban of the types Have you ever bought a plastic bottle? Have you ever This is just a small The pic- In conclusion to the Prob- of plastic than it can allow into the country and we lematic Plastic, it is a seri- put it into the recycling part of the bin thinking that you would maybe have to adjust some things. Also so that ture above shows one of currently ends up in the oceans each year” have done something good? Well think again! Did you ous problem which can pol- each country can just recycle their own plastic and if many small garbage lute our oceans and kill our know In Britain, there is an ongoing problem about necessary, send it to China. patches in the sea. This is plastic getting thrown away into the recycled? Millions fish; if we don’t do any- The threat on recycling plastic in this country is that we just a small piece of a of tonnes of plastic, 8 million a year, is being sent over- thing about it, we will end cant recycle all types of plastics in this country and if plastic gyre. There are, in total 5 plastic gyres in the up with fish tangled in plastic bags, turtles inside of crisp board just to end up in the sea and on the shores of we send them to another country, then we again, risk different countries. They are usually sent over to be oceans and take up 40% of the oceans surfaces. By packets, birds with their insides full of plastic and eels the chance of getting plastic into the sea. tangled with fishing ropes. On the bright side, there are recycled but ¼ is overthrown into the sea. 2050, more than half (around 65%) will be covered by many different people helping out with this crisis. A very As we now know, we can’t prevent plastic from entering plastic. helpful student discovered a bacteria which can eat The main plastic-made object to end up in the sea is the sea as one way from another it will but we should bottles. Although we create many different types of plastic and is trying to launch it into the sea so the plastic do as much as we can to reduce the amount of plastic 183333 tonnes of plastic which are sent abroad from in the sea can be ended. plastic objects, bottles are the ones that usually are at going into the sea. sea and accumulate to become ‘Plastic Gyres’. This is England, usually end up in poor countries such as Kenya, not the only one as in the pictures in this article, contain Mali, Philippines, China and Hong Kong. Precisely 50,000 more than plastic tonnes of plastic are sent to China after the ban they did to countries meaning they can’t export that much plastic ‘Two-thirds of the plastic Britons put in the recycling bin into the country. For this reason, The amount of plastic we is sent abroad - but some just ends up in landfill or pol- send to Vietnam has increased by 50% in the past 50 luting the local environment’ says Sky News. years and the amount of plastic we send to Thailand has shot up fifty-fold in the same amount of time. If this car- This is a graph of the amount of plastic covering our ries on, in 50 years the amount of plastic being sent to oceans. We are contributing to the amount of plastic Vietnam would have increased by 75% and the amount into the North Pacific. For this reason, we are killing sent to Thailand would have shot up 75-fold. fishes and destroying aquamarine life. As a country, we need to do our best to prevent this and try to recycle Are you a seafood lover? Did you know that you may be as much as our plastic in our country. ‘It is likely that eating 11,000 micro plastics a year? Thought not. As about 10m tonnes of plastic currently ends up in the more plastic is being disposed into the most fish-polluted oceans each year’ says the BBC. seas such as the Atlantic and The pacific oceans. Now for 33 What will Humanity Do with Oil?

Jawin Sutharsan 8Manor When is the last time you ever been in a car? exploration geologist have not that much time Was it powered by oil? Well, oil is a world- to find another alternative of oil. wide source of everyday life products. It is used for cars, trucks and planes etc. that un- Around the world, over 34 billion barrels of oil derpin modern economies and lifestyles; due are used every year. At this rate of consump- to its importance, it is hard to live without it. In tion, how much oil do we have left? The Or- fact, oil meets 97 percent of the UK’s transport ganization for Petroleum Exporting Countries sector demand and is the most important reports that there are 1.5 trillion barrels of source of energy crude oil reserves left since the mid 1950s in the world as stated as it says on the in the website “Seeker” website “UKOG”. At the rate of oil consumption there could be Different parts of the The usage of oil world have different have been increas- less than 49 years of oil supplies left amounts of oil and the ing over the years production of it is larg- as transport become er in some countries. popularizing and According to UKOG, in Oil has many pros and cons about its product. Environment leading to the Global Warm- people use transport as daily life. 2014, oil and gas industry in the UK produce ing Effect. Global Treaties have failed in around 1.4 million barrels of oil equivalent, Pros -(source green world investors) putting a Cost on this, though individual The U.S. Energy Information Administration offshore and onshore, of which 59% was oil/ countries are trying to account for this • High Energy Density – Oil has one of the (EIA) includes biofuels in consumption of petro- liquids. The USA the world’s biggest oil con- through Carbon Taxes and Cap and leum products. In 2017, the United States consuming country, consumed 18.5 million barrels highest energy densities which means that a small amount of oil can produce a large Trade. sumed a total of 7.28 billion barrels of petro- of oil per day (mbd) in 2012, which accounted leum products, an average of about 19.96 for nearly 20% of the world’s total oil con- amount of energy. • Pollution of Water and Earth – Oil Spills million barrels per day. EIA uses product sup- sumption per day. In Iran, they are less fortu- • Easy Availability, Infrastructure for have caused massive pollution of water bodies as massive oil super tankers lead plied as a proxy for U.S. petroleum consump- nate that the USA however they are an oil-rich Transport and Use – Oil is widely distrib- oil. This leads to the death of thousands of tion. country. Its total oil supply in 2012 (thousand uted in almost all parts of the world. Also animals and fishes every year beside barrels per day) was 3,538.4. there exists a massive infrastructure to The source of figure 1 was from the website devastating the local ecology. The BP Oil transport oil to other places through ships, “Statista”. This graph shows the Oil consump- Spill caused billions of dollars in loss- pipelines and tankers. This means that oil is tion in the United Kingdom (UK) between 2004 es and even to this day small Oil Spills available throughout the world. to 2017 (in 1,000 barrels daily). keep happening. • Crucial for wide variety of Industries – This graph shows that in 2005, most of our oil Figure 1 • Emission of Harmful Substances like Sul- Besides Transport, Oil is a critical compo- was used up during that time period. In the lat- phur Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Acid nent in a wide variety of other industries. It est year (2017) in this graph, the consumption Rain – Oil Plants emit harmful substances is difficult to think of a commodity which of oil was less than 2005 meaning that alter- such as Sulphur Dioxide which cause health native energy sources were being discovered. has such a huge role to play in a wide variety of human products from Vaseline, hazards among the surrounding popula- During 2006 and 2013, there has been a de- tion and Acid Rain. While modern equip- cloth, medicines etc. crease of oil used up, however, there has been ment has reduced the emission of these an increase of oil used during 2014 to 2017. Cons harmful substances, it is still very harmful According to the CNBC website, at the rate of to humans. • Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) – One oil consumption there could be less than 49 of the biggest Disadvantages of Oil is that years of oil supplies left, even if demand were it releases Carbon Dioxide which has been to remain flat according to HSBC’s senior glob- sequestered for millions of years in the al economist Karen Ward. This means that in dead bodies of plant and animals. This around 49 years of oil left. This is bad news as transfers the Carbon from the Earth to the 35 Fatal Fossil Fuels Recent activity of water on the road in Miami Rohit Lall 8 Manor Introduction ing global warming and due to this, the ice How much energy did you use yesterday? is melting and our water levels are rising. Did you know 81% of that energy is from An example of this is Miami. In the image fossils fuel? Fossil fuels are used to create on the top right, it shows recent activity of energy. This energy then gets transported the water on the road. The sea level rise of into our homes and gets used by humans. 2018 is around 18 inches. The problem is Most technology as of now is using up ener- getting worse. gy. Fossils fuels are destroying our environment and creating pollution - causing glob- The truth al warming. Fossil fuels are going down in numbers and are getting harder to find. Fossils fuels are becoming more and more scarce. Ecotricity predicts that we will run On the image, we can see that fossil fuels out of them by approximately 2090 - that's are the most used energy. In recent years, only 70 years. Not to mention the environ- Richer countries have promised $100bn that this will cause many problems for future we have discovered and acknowledged the mental problems and the climate change. It (around £7.5 mil) a generations to come. problems of using fossils fuels and we have is predicted that summers will get 5 de- year by 2020 to The UN is already tried to bring down fossil fuel and bring up grees Celsius hotter by 2070, and it is only help poorer countries trying to stop this but our usage of renewables. Even though there going to get worse. and develop clean People need to stop financing denial of people need to is a reasonable improvement, fossil fuels and renewable ener- acknowledge this are still very highly used. What is happening to stop it? gy. Over 200 nations problem and help in the UN have climate change — Al Gore out by switching to The United Nations Framework Convention The problems agreed to cut carbon renewable energy on Climate Change (UNFCCC) holds a con- and using less car- Fossils fuels are causing pollution and are ference every year to discuss this problem. usage. bon. Do your part in switching to renewable becoming less reliable of energy as they These conferences are held all over the Conclusion energy and reduce your carbon footprint. become more scarce. The pollution is caus- world and there has been 24 held so far. In conclusion, climate change is a big problem throughout the world and we all know 37 What is the future of UK’s Coal?

Wahid Riyas 8 Manor On average the UK uses around 1.559 mil- face of the crust is used up and we need to lion barrels of oil everyday. Over the dig deeper into the earth, it will become course of a year that equals to 569 million increasingly non-profitable to use it, and barrels! That's an enormous figure, and be- other alternatives (such as nuclear power) cause of its rapid use, it is quickly running will become a cheaper option. At the end out. of 2013 BP estimated that there is around 1.688 trillion barrel of oil left on earth Oil is mainly used as a fuel for cars and which is economically beneficial, and over- other vehicles, in the forms of petrol and all the world uses 86 million barrels of oil a diesel for cars, and kerosene in planes. This day. This means that oil will 'run out' in is because these fuels are cheap, abundant around 55 years. and release a lot of energy, which is ideal as it is used by a majority of the popula- In the UK, a study done in 2015 showed tion, so much of it is needed, and the mas- that around 1.599 million barrels of oil are sive amount of energy released enables consumed everyday. however, another gest that oil is rapidly running out. are going to continue to get away from us- the movement of heavy vehicles. However, study done in 2018 showed that the UK ing oil because, as we dig further and fur- oil also has many other uses, some of which produces only 933,000 barrels a day, Many people are starting to move away ther into the core, the temperature will start are used in our everyday life. For example, meaning that the usage of oil is higher than from Non-Renewable sources as many peo- to rise and there will need to be more ad- many of the clothes we wear are products the production. This suggests that oil is run- ple are getting aware of climate change and vanced and more expensive equipment will of oil. Polyester is a fabric made out of ning out and that's the UK relies on foreign about how much Cars are contributing to this. need to be used. Thus, would mean that the crude oil which makes up many of our exports to meet its oil requirements. On the Many Major Car Companies are moving price of oil would become more expensive clothes today. This is because it cheap and other hand, the US uses around 19.88 mil- away from Petrol and Diesel cars and start- and would become an unprofitable business. has a similar environmental affect to the lion barrels of oil each day and only pro- ing to make Electric cars which are more Eco- Oil would be used in the next 10 years but tradition usage of cotton. duces 8.853 million barrels a day. This Friendly. When Oil runs out people would it will be used to a lesser extent, but by the shows that the US is using over twice as turn to Nuclear Energy and Solar Energy. The time oil runs out, which is estimated to be in Oil is renewable source however there is much oil as it is producing. This trend is fol- Government is helping Homeowners buy so- 53 years, we would have moved away from much of it. Many believe that oil will never lowed by many countries, which could sug- lar panels as it encourages people to convert it and have found other sources to use to be used, however as the oil near the sur- to solar energy as supply our ener- it is more expen- gy and needs. Shows the amount of sive to get than “It's very important that people realize: the air is Polyester used by the Oil. The UK has world. also started to use being taken away, the oceans are being taken away, offshore wind energy, which pro- the room is being taken vides a third of the UK's energy. away, but we're so Oil is a very good source of energy as it is very cheap and releases a lot of energy which is good for car- rying heavy objects like cars. Unfortunately, to get the energy from oil you need to burn it, which releases carbon dioxide which traps the heat in the atmosphere. This melts the Ice- bergs and the sea levels are rising. People Graph showing Esmated Oil Prices A “pancaked” building following 39 Paper Planet the 2009 earthquake in Kashmir

Daakir Said 8Manor

Have you ever read a newspaper and wondered where it Pulpwood plantations and mills endanger natural habitats. ended up. Recycling causes 35 per cent less water pollution and 74 per cent less air pollution than making new paper. Recycling a tonne of newspaper also eliminates 3m3 of landfill. As paper decomposes in the ground it produces methane, Over 30 million acres of forest are destroyed annually. which is a powerful greenhouse gas.

Who invented paper: The paper industry is a big contributor to the problem of Cai-Lun invented paper. The invention of paper is considered deforestation and is partly to blame for the endangerment one of the most amazing and important inventions of all time, of some species that live in the forests. because it enabled China to create and develop their civilization quickly and eventually it helped us advance in our civilization as well. Paper production uses lots of water. Making an A4 paper Impact of paper on the environment: requires 10 litres of water.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper https://www.statista.com/ A useful but wasteful product… Paper is a thin material pro- Figure 1 duced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, decorating, and a number of industrial and construction processes. Cattle, soybeans, and palm oil are the other major culprits. The tale of deforestation from pulp mills and paper production is a complex one, and a number of developments are mitigating the loss of forests due to paper.

The environmental impact of paper production is important We are only just realizing According to the graph the to note since it has many negative effects. Here are some of the wasted use of our trees them: paper usage in the last 10 years has increased steadi- and what it does to the atmos- 40% of the world’s commercially cut timber is used for the ly apart from 2009 the “There is no such thing as ‘away’ phere - trees that give oﬀ oxy- production of paper. amount of paper used gen and protect dropped dramatically how- the planet from further Global ever in the following years When we throw anything away it has to go Warming. Paper polluon is the paper usage carried on another eﬀect of paper rising gradually. somewhere!” waste and it's a serious prob- The average household in lem. ... When paper rots, it the UK produces more than emits methane gas which is 25 a tonne of waste every year. Put together, this comes to a total mes more toxic than CO2. So cung down trees damages of 31 million tonnes per year, equivalent to the weight of three the atmosphere and the air we breathe. and a half million double-decker buses, a queue of which would go around the world two and a half times. If every person in the UK recycled just 10% more paper it would save approximately 5 million trees each year. 4 billion trees are cut down each year to meet demand for paper across the world. The UK uses a woodland the size of Wales every year in paper usage.

What is the future of paper…

In the future, I think paper will continue to be used more an more as the demand for it increases. The graph (Figure 1) shows that over time the use for paper has been increasing steadily and that in years to come the use of paper will continue to rise because of the increase of the population and the demand will increase due to education improving in developed and developing countries. Figure 2 41 Wind energy– The key to slow down of the UK's energy as it is already powering around 10% Graph of different energy of our country. Wind energy as a power sector has been sources generated in England rowing exceptionally, especially in the last year. Total generation of the world has increased by 17.4% to climate change in Britain amount to 841 terawatt hours in 2015. The reason that Nashawn Myles 8Manor countries are stressing on wind energy these days is that it is healthier for the environment. The objectives that sev- Have you ever been to the coast? Have you ever had Why use wind Energy? eral nations have set for themselves in relation to climate something blown out of your hand or blown towards can only be achieved if electricity is generated in a you? Have you ever held your cap down to stop it be- Onshore wind offers the most cost-effective choice for green way. Producing it with the help of renewable re- ing blown off? This is the wind. A very powerful flow of new electricity in the UK, bar none - it is cheaper than sources is an effective method and wind energy tops the gases in the air. This can be transferred into powering gas, nuclear, coal and other renewables. ... Onshore list as an example. Such is the growth of wind energy our homes and country very efficiently. wind already generates clean power to meet the annu- that in the EU, 44% of new electricity generation capaci- al needs of more than 7.25 million homes a year and ty installed in 2015 was wind power. spinning turbine blades. History of wind power produced 9% of the UK's power needs in 2017. Advantages of Wind Energy: By 2030 a third of the UK's energy could come from People used wind energy to propel boats along the The milestone coincides with the official opening on Fri- wind energy in England. Kate Blagojevic from Green- Nile River as early as 5,000 BC. By 200 BC, simple day of E.ON’s Rampion wind farm off the coast near Thanks to costs often decreasing, offshore wind has be- peace said: "Onshore wind is also getting cheaper all wind-powered water pumps were used in China, and Brighton, which is the first in the Channel and can power come an increasingly affordable source of clean energy. the time, and is now the UK's cheapest electricity source. windmills with woven-reed blades were grinding grain about 350,000 homes. 18.5% of the UK’s energy came from wind in January in Persia and the Middle East. Clean & Environment friendly- doesn’t produce green- 2017 which is an improvement, as shown in the graph, Not only is it cost-effective but in some parts of Britain house gases or rely on the combustion of fossil fuels which from 2015. If in less than 2 years wind energy grew by New ways to use wind energy eventually spread and on the shore there is a lot of wind; and solar ener- pollutes the air 12%; by 2030 Britain will definitely be able to have at around the world. By the 11th century, people in the gy( used more in Britain) comes from the sun but Eng- least a third of our energy from wind; however the wind Middle East were using wind pumps and windmills ex- land doesn’t receive a significant concentration of the Renewable & Sustainable:– Winds are caused by heat- isn’t always blowing therefore it isn’t guaranteed that tensively for food production. Merchants and the Cru- sun’s rays so solar won’t be as effective as wind being of atmosphere by the sun, As long as the sun shines we will be able to consistently be able to harness this saders brought wind technology to Europe. The Dutch cause as we receive more wind than sun it would be the wind blows, the energy produced can be harnessed much wind. developed large wind pumps to drain lakes and easier to harness it. As you can see from the graph on and It will never run out, unlike the Earth’s fossil fuel re- marshes in the Rhine River Delta. Immigrants from Eu- the right, there are many wind farms across the UK ex- serves. To conclude I think that we are starting to realise how rope eventually took wind energy technology to the cluding the onshore wind farms dotted all around the important it is to keep our planet so our future genera- Western Hemisphere. Island. By 2030 this could possibly power 25 to 35% Industrial and Domestic Installation:– Wind turbines can tions should be able to live a life like we do, if we all be built on existing farms or ranches where most of the try, to start using wind more efficiently. This is a way best wind sites are found. Wind turbines uses only a frac- that we can stop climate change which is causing raised tion of the land which causes no trouble in work for the climates and less drinkable water. It is quite clear that farmers and rancher, providing landowners with addi- Wind energy is slowly starting to take over when you tional income paid by the owners of the wind power look at figure 2 after solar plants. and Britain are starting to invest in creating large wind Job Creation:– Jobs farms which is shown in fig- have been created for This is our planet, our responsibility is to ure 1. Even though there are the manufacture of wind disadvantages to Wind; for turbines, the installation the future of our planet this is and maintenance of wind look after it , make the right choice; try to one of our best chances to turbines and also in wind change the way our world is energy consulting. Ac- go renewable. turning out: glaciers melting, cording to the Wind Vi- droughts in countries and sion Report, wind has the over heating. Therefore by potential to support 2030 Wind energy will become one of the main energy more than 600,000 jobs in manufacturing, installation, sources in Britain and slow down climate change. maintenance, and supporting services by 2050. Disadvantages: Fluctuation of Wind and Good wind sites: Wind energy has a drawback that it is not a constant energy source. Although wind energy is sustainable and will never run out, the wind isn’t always blowing. Noise and aesthetic pollution: Wind turbines generate noise and visual pollution. A single wind turbine can be heard from hundreds of meters away. Many people like the look of wind turbines, others do not and see them as a blot on the landscape. Threat to wildlife:– Birds have been killed by flying into 43 The Great Gyres of Plastic Picture of a fish that has small pieces of plastic in it.

Joshua Kim 8 Manor Have you ever gone to the beach and about 4% each year. Plastic can take up to watched the beautiful waves? The azure 500 years to decompose. I’m not surprised ocean in view, everybody swimming or re- about the numbers. Most things you use is laxing. Have you ever gone out to sea, dol- plastic: plastic bottles, plastic keyboards phins and sea creatures swimming around and mice, plastic straws, plastic bags .etc. you? Well, those experiences and holiday So we need a solution for this. More than dreams will be ruined if you don’t throw 40 companies, including Procter & Gamble, those plastic bottles, straws and bags in the Coca-Cola and Asda, have signed up with recycling bin! the government, trade associations and campaigners to form the UK Plastics Pact. Did you know that the gyres of plastic However, this is not enough. Firms responsi- weighs 7 million tons! These gyres are three ble for a significant proportion of super- times the area of France and twice the size market plastic packaging have signed a of Texas! There are five main gyres or deal to reduce plastic pollution by 2025. ‘plastic islands’ in the ocean: the South At- The world’s annual consumption of plastic lantic Gyre, the Indian Ocean Gyre, the materials has increased from around 5 mil- North Pacific Gyre, the South Pacific Gyre lion tonnes in the 1950s to nearly 100 mil- supermarkets have been found with plastic polluting the sea and land! Plastic also up- sets the food chain because the harmful sub- and the North Atlantic Gyre. lion tonnes today! inside them! Imagine eating plastic-filled fish! stances inside plastic seeps through into How does this relate to the UK? Well, With more and more plastic products being In August, exchequer secretary Robert Jen- plankton. Then this goes to the animals who 275,000 tonnes of plastic are used each produced, the future does not seem bright rick said: “Tackling the scandal of plastic pol- eat plankton. And so on. Groundwater and lution is one of our top priorities.” But it’s now year in the UK, that's about 15 million bot- for the sea creatures. reservoirs are susceptible to leaking envi- tles per day. Most families throw away confirmed that the UK recycling industry is ronmental toxins. about 40kg of plastic per year, which riven with corrup- could otherwise be recycled. The use of tion and only now So I think that we plastic in Western Europe is growing Bits of plastics have been found in fish, is the government must stop or reduce birds, turtles and dolphins! Even fish from dimly aware of It’s now confirmed that the UK recycling industry plastic pollution as the problem. Tax- much as we can or ing coffee mugs is riven with corruption and only now is the else the world will and plastic straws, regret what they and placing a government dimly aware of the problem. have done in the charge on plastic past. We can help bags are small ac- reduce plastic pollu- tions, but in the tion by doing many face of ever-increasing plastic production, things. single-use or not, these actions are nowhere With many stubborn people out there who near enough to stop this crisis! won’t listen (Donald Trump), you can try and Also, it is not the plastic itself that is the prob- make the difference. lem, it is the toxic pollutants and other harm-

ful substances inside them. Even worse, because plastic is made to be durable, it is not biodegradable; for a plastic bottle to disap- pear and break up into tiny pieces, it will take at least 450 years for them to disap- pear! So it will just keep on piling up and

45 A Dark Side To Artificial Light?

Sean Devarajan 8 Manor light sources. Some of these sources are halogen bulbs, incandescent bulbs, metal halide, fluorescent tube, compact fluorescent lamps and LEDs. In the form of photons, all lights emit their energy. To plant growth and vitality, light is necessary, as it plays a key role in photosynthesis. Nevertheless, different types of plants, both indoor and outdoor, require different types of light. For most plant Light pollution affects at least half of the Earth, especially central Europe, where we live, and Cen- though, sunlight is best, but can still be grown with tral America. In the decades to come we could even see that increase to ¾ of the Earth. Image artificial light. (Source: Maximum Yield) shows status in 2016. What is Artificial Light? Why is artificial light a concern? irritate the demonstration of a vast range of diseas- What is light pollution? Artificial light, not natural light, refers to any light es and discuss the efficiency of second lamp enve- source that is generated by electrical means. Arti- In full, artificial light only very rarely causes any lopes. Also, there are reports that screw-base halo- According to Google, light pollution is the brighten- ficial lighting has many different uses and is used harm. Yet, some light sources emit blue light and gen lamps and LEDs aggravate symp- ing of the night sky caused by street lights and other both commercially and also at home. Artificial light ultraviolet radiation, and these can aggravate the toms. Measurements show that a large amount of man-made sources, which has disruptive effect on can come in a broad of variety shapes, sizes, col- symptoms experienced by some with chronic actinic the UV radiation from tungsten halogen lamps is in natural cycles and inhibits the observation of stars ours of light produced and levels of brightness. The dermatitis and solar urticaria. Some single enve- the UVC range, which is especially harmful. There and planets. Less than 100 years ago, everyone in lope compact fluores- usage of artificial light- are concerns that artificial light with a strong blue London would have been able to see the mesmeris- ing is paramount in cul- cent lamps (CFLs), re- component could affect human circadian cycles and ing, stunning night time stars of the Milky Way, but tivation and gardening, lease UV-radiation in the hormonal system, and be included as a result, in now this is not always the case everywhere in the and also, most plausi- “...Spread the word on how you can reverse amounts that can ex- a wide range of states, ranging from sleep disor- world, with some people set to never see it where ble, the use of it in- ceed the recommended ders, immune system disorders, and macular degen- they live. Light pollution is an inappropriate or im- doors. There are vari- light pollution.” limits set to protect eration, to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, osteo- moderate light that is of no use to us, which we have ous types of artificial from skin and retinal porosis and breast cancer. (Source: European Com- quite a lot of. This can have serious effect on humans, damage if they are mission) wildlife and our climate, making drastic changes to used in close quarters and for increased periods of the environment. (Source: International Dark Sky As- time. Some associations of light-sensitive individu- sociation) als claim that energy-saving lamps (mainly CFLs)

The UK’s increasing amount of light polluon, geng worse everyday. 47 The Great British Wind

Adwaith Menon 8 Manor Introduction People also say that these wind turbines kill birds however recent sources suggest that house cats kill more birds than a Our earth is warming up as the days increase. Britain alone whole windfarm in a whole year. In addition energy sources released 450 tonnes of Carbon Dioxide overall in 2017. We based on the environment are unreliable, unlike non- can’t allow this to carry on. Many people say we have to use renewable energy, because they are inconsistent and will renewable sources (and I agree) but Britain isn’t the most vary throughout times and seasons. According to a physics suitable country for this. Geothermal energy is a possibility in textbook wind energy only gives medium energy output Britain but it is only specific to certain areas. Geothermal while other energy sources such as solar and coal is high. energy also releases harmful greenhouse gasses under the Other sources suggest that Offshore windmills produce more earth. Solar energy is also very unlikely because, Britain isn’t energy all together during a day while Onshore produced the most sunniest country and we see 7 months in the UK during some peaks. Another argued subject on wind turbines where on average the days only had 5 hours of sunny is that they might redistribute heat to the envi- weather or less. Getting energy ronment according to Harvard scientist if the from the sun is also very expen- whole of America was powered by wind tur- sive. I believe the solution for this bines and would increase America’s temperature is Wind energy. Already Britain is by 0.24 degrees (and this sounds scary due to 6th in the global ranking for wind the target of 2 degrees as per the Paris agree- climate change and the environment whose parent organisation ly 50% of the energy produced globally followed by the US production . 15% of British and ment) but this is not much because America only is the London School of Economics and Politics According to the at roughly 15% and Germany just below 10%. The UK is at nearly energy comes from wind covers a small percentage of the world and this telegraph, the windiest place in England 6th currently according to while other renewable sources 0.24 degrees is nothing compared to the whole as Shetland. In addition, Shetland has the world wind council who only make up 10% of British ener- world and it would take much more effort to 15 people per square Km which is a are overtaken by India gy. Of this 15% an equivalent of 7.25 million homes are increase the world temperature by 0.24 degrees. Further- very low population density which and Spain. This is shown in powered by Onshore windmills while an equivalent of 4.5 more wind farms take up a lot of space which can be used makes it very remote compared to Eng- Wind is God’s way of balancing Heat . Wind is the graph to the right from million houses are powered by offshore windmills. However, for farming. According to Sciencing wind turbines use up to land with 395 people per square km CleanTechnica who got Offshore windmills are hard to maintain due to the inaccessi- 1.5 acres per. and Scotland at 65 people per square the way you shift heat from areas from where their information from the ble locations in the seas and annoy fisherman by causing it km. A project has already started World Wind Council Cur- harder for them to navigate. They are also more expensive Location called the Viking Project which plans to rently in the Britain we than their onshore counterparts. Due to this, I believe Britain create 103 wind turbines in the central it is hotter to cooler-Joe Barton have 4158 wind turbines. should invest more in onshore windmills. Windmills are also Although all of Britain is very windy, mainland of Shetland. It is said to be According to renewable extremely cheap comparing to other resources. there are some specific locations functional at 2024 where it is said to be UK we need 140,000 tur- where these wind turbines the most productive wind farm in the bines wind turbines in Disadvantages would produce more energy. Current- whole of the UK. It is going to connect to the national grid 2040 to power all of Britain. This however is unlikely that all ly there are numerous wind power where the whole of the UK could share in this energy. of Britain will . Although 6th out of 195 countries is good, However, this comes with many disadvantages. Many people stations as shown in the map of the UK there is more scope for improvement. Currently Britain's larg- like the idea of wind turbines just not near them. These ma- and Wales, Scotland and Northern St David’s (a small cathedral city in Wales) is a windy city with est wind farm (Whitelee wind farm) is not even in the 10 big- chines produce lots of noise and some people say the don’t Ireland and 60% of UK's wind energy speeds on average 25 mph which -as said by Wind 2 gest wind farms in the world and in Europe is overtaken by look nice and spoil the view. This means these wind turbines coming from Scotland. This map is from speed.com- is a strong breeze. It also has a considerably low Fântânele-Cogealac, in Romania. Although many new wind have to be in a location with less people and very windy. the Grantham Research Institute on population as the smallest city in the whole of the UK and has a farms are opening it is a very unrealistic goal to provide all population of 1,841 people per 2011 records. This will mean of Britain’s energy by 2040 however, 50% is a reasonable that the place would be a low population so less people would estimate. The maximum wind capacity of a wind turbine is complain about the sound and bad view. It is also a coastal 1.9mv so we would need 75000 wind turbines, by 2040, to town which would increase the amount of wind coming in. You provide half of UK’s energy. As shown by Scotland all of its can see St David’s town rural energy comes from renewable energy and most but, this can area in the picture in the right. only be possible if every single citizen puts an effort into this This picture is from the Western noble act. Telegraph. This place would be suitable for a wind farm and is located in St David's town. An- other option is that windmills could be added to the top of flats and high-raised buildings in cities though this may annoy people inside.

Future for wind in the UK

The wind energy industry in the UK is booming. As discussed above the wind energy production in the UK accounts for nearly 15% of the energy we produce Something else to be proud of is that wind power produces 97% of Scotland’s wind though some sources argue it is 100%. However there could be improvements. As ranked by the world wind council, China produces near- 49 UK Plastics: Dangerous or not? These types of plastics are commonly found in straws, plastic bags and takeout containers. Recycle your plastics Eddric Ofori-Asare 8Manor In the UK, about 44% of household plastic is recycled. Recycling plastics makes sure they are being some of the reasons why there is so much plastic used for something useful instead of being dumped The Origin of Plastics wasted in the UK and the graph below shows how in the oceans which could be damaging to the envi- the household recycling rate in England is increas- ronment. Plastics have been used since the Victorian times. In ing slowly however it is still under 50%, more 1869, John Hyatt, in his search for a replacement needs to be done. Avoiding Products containing Microbeads for ivory, discovered that plastic could be forged into many different shapes, while emulating a lot Where is plastic usually found and how can they Microbeads are tiny particles of plastic that has of natural substances.Modern plastic was discov- be reused? been making a growing contribution to ocean plas- ered in 1907, which was Bakelite, invented by Leo tic pollution over the years. They are usually found Baekeland. The plastic contained no natural mole- You can commonly find plastics in everyday life in some face scrubs, toothpastes and body washes, cules and in the 1950s and 60s production of such as in: water bottles, lunch boxes, bin bags, they enter our oceans through sewers. household plastics increased as the cost of making etc. Some plastics are recyclable and some are plastics decreased significantly. Plastics are widely not. Plastics that are able to be recycled are sort- Compared to other countries, the UK are actually used due to its low cost and ease of manufacture ed and shredded to get rid of impurities such as doing really well with recycling household plastic and they are even used more than wood, stone, paper and ink and then the plastic is liquefied and however it is still below our target of 50% in 2020, made into pellets and which is then made into oth- right now we are at 44%. In the next 5 years we leather, metal and glass. However, plastics can be ever, some plastics are not recyclable and even the er products. Recycling plastics is a good way to should try reach that goal of 50%. Right now we dangerous if not used in the right way and they ones are recyclable are not being recycled and help the environment by reducing the amount of are not that well with recycling our plastics com- can harm animals and plants if plastic is not reused ending up in landfill and oceans, taking up to 500 and dumped instead, this image below will show plastics that goes into landfill or the oceans. How- pared to other countries such as with plastic straws. years to deteriorate. The graph on the right shows how we not recycling How is plastic dangerous and how can we solve this as problem? much as we need to be in the UK. In conclusion, I Plastic can be dangerous in a lot of different ways think plastic can be dangerous if used in the wrong from soil pollution to killing marine life. Most people way therefore we have got to plastic in the right to are unaware of how much plastic ends in our oceans prevent harming our environment in the near future. every year worldwide (which is about 10% of the world’s 260 million tons of plastic that is produced). Marine life are “In the UK, about 44% of household plastic is affected by this as they can get entangled by or ingest the plastic debris recycled. “ which can cause suffoca- tion, starvation and even drowning. Even humans are impacted by this, plastic can decompose into tiny particles and they can turn up in our seafood and which can harmful bacteria to end up in your body. Plastic kills up to a million sea- birds every year and some are found with plastic ingested into their body which causes starvation to their bodies. We could help save the environment from plastic by doing a lot of things over the ten years in Britain. Here are some of the things you can do: Reducing the use of single use plastics One of the most easiest ways to help save the oceans is by cutting down on your use of single use plastics as they are unable to be recycled and they might end up damaged the environment even more. 51 can only be found on planet Earth. 1.7% of global warming it is most likely that it the A Refreshing Truth Earth’s water is frozen and so can’t be used. world is too hot and snowing in that kind of 30% of drinking weather would be water is found on very unlikely. Sohil Dangol 8Manor the ground. Many MEDCs have a To conclude, we Hey you, stop leaving the tap on! below. good supply of need to consider our usage of water If you leave it on for another minute, you This article shows the problem on a full water whereas lot’s of LEDCs have before this problem will waste another 6 litres of water. In the scale. We must solve this crisis soon before becomes so bad UK, we are taking things for granted and this really becomes a serious matter. a short supply. There are global that the UK start to wasting so much water. Did you know that dehydrate and die an average citizen living in the UK, uses Water is an essential resource that human demands for water beings require to prevent dehydration and due to it’s im- from diseases like around 150L every day? Lots of this water chorea and diar- is heated that 30% of a gas bill is spent on so that our body has enough to keep work- portance in agri- ing. It’s transparent and it has no taste. culture. Apart from rhoea. Shortages of Water also have no sugars that can dam- drinking it and ag- water could cause age your teeth. It has a density of 1g/cm² riculture, it can be the price to rise as well as It covers up 71% of Earth and used: to wash your clothes, clean wounds, much higher. The NHS suggest that we used for hydraulic systems and used to put drink plenty of water however this may not out fires. In the UK, 33% of the water comes be an option in the future if we waste any from underground sources (also known as aq- more water quantities to the point that there uifers). The rest of the water comes from rain would be more leaks than Litres drank by and reservoirs. This water is then collected in people. 70% of our brain is covered in wa- water wells and cleaned using a method ter and without this water, our brains will called desalination. This water is then trans- function wrong. This could cause severe ported to different locations around the UK headaches. Although there may be fault, through tunnels dug underground. These tun- there is hope. Snow water could help lower nels are then connected to taps at home water shortage and help people affected where you can drink clean, fresh drinking by it. water. This water is cleanest water that you can get in the UK Diagram showing the amount of water an aver- however many age person uses in diﬀerent countries parts in the UK such “...two thirds of our water will be as: Cornwall, Dev- on, Surrey, Essex and most im- halved…” heated water. To add to that, 9.5 billion portantly London litres of clean water was wasted in 2016. are affected by water shortages. That is enough water to put Greater Lon- don under 6m of water (20 ft.). To a much Due to the UK’s weather at the moment, smaller scale, 3 billion litres of water is lost we could use snow as a water source. in leaks every day but that is no better fig- Strengths of this are, it will last forever and ure. filtering it is quick. Weaknesses of it however are, it only works during the winter and it is- By 2080, rainfall will be halved due to n’t an reliable source of getting water due to global-warming. Due to these predictions, the frequency of the country snowing. Op- that means that two thirds of our water will portunities of this could be, other countries be halved. By 2050, leaks in pipes could apart from the UK can also use this method reduce the amount of water supplied to 20 such as Russia, Norway and Denmark. How- million people. Evidence of this can be ever a threat for this idea, is that due to shown in many news articles such as the one 53 Is This the End of the Road for Diesel Cars in London? Oscar Axten 8Manor Do you own a diesel car? The chances are, you to sign the Kyoto Protocol which was created in know someone who does. Despite the Govern- order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to ment’s relentless efforts to prevent people an average of 12.5 per cent against the 1990 from driving diesel cars, recent statistics from levels by 2012. Carbon dioxide is one of the the Department for Transport have shown that chief greenhouse gases, with transportation their attempts have failed miserably; there are contributing to most of its emissions. With more now more diesel cars on the road than ever brands starting to offer fuel-efficient diesels, before. Over the past few years, the Govern- the sales of diesel cars grew rapidly. By the ment have been implementing plans to encour- late 1990s they accounted for one in every 20 age people to buy cleaner cars, such as the vehicles. Today there are an estimated 12 mil- new Vehicle Excise Duty making low carbon lion diesels on Britain’s roads, accounting for dioxide producing vehicles more expensive to more than a third of all cars and almost four tax, and additional charges being introduced times as many as in 2000. However, even at cars and very polluting vehicles are not allowed enough, at the beginning of a car’s life, a pet- for driving and parking high polluting cars in the time, there were warnings about the ef- in certain areas of London. A 2016 government rol vehicle is more polluting than a diesel one Central London which is responsible for about fects of the fuel. Tony Blair’s former chief sci- survey found that 7.5% of UK homes burned and there is no additional tax at this point in half of the nation’s greenhouse emissions (see entist’s advice helped to introduce the 2001 wood making up 30% of UK particle emissions. time. However, as the engine of a diesel car tax changes, and admitted that scientists were fig.1below). In London, one home in 12 burns wood, but this ages, the product becomes more harmful to the aware that diesel was ‘dirty’ and damaging to accounts for more than a quarter (see fig.2) of environment and the tax increases. So perhaps the environment due to the higher levels of ni- the particle pollution produced in the capital; the answer is to modify the diesel engine to re- trogen oxides and particulate matter that Fig.1 more so than diesel emissions. This is just one ex- duce emissions later in life. were emitted. However, the laboratory tests ample that the gov- that manufacturers had to pass were insuffi- ernment could reduce The future of diesel cient, so although car brands could meet vari- as an alternative to ous nitrogen oxide targets under the New Eu- Both public and political diesel in order to ropean Driving Cycle (NEDC) laboratory con- “...it is expected that diesel cars will become attitudes towards diesel have the same effect ditions, on the roads the situation was rather have shifted dramatical- on the environment different. ly over the past few and cause less dis- extinct by 2050. years. An increasing The current diesel situation ruption. As an exam- amount of governments ple, they could make internationally are be- Recently, there have been a number of doubts houses without cen- ing persuaded to ban diesel vehicles from en- concerning the CO2 emissions footprint and tral heating pay a higher tax which would hope- tering cities and discourage their sales, due to over the past few years, the government have Diesel as a source of power fully force the population to move away from the growing concerns around air pollution and decided, as part of an environmental agree- this polluting source of energy. Strangely damage to public health. The announcement by For many years, diesel has been a primary ment, to drive out diesel as a source of fuel the UK Government that new petrol and diesel and power. Increase in tax on more polluting source of fuel for agriculture and modern day vehicles will be banned from sale by 2040 infrastructure; it provides both efficiency and vehicles has resulted in a shift towards electric weakened consumer confidence. In addition to power and continues to be used throughout this, Toyota have made a public statement that industry, more commonly found in developing they intent to phase out all diesel and petrol countries. Unfortunately, diesel is not an envi- Fig.2 cars before the year 2050. Therefore, it is ex- ronmentally friendly power source. There have pected that diesel and potentially petrol cars been growing concerns over the past few will become ‘extinct’ by 2050 and we are al- years over it’s carbon dioxide footprint espe- ready seeing a shift towards the future of cially in urban areas such as London. transport: electricity... Why was diesel originally promoted by the

UK Government?

In 1997, the UK became one of 192 countries 55 Winds of Change: Can offshore wind replace fossil fuels? Jacob Bickerstaffe 8Manor As awareness about climate change and global- According to the industry, government initiatives have warming grows and our supply of fossil fuels depletes, ensured UK wind power capacity will double by 2030 the demand for clean, renewable energy sources in- and contribute to between a fifth and a third of all UK creases. As of date, around a third of UK energy is electricity. You can clearly see from the graph below generated from renewables and half of that energy from a study into the effects of Brexit on offshore wind comes from wind energy. Although the UK is the world power (which we will touch on later) by the internation- leader in offshore wind, with more installed capacity al law firm Norton Rose Fulbright that the UK’s off- then any other country, are we doing enough and is shore wind power capacity has grown hugely since offshore wind really a realistic replacement for fossil 2000 and is predicted to grow by a large amount in fuels? the next five years. As awareness grows, technology develops and prices fall this should only increase Currently the UK is the world leader in wind power, growth. Between 2016 and 2021 over £19 billion is partly because Atlantic currents cause huge amounts of being invested in offshore wind projects and the gov- wind to blow across the UK and over to Scandinavia. ernment set out a further £557 million of funding in Because of the UK’s notoriously grey weather, this 2018 for future renewable projects, a large amount of leaves wind and wave power as the most viable re- which will go to offshore wind power projects. This will newable options (not including the more dangerous have a massively positive impact on coastal communi- nuclear). Offshore wind already powers 4.5 million ties and has the potential to create thousands of new homes annually and is expected to generate over 10% jobs which could replace those lost by the fossil fuel of all UK energy by 2020. In September 2018 the industry. Walney Extension, 12 miles off the north-west coast of As you can probably see the UK has numerous offshore England, began generating electricity. This huge addi- According to the International Journal of Sustainable However, as with everything, there are some weaknesses wind farms that cover a large area of sea but no way tion to the enormous Walney Wind Farm on the Cum- Manufacturing a wind turbine with a working life of 20 to offshore wind. Wind farms are take a long a tedious near the amount of territorial waters that the UK lays brian coast added an additional 87 turbines to the years will offer a net benefit within five to eight amount of time to construct as they can only be placed claim to. Now obviously not all these waters will be existing 102. The Walney Wind Farm now covers an months. As wind power becomes cheaper and cheaper when wind speed is very low, which is rare in the areas available to be used, as sea lanes and fishing waters area the equivalent of over 20,000 football pitches (with an astronomical drop of almost 50% in the level where they are built as building them in places with low will reduce this significantly, but there is still a huge area and can produce enough green energy for over of subsidy), it becomes a better and better clean, eco- wind speeds would defeat the very purpose of construct- to grow, and growth is being shown as offshore wind 600,000 homes, making it the largest wind farm in the nomical option. With new technology always being ing them there. Strong wave action and large storms and power usage and funding continues to climb. world. The UK also lays claim to the world’s second developed and researched, this trend will only contin- hurricanes can cause ex- largest wind farm, the London Array, a 175-turbine ue. Its price per MWh has already dropped significant- treme damage to wind In the title of the article I put monster that dominates the Thames Estuary. ly below that of nuclear power and new gas, which turbines. The production forward the question wheth- raises the question, why are we investing in Hinckley and installation of power er offshore wind power can So, the UK is a world leader in a part of the renewable Point and fracking when we could invest in cleaner, saf- cables along the sea replace fossil fuels in the industry. But what are our future plans, are they viable er and cheaper offshore wind? floor can be very expen- “Perhaps the largest threat to the UK’s next 20 years. Considering and is wind power truly economic? sive and the effects of the arguments, it is hard to wind turbines on marine argue against the fact that it animals and birds are offshore wind potential is Brexit” would be a valid and viable not fully understood. Per- future clean and renewable haps the largest threat to energy source. Not only is it offshore wind power is efficient but it is getting Brexit, which could lead to a reduction in government cheaper every year as technology improves and has the funding for renewable schemes and would release Britain potential to create thousands of jobs. But I think the UK is from the energy requirements in EU law. In a no-deal currently too set in its dirty, fossil fuel ways and too fo- scenario that harmed the UK economy it is more than like- cused on the mess that is Brexit to improve that much in ly that funding would be diverted to other, more urgent the next 20 years, and the long and tedious time to causes. build these huge offshore wind farms could discourage politicians from choosing it over easier to build fossil fuel So, we’ve gone through the numerous advantages and plants or even other renewable sources. However, I do few disadvantages of offshore wind power, but how believe the UK’s offshore wind resources will at the very much potential is there for the industry and can it really least significantly grow due to climate change aware- grow. After all, the UK has only a limited amount of terri- ness, lowering prices and new technology. It is my per- torial waters and only some of these will truly be suited sonal opinion that the best, most economical path to to offshore wind farms. Above are two maps to explain. tackle climate change is a mix of multiple clean energy The first map from the BBC clearly displays the UK’s cur- options and I believe this will be one and possibly the rent offshore wind farms and the second from the JNCC largest of these, but I do not believe offshore wind shows the UK’s territorial waters (where they could poten- farms will dominate our coastline by 2038. tially build wind farms in the future). Article References Article References

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https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/faq/what-are-advantages-and-disadvantages-offshore-wind-farms SGS Geography Department Sutton Grammar School Manor Lane Twitter: Sutton @SGSGeography Surrey SM1 4AS Tel: 020 8642 3821

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